Occupation as Liberation: International Humanitarian Law and Regime Change

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 51-64

  Chesterman, Simon ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645355046     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00476.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince and the Discourses, trans. Christian E. Detmold (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 182.
2. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, trans. Michael B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1962), p. 114.
3. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: IDRC, 2001); available at www.iciss.gc.ca.
4. See, generally, Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).
5. Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (The Hague: 1907 Hague Regulations, October 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277, 1 Bevans 631), art. 42; available at www.icrc.org/ihl.
6. Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva: Fourth Geneva Convention, August 12, 1949), art. 2; available at www.icrc.org/ihl.
7. Glenn Frankel, “Hopes for ‘Road Map’ Tempered by History: U.S. Role in Plan Seen as Crucial,” Washington Post, June 3, 2003, p. A15.
8. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion (The Hague: International Court of Justice, July 9, 2004); available at www.icj-cij.org
9. Beit Sourik v. Israel (Israeli High Court, June 30, 2004), HCJ 2056/04.
10. Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex, art. 43. On the replacement of “public order and safety” with “public order and [civil life],” see Eyal Benvenisti, The International Law of Occupation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 7.
11. Fourth Geneva Convention, arts. 54–56, 64.
12. David J. Scheffer, “Beyond Occupation Law,” American Journal of International Law 97 (2003), p. 848.
13. Jean Pictet, ed., Commentary: Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, art. 47 (Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1958).
14. Benvenisti, International Law of Occupation, p. 92.
15. International Law of Occupation., pp. 91–96.
16. “Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (Declaration on Friendly Relations),” UN GAOR, 25th Sess., Supp. No. 28, UN Doc.A/8028 (1970).
17. Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim, International Law, 7th ed. (London: Longmans, 1952), vol. 2, p. 140.
18. Adam Roberts, “What Is a Military Occupation?” British Yearbook of International Law 55 (1984), pp. 257–258.
19. British Yearbook of International Law., p. 258.
20. GA Res. 1127(XI), November 21, 1956.
21. GA Res. 1133(XI), September 14, 1957.
22. Roberts, “What Is a Military Occupation?” p. 259. Compare this to the situation in Tajikistan, where the Russian Army's 201st Motorized Rifle Division remained after independence in 1991 and was widely regarded as only nominally operating under the CIS peacekeeping mandate it assumed from 1993 to 2000 to deal with the Tajik civil war. It remains in Dushanbe.
23. Fourth Geneva Convention, art. 6(3).
24. Pictet, ed., Commentary, art. 6(3).
25. Commentary
26. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, art. 3; available at www.icrc.org/ihl.
27. Cf. James Crawford, “The Charter of the United Nations as a Constitution,” in Hazel Fox, ed., The Changing Constitution of the United Nations (London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1997).
28. 3 UNCIO 365, 371–372, Doc. 2G/7 (n)(1) (1945).
29. 12 UNCIO 353–355, Doc. 539 III/3/24 (1945).
30. SC Res. 16 (1947).
31. See further Hans Kelsen, The Law of the United Nations (London: Stevens & Sons, 1950), pp. 825–826.
32. 2 SCOR, No. 3, 44 (1947)
33. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion (ICJ Rep. 16, June 21, 1971).
34. “An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping,” Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on January 31, 1992, UN Doc A/47/277-S/24111 (June 17, 1992).
35. “Supplement to ‘An Agenda for Peace’: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations,” UN Doc A/50/60-S/1995/1 (January 3, 1995), paras. 13–14.
36. See Simon Chesterman, Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 112–218.
37. Danesh Sarooshi, The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security: The Delegation by the UN Security Council of its Chapter VII Powers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 59–63.
38. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, paras. 5.22–5.24.
39. “Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report),” UN Doc A/55/305- S/2000/809 (August 21, 2000), para. 78; available at www.un.org/peace/reports/peace_operations.
40. “Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,” UN Doc A/55/502 (October 20,2000).
41. Scott Wilson,“Bremer Adopts Firmer Tone for U.S. Occupation of Iraq,” Washington Post, May 26, 2003, p. A13.
42. See, e.g., David E. Sanger and Eric Schmitt,“U.S. Has a Plan to Occupy Iraq, Officials Report,” New York Times, October 11, 2002, p. A1.
43. “Statement of the Azores Summit,” Washington Post, March 17, 2003, p. A12.
44. See, e.g., Joshua Hammer and Colin Soloway, “Who's in Charge Here?” Newsweek, May 26, 2003, p. 28.
45. See, e.g., Nile Gardiner and David B. Rivkin, Blueprint for Freedom: Limiting the Role of the United Nations in Post-War Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 2003).
46. 1907 Hague Regulations, arts. 48, 49, 55.
47. Jackie Spinner, “Firms Cite Concerns With Iraqi Sanctions,” Washington Post, May 3, 2003, p. E2.
48. Peter J. Boyer, “The New War Machine,” New Yorker, June 30, 2003, pp. 70–71.
49. Peter Slevin and Dana Priest, “Wolfowitz Concedes Iraq Errors,” Washington Post, July 24, 2003, p. A1.
50. James Bone, “UN Leaders Draw up Secret Blueprint for Postwar Iraq,” Times (London), March 5, 2003. Humanitarian contingency planning…some of which was leaked in December 2002…was less controversial and more advanced.
51. 1907 Hague Regulations, art. 43
52. Fourth Geneva Convention, arts. 54–56, 64.
53. SC Res. 1483 (2003), preamble, paras. 4, 5.
54. This was later confirmed in SC Res. 1500 (2003), which also welcomed the establishment of the Governing Council of Iraq.
55. Scheffer, “Beyond Occupation Law,” p. 846.
56. SC Res. 1483 (2003), preamble.
57. SC Res., para. 5.
58. SC Res., para. 9.
59. SC Res., paras. 12–14, 17.
60. SC Res., para. 16.
61. SC Res., preamble, para. 8.
62. “Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 24 of Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003),” UN Doc S/2003/715 (July 17, 2003), paras. 2, 100.
63. See, e.g., Robert F. Worth, “Last Respects Are Paid to Head of UN Mission in Iraq,” New York Times, August 23, 2003, p. A2.
64. SC Res. 1472 (2003). The preamble noted the obligation imposed on an Occupying Power by the Fourth Geneva Convention to ensure “to the fullest extent of the means available to it … the food and medical supplies of the population.”
65. See David Rieff, “Blueprint for a Mess,” New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2003, p. 28.
66. See Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
67. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, para. 5.1.
68. Meet the Prees, NBC News, April 11, 2004; available at msnbc.msn.com/id/4717276/.
69. “Press Conference of the President,” Office of the Press Secretary, U.S. White House, April 13, 2004; available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/04/ 20040413–20.html