Perfect phylogenetic networks: A new methodology for reconstructing the evolutionary history of natural languages

Language

Volumn 81, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 382-420

  Nakhleh, Luay ^a,d   Ringe, Don ^b   Warnow, Tandy ^c,e  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^d Rice University   (United States)

^e University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645396762     PISSN: 00978507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lan.2005.0078     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. ALROY, JOHN. 1995. Continuous track analysis: A new phylogenetic and biogeographic method. Biology 44.2.152-78.
2. ANDERSEN, HENNING. 1968. IE *s after i, u, r, k in Baltic and Slavic. Acta linguistica Hafniensia 11.171-90.
3. APPEL, RENÉ, and PIETER MUYSKEN. 1987. Language contact and bilingualism. Baltimore: Edward Arnold.
4. BERGSLAND, KNUD, and HANS VOGT. 1962. On the validity of glottochronology. Current Anthropology 3.115-53.
5. BONET, MARIA; CYNTHIA A. PHILLIPS; TANDY WARNOW; and SHIBU YOOSEPH. 1996. Constructing evolutionary trees in the presence of polymorphic characters. SIAM Journal of Computing 29.103-31.
6. BUCK, CARL D. 1949. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7. CARDONA, GEORGE. 1960. The Indo-European thematic aorists. New Haven, CT: Yale University dissertation.
8. COWGILL, WARREN. 1960. Greek on and Armenian oč. Language 36.347-50.
9. COWGILL, WARREN. 1965. The Old English present indicative ending -e. Symbolae linguisticae in honorem Georgii Kurylowicz, 44-50. Wroclaw: Polska Akademia Nauk.
10. DEMIRAJ, BARDHYL. 1997. Albanische Etymologien. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
11. DOBSON, ANNETTE J. 1969. Lexicostatistical grouping. Anthropological Linguistics 11.216-21.
12. DOBSON, ANNETTE J. 1974. Unrooted trees for numerical taxonomy. Journal of Applied Probability 11.32-42.
13. EICHNER, HEINER. 1992. Anatolian. Indo-European numerals, ed. by Jadranka Gvozdanović, 29-96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
14. EMBLETON, SHEILA M. 1986. Statistics in historical linguistics. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
15. ESKA, JOSEPH F., and DON RINGE. 2004. Recent work in computational linguistic phylogeny. Language 80.569-82.
16. EVANS, STEVEN N.; DON RINGE; and TANDY WARNOW. 2005. Inference of divergence times as a statistical inverse problem. Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, ed. by James Clackson et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, to appear.
17. FEIST, SIGMUND. 1939. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache. Leiden: Brill.
18. FITCH, WALTER M. 1971. Toward defining the course of evolution: Minimum change for a specified tree topology. Systematic Zoology 20.406-16.
19. GAREY, MICHAEL R., and DAVID S. JOHNSON. 1979. Computers and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. New York: Freeman and Co.
20. GLEASON, HENRY A. 1959. Counting and calculating for historical reconstruction. Anthropological Linguistics 1.22-32.
21. HOCK, HANS HENRICH. 1986. Principles of historical linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
22. HOENIGSWALD, HENRY M. 1960. Language change and linguistic reconstruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. HOENIGSWALD, HENRY M. 1987. Language family trees, topological and metrical. In Hoenigswald & Wiener, 257-67.
24. HOENIGSWALD, HENRY M., and LINDA WIENER (eds.) 1987. Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
25. HOLDEN, CLARE J. 2002. Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: A maximum-parsimony analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series D 269.793-99.
26. HÜBSCHMANN, H. 1897. Armenische Grammatik, I. Theil: Armenische Etymologie. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
27. JASANOFF, JAY H. 1997. An Italo-Celtic isogloss: The 3pl. mediopassive in *-ntro. Festschrift for Eric Hamp, vol. 1, ed. by Douglas Q. Adams, 146-61. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
28. KANNAN, SAMPATH, and TANDY WARNOW. 1997. A fast algorithm for the computation and enumeration of perfect phylogenies when the number of character states is fixed. SIAM Journal of Computing 16.1749-63.
29. KIM, RONALD. 2000. 'To drink' in Anatolian, Tocharian, and Proto-Indo-European. Historische Sprachwissenschaft 113.151-70.
30. KINO, RUTH. 2000. The lexical basis of grammatical borrowing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
