Burden-shirking, burden-shifting, and burden-sharing in the emergent European asylum regime

International Politics

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 219-240

  Uçarer, Emek M ^a  

^a BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Geneva convention; Humanitarian obligations; Refugees; Repatriation; Sovereignty; UNHCR

Indexed keywords

ASYLUM SEEKER; EUROPEAN UNION; REFUGEE; REPATRIATION; SOVEREIGNTY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION;

EID: 33645348773     PISSN: 13845748     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800141     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aggarwal, V.K. (1985) Liberal Protectionism: The International Politics of Organized Textile Trade, Berkeley: University of California Press.
2. Amnesty International (1993) Fundamental Standards for the Protection of Refugees, Brussels: Amnesty International.
3. Amnesty International (1994) Europe: Harmonization of Asylum Policy, Brussels: Amnesty International.
4. Amnesty International (2005) 'EU Member States Threatening the Integrity of the International Refugee Protection System: Amnesty International's Open Letter to the UK Presidency on the Occasion of the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Council, 12 October 2005', Brussels, 7 October.
5. Annan, K. (2004) 'A Europe Open to Well Managed Migration Will Be Fairer, Richer, Stronger, Says Secretary-General in Brussels Address', [March 1 2004], http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9134.doc.htm.
6. Barnett, M. (2001) 'Humanitarianism with a Sovereign Face: UNHCR in the Global Undertow', The International Migration Review 35(1): 34.
7. Barnett, M.N. and Finnemore, M. (1999) 'The Polities, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations', International Organization 53(4): 699-732.
8. Barutciski, M. and Suhrke, A. (2001) 'Lessons from the Kosovo Refugee Crisis: Innovations in Protection and Burden-Sharing', Journal of Refugee Studies 14(2): 95-115.
9. Boswell, C. (2000) 'European Values and the Asylum Crisis', International Affairs 76(3): 537-557.
10. Commission of the European Communities (1994) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Immigration and Asylum Policies, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.
11. Council of JHA Ministers (1995) 'Council Resolution of 25 September 1995 on Burden-Sharing with Regard to the Admission and Residence of Displaced Persons on a Temporary Basis', Official Journal of the European Communities C262: 1.
12. Council of the European Union (1996) Compilation of Texts on European Practices with Respect to Asylum, Brussels: General Secretariat of the Council.
13. Council of the European Union (2004) 'Council Regulation (EC) No. 377/ 2004 on the Creation of an Immigration Liaison Officers Network, 19 February 2004', Official Journal of the European Communities L64: 1.
14. Crisp, J. (2001) 'Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process', International Migration Review 35(1): 24.
15. Cruz, A. (1994) Carriers Liability in the Member States of the European Union, Brussels: Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe.
16. Dolowitz, D. and Marsh, D. (1996) 'Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature', Political Studies 44: 343-357.
17. ECRE (1993) Asylum in Europe: An Introduction, London: ECRE.
18. ECRE (1995) 'Safe Third Countries:' Myths and Realities, London: ECRE.
19. ECRE (2001) 'Comments from the European Council on Refugees and Exiles on the Proposal for a Council Regulation Establishing the Criteria and Mechanisms for Determining the Member State Responsible for Examining an Asylum Application Lodged in One of the Member States by a Third Country National', [October 29 2005], http://www.ecre.org/eu_developments/ responsibility/dubcomms.doc.
20. ECRE (2004) 'ECRE's Recommendations to the Justice and Home Affairs Council on The "Safe Third Country" Concept at Its Meeting on 22-23 January 2004', [3 March 2004], http://www.ecre.org/eu_developments/ procedures/index.shtml.
21. ECRE (2005) 'New Berlin Walls Won't Work: EU Must Act to Stop Deaths at Borders and Respect Refugee Rights', http://www.ecre.org/press/ Melilla.htm.
22. ECRE, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch (2004) 'Refugee and Human Rights Organizations across Europe Call on EU to Scrap Key Asylum Proposal', [October 13 2005].
23. European Commission (1997) 'Commission Proposal on Joint Action for Temporary Protection of Displaced Persons', (IP/97/178).
24. European Commission (2001) 'Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass Influx of Displaced Persons 2000', [13 March 2002], http://europa.eu.int/ comm/external_relations/news/05_00/ip_00_518.htm.
25. European Commission (2004) 'European Refugee Fund 2: Financial Solidarity for the Benefit of the Common Asylum Policy', [1 March 2004], http://europa.eu.int/rapid/.
26. European Parliament (2005) 'European Parliament Resolution (of 14 April 2005) on Lampedusa', [October 21, 2005].
27. European Refugee Fund (2001) 'Breakthrough in the Establishment of a Common Asylum System 2001', [13 March 2002], http://www.european-refugee-fund.org/framesets/indexNews.htm.
