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2
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84976013767
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West Germany: The policy of the middle way
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May
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Manfred G. Schmidt, "West Germany: The Policy of the Middle Way," Journal of Public Policy 7 (May 1987): 139-177.
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(1987)
Journal of Public Policy
, vol.7
, pp. 139-177
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Schmidt, M.G.1
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7
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22144472696
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Themen, probleme und perspektiven der vergleichenden fö deralismusforschung
-
ed. Arthur Benz and Gerhard Lehmbruch (Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag)
-
In the introduction Benz addresses respective aspects; see Arthur Benz, "Themen, Probleme und Perspektiven der vergleichenden Fö deralismusforschung," Föderalismus: Analysen in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher und vergleichender Perspektive, ed. Arthur Benz and Gerhard Lehmbruch (Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2002), pp. 29-34.
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(2002)
Föderalismus: Analysen in Entwicklungsgeschichtlicher und Vergleichender Perspektive
, pp. 29-34
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Benz, A.1
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8
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33645564625
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note
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I use the term "Land parliament," not state legislature. First, Länder are not sovereign actors; thus they lack elementary features of a nation-state. Second, in contrast to American legislatures, German parliaments have to install and support a government. Also note that for historical reasons the term Landtage is used only for parliaments in the "territorial" Länder (Flächenländer). Parliaments of the two Hanseatic cities, Hamburg and Bremen, are called Bürgerschaften, while Berlin has named its parliament Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives).
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11
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84858585714
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Parlamentarismus vor dem hintergrund der europäischen integration: Die deutschen landesparlamente: 'Hauptverlierer' ohne alternative
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Uwe Thaysen, "Parlamentarismus vor dem Hintergrund der europäischen Integration: Die deutschen Landesparlamente: 'Hauptverlierer' ohne Alternative," Politische Bildung 35 (2002): 82-93.
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(2002)
Politische Bildung
, vol.35
, pp. 82-93
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Thaysen, U.1
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14
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30444441009
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Manchester: Manchester University Press
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see also Arthur B. Gunlicks, The Länder and German Federalism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 216-221;
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(2003)
The Länder and German Federalism
, pp. 216-221
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Gunlicks, A.B.1
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16
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84858571971
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Länder parliaments in the federation: Some remarks on the division of powers
-
ed.Arthur B. Gunlicks (New York: Berghahn Books)
-
Franz Greß, "Länder Parliaments in the Federation: Some Remarks on the Division of Powers," German Public Policy and Federalism, ed.Arthur B. Gunlicks (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003), pp. 91-109;
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(2003)
German Public Policy and Federalism
, pp. 91-109
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Greß, F.1
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22
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84858579579
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Der thüringer landtag
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ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)
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Viktoria Kaina and Sabine Kropp, "Der Thüringer Landtag," Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen, ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004), pp. 477-504;
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(2004)
Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen
, pp. 477-504
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Kaina, V.1
Kropp, S.2
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30
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0032863788
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Party politics and territorial representation in the federal republic of Germany
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April
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Charlie Jeffery, "Party Politics and Territorial Representation in the Federal Republic of Germany," West European Politics 22 (April 1999): 130.
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(1999)
West European Politics
, vol.22
, pp. 130
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Jeffery, C.1
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32
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33645582679
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Centralizing trends in west German federalism
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ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter)
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Hartmut Klatt, "Centralizing Trends in West German Federalism," Recasting German Federalism: Its Legacies of Unification, ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter, 1999), pp. 40-47.
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(1999)
Recasting German Federalism: Its Legacies of Unification
, pp. 40-47
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Klatt, H.1
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34
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84858575303
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Das föderative system in Deutschland - Motor oder hemmschuh notwendiger politischer reformen
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ed. Hans Herbert von Arnim, Gisela Färber, and Stefan Fisch (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot)
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See, e.g., Hans Herbert von Arnim, "Das föderative System in Deutschland - Motor oder Hemmschuh notwendiger politischer Reformen," Föderalismus - Hält er noch was er verspricht? Seine Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft auch im Lichte ausländischer Erfahrungen, ed. Hans Herbert von Arnim, Gisela Färber, and Stefan Fisch (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 2000), p. 23.
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(2000)
Föderalismus - Hält Er Noch Was Er Verspricht? Seine Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft Auch im Lichte Ausländischer Erfahrungen
, pp. 23
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Von Arnim, H.H.1
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37
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8344282893
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Länder governance in a global era: The case of hesse
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Fall
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Franz Gress and Richard Lehne, "Länder Governance in a Global Era: The Case of Hesse," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 29 (Fall 1999): 97.
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(1999)
Publius: The Journal of Federalism
, vol.29
, pp. 97
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Gress, F.1
Lehne, R.2
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38
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0002856561
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From cooperative federalism to a 'Sinatra doctrine' of the Länder?
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ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter)
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Charlie Jeffery, "From Cooperative Federalism to a 'Sinatra Doctrine' of the Länder?" Recasting German Federalism: The Legacies of Unification, ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter, 1999), pp. 329-334.
