Return to Hispaniola: Reassessing a demographic catastrophe

HAHR - Hispanic American Historical Review

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 3-51

  Livi Bacci, Massimo ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33645531999     PISSN: 00182168     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00182168-83-1-3     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Detailed accounts were made by historians of the times: Hernán Colón, Historia del Almirante (Madrid: Historia 16, 1984 [1571])
2. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, 3 vols. (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1995)
3. Antonio de Herrera, Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las islas y tierra-firme de el mar Oceano, 10 vols. (Asunción: Ed. Guarania, 1944-47 [1601-15])
4. Pedro Martyr de Angleria, Decadas del Nuevo Mundo (Buenos Aires: Ed. Bajel, 1944 [1530])
5. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Historia general y natural de las Indias, 5 vols., Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, nn. 17-21 (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1959 [1551-55])
6. Among modern historians see Luis Arranz Márquez, Repartimiento y encomienda en la isla española: El repartimiento de Alburquerque de 1514 (Santo Domingo: Fundación Garcia Arévalo, 1991)
7. Frank Moya Pons, Después de Colón: Trabajo, sociedad y política en la economia del oro (Madrid: Alianza Ed., 1987)
8. Juan Pérez de Tudela, Las armadas de Indias y los origines de la política de colonización (Madrid: CSIC, 1956)
9. Carl O. Sauer, The Early Spanish Main (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1966)
10. Lesley B. Simpson, The Encomienda in New Spain (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1966)
11. Sherburne F. Cook and Woodrow Borah, Essays in Population History, 3 vols. (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1971-79), vol. 1, ch. 6. The maximum estimate is 14,560,000
12. Cook and Borah, Essays, vol. 1, ch. 7
13. Francisco Guerra, "The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493" Social Science History 12, no. 3 (1988)
14. Sauer, Early Spanish Main
15. Arranz, Repartimiento y encomienda, 45-58
16. Angel Rosenblat, "The Population of Hispaniola at the Time of Columbus," in The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, ed. William M. Denevan (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1992)
17. David Henige, "On the Contact Population of Hispaniola: History as High Mathematics," Hispanic American Historical Review 58, no. 2 (1978)
18. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (Madrid: Catedra, 1996 [1596])
19. Bartolomé de Las Casas, Apologética historia sumaria, 3 vols. (Madrid: Alianza Ed., 1992)
20. Oviedo, Historia general
21. Las Casas, Apologética, 1:331
22. Oviedo, Historia general, 1:230
23. Las Casas, Historia, 2:483
24. Archaeologist Veloz Maggiolo (La isla, 150) reports that in two sites on the island where there are traces of ancient cultivation, the diameters of the montones were 5 and 8 meters, but he might have made the same mistake as Cassá (see also Roberto Cassá, Los Tainos de la Española [Santo Domingo: Ed. Buho, 1990])
25. Bernard Nietschmann, Between Land and Water (New York: Seminar Press, 1973), 147
26. David Watts, The West Indies Patterns: Development, Culture and Environmental Change since 1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987), ch. 2. Note also that the productivity per hectare implied by Las Casas is about 62 quintals, against 64 quintals produced in Santo Domingo according to the 1960 Census of Agriculture
27. Oviedo, Historia, 1:230-31
28. Watts, The West Indies
29. Nietschmann, Between Land, 241
30. Las Casas, Historia, 1:250
31. Samuel E. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (New York: MJF Books, 1970 [1942]), 283
32. Morison, Admiral, 288
33. Roberto Marte, ed., Santo Domingo en los manuscritos de Juan Bautista Muñoz (Santo Domingo: Fundación Garcia Arévalo, 1981), 118
34. CDI, 31:395-96