28. Favell, A. (1998) 'The Europeanisation of Immigration Politics', European Integration Online Papers 2(10).
29. Fitzpatrick, J. (1994) 'Flight from Asylum: Trends toward Temporary "Refuge" and Local Responses to Forced Migrations', Virginia Journal of International Law 35(Fall): 13-70.
30. Geddes, A. (2000) Immigration and European Integration: Towards Fortress Europe?, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
31. Gordenker, L. (1987) Refugees in International Politics, New York: Columbia University Press.
32. Grabbe, H. (2000) 'The Sharp Edges of Europe: Extending Schengen Eastwards', International Affairs 76(3): 519-536.
33. Jileva, E. (2002) 'Larger Than the European Union: The Emerging EU Migration Regime and Enlargement', in S. Lavenex and E.M. Uçarer (eds.) Migration and the Externalities of European Integration, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
34. Keohane, R.O. (1983) 'The Demand for International Regimes', in S.D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
35. Krasner, S.D. (1983) 'Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables', in S.D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
36. Kumin, J. (1995) 'Asylum in Europe: Sharing or Shifting the Burden?', in U.S. Committee for Refugees (ed.) World Refugee Survey - 1995, Washington: USCR.
37. Lavenex, S. (1999) Safe Third Countries: Extending the EU Asylum and Immigration Policies to Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, New York: CEU Press.
38. Lavenex, S. (2001) The Europeanisation of Refugee Policies: Between Human Rights and Internal Security, Aldershot: Ashgate.
39. Lavenex, S. and Uçarer, E.M. (2002a) 'Introduction: The Emergent EU Migration Regime and Its External Impact', in S. Lavenex and E.M. Uçarer (eds.) Migration and the Externalities of European Integration, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
40. Lavenex, S. and Uçarer, E.M. (eds.) (2002b) Migration and the Externalities of European Integration, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
41. Lavenex, S. and Uçarer, E.M. (2004) 'The External Impact of European Integration: The Case of Immigration Policies', Cooperation and Conflict 39(4): 417-443.
42. Loescher, G. (2001) 'The UNHCR and World Politics: State Interests vs Institutional Autonomy', The International Migration Review 35(1): 24.
43. Martin, D.A. (1982) 'Large-Scale Migration of Asylum Seekers', American Journal of International Law 76(3): 598-609.
44. Noll, G. and Vedsted-Hansen, J. (2001) 'Temporary Protection and Burden-Sharing: Conditionalizing Access Suspending Refugee Rights?', in E. Guild and C. Harlow (eds.) Implementing Amsterdam: Immigration and Asylum Rights in EC Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
45. Oxfam (2005) Foreign Territory: The Internationalization of EU Asylum Policy, Oxford: Oxfam.
46. Pastore, F. (2002) 'Aenea's Route: Euro-Mediterranean Relations and International Migration', in S. Lavenex and E.M. Uçarer (eds.) Migration and the Externalities of European Integration, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
47. Perluss, D. and Hartman, J.F. (1986) 'Temporary Refugee: Emergence of a Customary Norm', Virginia Journal of International Law 26(3): 551-626.
48. Rose, R. (1991) 'What Is Lesson Drawing?' Journal of Public Policy 11: 331-354.
49. Schengen Executive Committee (1996) Jahresbericht Über Die Anwendung Des Durchführungsübereinkommens Im Zeitraum Vom 26. März 1995 - 25. März 1996, Brussels: Schengen Zentrale Gruppe.
50. Skran, C.M. (1995) Refugees in Inter-War Europe: The Emergence of a Regime, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
51. Thorburn, J. (1995) 'Transcending Boundaries: Temporary Protection and Burden-Sharing in Europe', International Journal of Refugee Law 7(4): 459-480.
52. Uçarer, E.M. (2001) 'Managing Asylum and European Integration: Expanding Spheres of Exclusion?' International Studies Perspectives 2(3): 288-304.
53. Uçarer, E.M. (2003) 'Justice and Home Affairs', in M. Cini (ed.) Union Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. UNHCR (1994a) Fair and Expeditious Asylum Procedures, Brussels: UNHCR Regional Office for the Benelux Countries and the European Institutions.
55. UNHCR (1994b) Readmission Agreements, 'Protection Elsewhere' and Asylum Policy, Brussels.
56. UNHCR (2003a) 'Refugees by Numbers 2003', [3 March 2004], http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/statistics.
57. UNHCR (2003b) 'Safeguards Needed for EU Asylum Rules On "Safe Countries", Warns UNHCR', [3 March 2004], available from www.unhcr.ch.
58. UNHCR (2004) 'UNHCR Financial Overview 2003', [3 March 2004], http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/partners/.
59. UNHCR (2005a) 'Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries, 2004', [2 November 2005], www.unhcr.ch/statistics.
60. UNHCR (2005b) 'Contributions to 2005 UNHCR Programs: Situation as at 29 September 2005', [2 November 2005], www.unhcr.ch.
61. Vayrynen, R. (2001) 'Funding Dilemmas in Refugee Assistance: Political Interests and Institutional Reforms in UNHCR', International Migration Review 35(1): 25.
62. Young, O. (1996) 'Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives', Global Governance 2(1): 1-24.