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(1999)
Recasting German Federalism: The Legacies of Unification
, pp. 329-334
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Jeffery, C.1
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40
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84858572933
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Drucksachen 12/1590, 12/1670 - und Beschluß des Bundesrates - Drucksache 741/91 (Beschluß). 12. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 12/6000, 5 November
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Deutscher Bundestag, Bericht der Gemeinsamen Verfassungskommission gemäß Beschluß des Deutschen Bundestages, Drucksachen 12/1590, 12/1670 - und Beschluß des Bundesrates - Drucksache 741/91 (Beschluß). 12. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 12/6000, 5 November 1993;
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(1993)
Bericht der Gemeinsamen Verfassungskommission Gemäß Beschluß des Deutschen Bundestages
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Bundestag, D.1
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42
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22144495008
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Kein ausweg aus der politikverflechtung? Warum die bundesstaatskommission scheiterte, aber nicht scheitern musste
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June
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Arthur Benz, "Kein Ausweg aus der Politikverflechtung? Warum die Bundesstaatskommission scheiterte, aber nicht scheitern musste," Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46 (June 2005): 204-214;
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(2005)
Politische Vierteljahresschrift
, vol.46
, pp. 204-214
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Benz, A.1
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43
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84858571971
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Länder parliaments in the federation: Some remarks on the division of powers
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ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks (New York: Berghahn Books)
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Franz Greß, "Länder Parliaments in the Federation: Some Remarks on the Division of Powers," German Public Policy and Federalism, ed. Arthur B. Gunlicks (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003), pp. 91-109;
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(2003)
German Public Policy and Federalism
, pp. 91-109
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Greß, F.1
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44
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17044378547
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Der deutsche Föderalismus zwischen zwei konventen: Zur reform des deutschen bundesstaates um die jahrtausendwende
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14 July
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Uwe Thaysen, "Der deutsche Föderalismus zwischen zwei Konventen: Zur Reform des deutschen Bundesstaates um die Jahrtausendwende," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B29-30 (14 July 2003): 14-23.
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(2003)
Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
, vol.B29-30
, pp. 14-23
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Thaysen, U.1
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45
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22144433341
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Föderalismusreform: Kein erkenntnisproblem, warum aber ein gestaltungs- und entscheidungsproblem?
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June
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Roland Sturm, "Föderalismusreform: Kein Erkenntnisproblem, warum aber ein Gestaltungs- und Entscheidungsproblem?" Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46 (June 2005): 195-203;
-
(2005)
Politische Vierteljahresschrift
, vol.46
, pp. 195-203
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Sturm, R.1
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49
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18744407922
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Democracy, multinationalism and federalism
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ed. Wolfgang Merkel and Andreas Busch (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp)
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Juan J. Linz, "Democracy, Multinationalism and Federalism," Demokratie in Ost und West, ed. Wolfgang Merkel and Andreas Busch (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1999), p. 382.
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(1999)
Demokratie in Ost und West
, pp. 382
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Linz, J.J.1
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50
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0003541391
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New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press
-
Also, from a comparative perspective, the relationship between federalism and parliamentarism seems not as straightforward and positive as many supporters of federalism may wish. In his seminal study Patterns of Democracy, Arend Lijphard found variables relating to federalism ("federalism- decentralization" and "bicameralism") to be hardly correlated with variables describing the role of party systems or the power of parliaments and governments. This clearly does not mean that the two dimensions of democracies contradict each other, but they at least seem fairly independent principles. See Arend Lijphard, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1999).
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(1999)
Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-six Countries
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Lijphard, A.1
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52
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33645570456
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ed. Johannes Winckelmann Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]
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Max Weber, Gesammelte Politische Schriften, ed. Johannes Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1988), pp. 306-443.
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(1988)
Gesammelte Politische Schriften
, pp. 306-443
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Weber, M.1
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57
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33645556915
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Fifty years ofGerman federalism: An overview and some current developments
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ed. Peter H. Merkl (New York: New York University Press)
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Arthur B. Gunlicks, "Fifty Years ofGerman Federalism: An Overview and Some Current Developments," The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty: The End of a Century of Turmoil, ed. Peter H. Merkl (New York: New York University Press, 1999), pp. 186-202;
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(1999)
The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty: The End of A Century of Turmoil
, pp. 186-202
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Gunlicks, A.B.1
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58
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0009125553
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Forty years of German federalism: Past trends and new developments
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Fall
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Hartmut Klatt, "Forty Years of German Federalism: Past Trends and New Developments," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 185-202.
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(1989)
Publius: The Journal of Federalism
, vol.19
, pp. 185-202
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Klatt, H.1
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59
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33645556356
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note
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The Basic Law knows a third category: exclusive legislation that gives the federation the right to legislate in areas such as foreign affairs, defense, and citizenship (articles 71 and 73). Länder can pass laws in these areas only if and insofar as they have explicitly been empowered to do so by the federation.