35. The population of the Spaniards was estimated at a few hundreds (perhaps 300) before Ovando's arrival, growing thereafter to several thousand, or 10,000 according to Esteban Mira Caballos, El Indio Antillano: Repartimiento, encomienda y esclavitud (1492-1542) (Seville: Muñoz Moya, 1997), 57
36. Las Casas, Historia, 3:127, 131
37. Colón, Historia del Almirante, 199
38. Pietro Martire d'Angera, La scoperta del Nuovo Mondo negli scritti di Pietro Martire d'Anghiera (Rome: IPZS, 1988 [1530]), 293
39. Irving Rouse, The Tainos (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1992), 15
40. Oviedo, Historia
41. Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la conquista de Mexico, 2 vols. (Mexico: Ed. Pedro Robredo, 1943 [1552])
42. Girolamo Benzoni, La Historia del Mondo Nuovo (Milan: Giordano, 1965 [1565])
43. Jesse W. Fewkes, "The Aborigenes of Porto Rico and Neighboring Islands," in 25th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology 1903-04 (Washington: GPO, 1907)
44. Frank Moya Pons, "The Tainos of Hispaniola," Caribbean Review 13, no. 4 (1984)
45. Sauer, Spanish Main, 67
46. Rouse, Tainos, 215
47. José Alcina Franch, "La cultura Taina como sociedad en transición entre los niveles tribal y de jefaturas," in La cultura Taina (Madrid: Turner, 1989)
48. Las Casas, Apologética
49. Fewkes, Aborigenes
50. Irving Rouse, "The Arawak," in The Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 4, ed. J. H. Steward (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1948)
51. Veloz Maggiolo, Isla de Santo Domingo
52. Las Casas, Apologética, 2:524
53. Las Casas, Historia, 3:483
54. Martire, La scoperta, 241
55. Chanca, in Colección documental del descubrimiento (1470-1506), ed. Juan Pérez de Tudela (Madrid: Real Academia de Historia, 1994)
56. Bartolomé de Las Casas, "Obras escogidas," in Biblioteca de Autores Españoles no. 110 (Madrid: Ed. Atlas, 1958), 15
57. Mira Caballos, Indio Antillano, 144
58. Marte, Santo Domingo, 188
59. Emilio Rodriguez Demorizi, Los Dominicos y la encomienda de Indios de la Isla Española (Santo Domingo: Editor del Caribe, 1971), 73-248
60. Rodriguez Demorizi, Los Deminicos, 92
61. Las Casas, Historia, 346, 371
62. Lopez de Velasco, Geografía
63. Las Casas, Brevísima, 89
64. Frédéric L. E. Moreau de Saint Mery, Descripción de la parte española de Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo: Editora Montalvo, 1944 [1796-98]), 95
65. Nicolás Sánchez Albornoz, La población de América Latina desde los tiempos precolombinos al año 2025 (Madrid: Alianza Ed., 1994), 61-73
66. Rodriguez Demorizi, Los Dominicos, 251
67. Noble David Cook, "Disease and Depopulation of Hispaniola, 1492-1518," Colonial Latin American Review 2, nos. 1-2 (1993)
68. idem., Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest (1492-1650) (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998)
69. Francisco Guerra, "La epidemia americana de influenza en 1495," Revista de Indias 45, no. 176 (1986)
70. idem., "The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493," Social Science History 12, no. 5 (1988)
71. idem., Epidemiología americana y filipina, 1492-1898 (Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 1999)
72. Guerra, Epidemiología, 114-26
73. Cook, Disease, 227
74. Martire, Scoperta, 275
75. Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), 46
76. Cipriano de Utrera, Noticias históricas de Santo Domingo, 6 vols. (Santo Domingo: Fundación Rodriguez Demorizi, 1979), 2:344
77. Utrera, Noticias
78. C. W. Dixon, Smallpox (London: J & A Churchill, 1962)
79. Dean R. Snow, "Disease and Population Decline in the Northeast," in Disease and Demography in the Americas, ed. John. W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1992)
80. Russel Thornton, Jonathan Warren, and Tim Miller, "Depopulation in the Southeast after 1492," in Verano and Ubelaker, Disease and Demography
81. CDU, 5:43-52
82. CDU, 9:22-23
83. CDI, 11:298-321
84. CDI, 1:309
85. CDU, 2:1-127
86. CDD, 867
87. CDI, 10:114
88. Lewis Hanke, The First Social Experiments in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1935)
89. See also the letter of Figueroa to the king, in CDI, 1:114-32
90. Benzoni, La historia