31. KINO, RUTH. 2003. Language contact and linguistic structure. Paper presented at NWAVE 32, Philadelphia.
32. LABOV, WILLIAM. 1994. Principles of linguistic change, vol. I: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
33. MAIR, VICTOR (ed.) 1998. The Bronze Age and early Iron Age peoples of eastern Central Asia. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
34. MALLORY, J. P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames & Hudson.
35. MEILLET, ANTOINE. 1925. La Méthode comparative en linguistique historique. Oslo: Aschehoug.
36. MOUS, MAARTEN. 1996. Was there ever a Southern Cushitic language (pre-)Ma'a? Cushitic and Omotic languages, ed. by Catherine Griefenow-Mewis and Rainer Voigt, 201-11. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
37. MOUS, MAARTEN. 1997. The ela alternation in Mbugu: The limits of allomorphy. Linguistics in the Netherlands 1997.123-34.
38. NAKHLEH, LUAY. 2004. Phylogenetic networks in biology and historical linguistics. Austin: University of Texas, Austin dissertation.
39. PEDERSEN, HOLGER. 1913. Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, Zweiter Band. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
40. PORZIG, WALTER. 1954. Die Gliederung des indogermanischen Sprachgebiets in neuer Sicht. Heidelberg: Winter.
41. PRINCE, ELLEN F., and SUSAN PINTZUK. 2000. Bilingual code-switching and the open/closed class distinction. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 6.3.237-57.
42. RAYFIELD, J. R. 1970. The languages of a bilingual community. The Hague: Mouton.
43. RINGE, DON. 1996. On the chronology of sound changes in Tocharian. Vol. 1. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
44. RINGE, DON. 1999. How hard is it to match CVC-roots? Transactions of the Philological Society 97.213-44.
45. RINGE, DON. 2000. Tocharian class II presents and subjunctives and the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European verb. Tocharian and Indo-European studies 9.121-42.
46. RINGE, DON; TANDY WARNOW; and ANN TAYLOR. 2002. Indo-European and computational cladistics. Transactions of the Philological Society 100.59-129.
47. RINGE, DON; TANDY WARNOW; ANN TAYLOR; ALEXANDER MICHAILOV; and LIBBY LEVISON. 1998. Computational cladistics and the position of Tocharian. In Mair, 391-414.
48. ROBERTS, R. G.; R. JONES; and M. A. SMITH. 1990. Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site in Northern Australia. Science 345.153-56.
49. ROSS, MALCOLM. 1997. Social networks and kinds of speech-community event. Archaeology and language 1: Theoretical and methodological orientations, ed. by Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, 209-61. London: Routledge.
50. RUVOLO, MARYELLEN. 1987. Reconstructing genetic and linguistic trees: Phenetic and cladistic approaches. In Hoenigswald & Wiener, 193-216.
51. SOMMER, FERDINAND. 1948. Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre. 2nd and 3rd edn. Heidelberg: Winter.
52. STANG, CHRISTIAN. 1966. Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
53. STILES, PATRICK V. 1985. The fate of the numeral '4' in Germanic. North-Western European Language Evolution 6.81-104.
54. SWOFFORD, DANIEL. 1996. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), version 4.0. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
55. THOMASON, SARAH GREY, and TERRENCE KAUFMAN. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. TRUBETZKOY, NIKOLAI. 1926. Gedanken über den lateinischen a-Konjunktiv. Beiträge zur griechischen und lateinischen Sprachforschung (Festschrift for Paul Kretschmer), 267-74. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Jugend und Volk.
57. WARNOW, TANDY; DON RINGE; and ANN TAYLOR. 1995. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of natural languages. (Institute for Research in Cognitive Science report 95-16.) Philadelphia: Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania.
58. WARNOW, TANDY; STEVEN N. EVANS; DON RINGE; and LUAY NAKHLEH. 2005. A stochastic model of language evolution that incorporates homoplasy and borrowing. Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, ed. by James Clackson et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, to appear.
59. WHITE, J. PETER, and JAMES F. O'CONNELL. 1982. A prehistory of Australia, New Guinea, and Sahul. New York: Academic Press.
60. WINTER, WERNER. 1998. Lexical archaisms in the Tocharian languages. In Mair, 347-57.
61. YOSHIDA, KAZUHIKO. 1990. The Hittite mediopassive endings in -ri. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.