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67
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84858573509
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Landesparlamentarismus in Bayern
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ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)
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Alf Mintzel and Barbara Wasner, "Landesparlamentarismus in Bayern," Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen, ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004);
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(2004)
Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen
-
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Mintzel, A.1
Wasner, B.2
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68
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33645568173
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Schneider Länderparlamentarismus. However, Roland Hahn shows that the Landtag in Baden-Wurttemberg succeeded in imposing its priorities in policies concerning higher education and the construction of hospitals; similarly Hartmut Klatt reports two cases where the Landtag from Baden-Wurttemberg refused to support decisions made by the government. See Hahn, Macht und Ohnmacht, pp. 56-74;
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Macht und Ohnmacht
, pp. 56-74
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Hahn1
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71
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84858574604
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Der landtag von nordrhein-westfalen
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ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)
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Uwe Andersen and Rainer Boverman, "Der Landtag von Nordrhein-Westfalen," Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen, ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004), pp. 322-323;
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(2004)
Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen
, pp. 322-323
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Andersen, U.1
Boverman, R.2
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73
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33645568173
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Hahn, Macht und Ohnmacht, pp. 45-55. Hahn already sees the fact that paid study leave has been regulated by the Länder and not the federation as a success. In addition, the respective Land law was mostly shaped by proposals of the Land parliament, not the Land government.
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Macht und Ohnmacht
, pp. 45-55
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Hahn1
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79
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84858585906
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Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 BvF 2/02, 27 July 2004 (Juniorprofessur), 10 July 2005 (Netscape version); Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2BvF 1/03, 26 January 2005 (Studiengebühren), 10 July 2005 (Netscape version)
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Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 BvF 2/02, 27 July 2004 (Juniorprofessur), 10 July 2005 (Netscape version); Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2BvF 1/03, 26 January 2005 (Studiengebühren), 10 July 2005 (Netscape version).
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80
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84909440118
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Durham, NC: Duke University Press
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Michael Mezey, Comparative Legislatures (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979), pp. 87-112.
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(1979)
Comparative Legislatures
, pp. 87-112
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Mezey, M.1
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81
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0003424938
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with an introduction by Richard Crossman (London: Fontana Press), [1867]
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Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, with an introduction by Richard Crossman (London: Fontana Press, 1993 [1867]), pp. 152-153.
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(1993)
The English Constitution
, pp. 152-153
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Bagehot, W.1
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82
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0001356122
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The role of parliament in government formation and resignation
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ed. Herbert Döring (Frankfurt and New York: Campus/St. Martin's Press)
-
Lieven De Winter, "The Role of Parliament in Government Formation and Resignation," Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe, ed. Herbert Döring (Frankfurt and New York: Campus/St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 115-151;
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(1995)
Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe
, pp. 115-151
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De Winter, L.1
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88
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33645569634
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note
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Even though in Berlin a formal inauguration is not required at the beginning of each term, every governing mayor was elected by the House of Representatives following popular elections.
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89
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33645571958
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Länderparlamentarismus in deutschland - Eine bestandsaufnahme
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ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)
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Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter, "Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland - Eine Bestandsaufnahme," Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen, ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004), pp. 19-51;
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(2004)
Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen
, pp. 19-51
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Mielke, S.1
Reutter, W.2
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90
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84858572463
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for an overview of German Land constitutions, see also Gunlicks, Länder.
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Länder
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Gunlicks1
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91
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84858575024
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Das abgeordnetenhaus von berlin: Ein stadtstaatenparlament im bundesstaat
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ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften)
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Werner Reutter, "Das Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin: Ein Stadtstaatenparlament im Bundesstaat," Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen, ed. Siegfried Mielke and Werner Reutter (Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004), pp. 128-129.
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(2004)
Länderparlamentarismus in Deutschland: Geschichte, Struktur, Funktionen
, pp. 128-129
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Reutter, W.1
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93
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33645560195
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note
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The crucial role of parties in government formation and longevity already explains why Länder with almost identical constitutional regulations have very different outcomes. For example, Berlin had thirteen governing mayors and Bremen five; in consequence, the heads of governments stayed in power between 4.2 (Berlin) and 11.8 years (Bremen), which is quite surprising because the two city-states have almost identical constitutional regulationsin this respect. Procedural rules cannot explain the differences. The same is true for the fact that different constitutional stipulations produced very similar outcomes. For example, Baden-Wurttemberg and North Rhine-Westphalia can oust a prime minister only with a constructive vote of no confidence, whereas the Landtag of Hesse can bring down a government by a simple vote of no confidence. Yet, in all three Länder prime ministers lasted between 7.3 and 7.6 years.
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99
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0038226407
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Party competition and the federal system: The lehmbruch hypothesis revisited
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ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter)
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Roland Sturm, "Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited," Recasting German Federalism: The Legacies of Unification, ed. Charlie Jeffery (London: Pinter, 1999), pp. 197-216.
-
(1999)
Recasting German Federalism: The Legacies of Unification
, pp. 197-216
-
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Sturm, R.1
|