Orientalising America? Continental intellectuals and the search for Europe's identity

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 433-448

  Heins, Volker ^a,b  

^a Institute of Social Research   (Germany)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645278972     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298060340022101     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. For a collection of contributions which includes English translations of the relevant articles by Habermas and Derrida, among many others, see Daniel Levy, Max Pensky and John Torpey, eds., Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations After the Iraq War (New York and London: Verso, 2005).
2. Here I am referring, without any further elaboration, to Emile Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, 4th ed. (Paris: PUF, 1960).
3. For an interesting attempt to apply Durkheim's categories to empirical political discourses, see Jeffrey C. Alexander, 'Citizen and Enemy as Symbolic Classification: On the Polarizing Discourse of Civil Society, in Real Civil Societies: Dilemmas of Institutionalization, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998),96-114,
4. and his forthcoming book The Civil Sphere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
5. Hannah Arendt, 'Dream and Nightmare', in Essays in Understanding: 1930-1954, ed. Jerome Kohn (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994), 411.
6. Iver B. Neumann, Uses of the Other: 'The East' in European Identity Formation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 207.
7. European Commission, Eurobarometer 62, December 2004 [http:// europa.eu.int/comm/public⊕inion/index_en.html (1 October 2005).
8. See the observation made by the Estonian EU commissioner Siim Kallas, quoted in Filipe Rufino, 'Lobby Control Gets Lobbyists on the Move', EUobserver.com, 6 April 2005 [http://www.euobserver.com/] (1 October 2005).
9. Zaki Laïdi, A World Without Meaning: The Crisis of Meaning in International Politics, trans. June Burnham and Jenny Coulon (London: Routledge, 1998), 75f.
10. See Stefan Breuer, Anatomie der Konservativen Revolution (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993), 104-114.
11. See Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, Les non-conformistes des années 30: Une tentative de renouvellement de la pensée politique francaise (Paris: Seuil, 1969).
12. See also the late Ernst Jünger, The Peace, trans. Stuart O. Hood (Hinsdale, IL: Regnery, 1948).
13. Quoted in Reiner Burger, 'Der Mythos von der unschuldigen Stadt', Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 6 February 2005, 4.
14. Jürgen Habermas, 'Why Europe Needs a Constitution', New Left Review, no. 11 (2001): 5.
15. Jürgen Habermas, Der gespaltene Westen (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004), 81, emphasis added.
16. Ibid., 108.
17. Jürgen Habermas, The Postnational Constellation, trans. Max Pensky (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 75.
18. Jacques Derrida and Jürgen Habermas, 'Unsere Erneuerung. Nach dem Krieg: Die Wiedergeburt Europas', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 May 2003, 33.
19. See, for example, 'Europe's Double Standards: How the EU Should Reform its Trade Policies with the Developing World', Oxfam Briefing Paper, no. 22 (2002).
20. In Germany, there has even been a case in which a woman from Afghanistan, Zakia Mashiri, was threatened by racists to a point where she successfully sought asylum in the United States. See 'German Government Criticizes US Court Ruling Allowing Woman to Seek Political Asylum', Associated Press Worldstream, 24 October 2004.
21. Derrida and Habermas, 'Unsere Erneuerung', 33.
22. For lists of such terms, see Alexander, 'Citizen and Enemy as Symbolic Classification', 100f.
23. See also Volker Heins, 'Civil Society's Barbarisms', European Journal of Social Theory 7 (2004): 499-517.
24. Jacques Derrida, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason, trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), 102.
25. Heidrun Friese and Peter Wagner, 'The Nascent Political Philosophy of the European Polity', Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2002): 342-364.
26. Habermas, Der gespaltene Westen, 74.
27. Derrida and Habermas,'Unsere Erneuerung', 33.
28. Ulrich Beck, Der kosmopolitische Blick oder: Krieg ist Frieden (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004).
29. Barry Brummett, Contemporary Apocalyptic Rhetoric (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1991), 61.
30. See Beck, Der kosmopolitische Blick, 204.
31. See Ulrich Beck and Edgar Grande, Das kosmopolitische Europa (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004), 374.
32. Beck, Der kosmopolitische Blick, 173.
33. Ibid., 250, 238.
34. Ulrich Beck, Macht und Gegenmacht im globalen Zeitalter (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 2002), 124.
35. Beck, Der kosmopolitische Blick, 14, 85, 265.
36. Ibid., 20, 101.
37. Ibid., 208.
38. See Penka Angelova and Judith Veichtlbauer eds., Pulverfass Balkan: Mythos oder Realität (St. Ingbert: Röhrig Universitätsverlag, 2001).
39. See, in particular, Carl Schmitt, Land and Sea, trans. Simona Draghici (Washington DC: Plutarch Press, 1997).
40. Thomas Meyer, Die Identität Europas. Der EU eine Seele? (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004), 137.
41. See Gerard Delanty, 'The Making of a Postwestern Europe: a Civilizational Analysis', Thesis Eleven, no. 72 (2003): 8-25.
42. See Hans-Dietrich Schultz, 'Deutschlands "natürliche" Grenzen', in Deutschlands Grenzen in der Geschichte, ed. Alexander Demandt (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1991), 32-93.
43. See Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000).
44. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 144.
45. See ibid., 118f.
46. For a 'division of labour' model of transatlantic relations, see Andrew Moravcsik, 'Striking a New Transatlantic Bargain', Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (2003): 74-89.
47. See also Beck and Grande, Das kosmopolitische Europa, 380.
48. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 145f.
49. See, for example, Christian Ludwig Paalzow, Über Aufgeklärtheit, Barbarei und Vorurtheile (Berlin: Schön'sche Buchhandlung, 1823), 87f.
50. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 138.
51. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires, 53.
52. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 118f.
53. Ibid., 140f.
54. Ibid., 144, emphasis added.
55. Edgar J. Jung, Die Herrschaft der Minderwertigen, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Deutsche Rundschau, 1930), 246-255, 260.
56. See Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 192, 199, 229f. It is also worth noting that 'political immaturity was Max Weber's main charge against Germany's political culture prior to the First World War - a charge which is now redirected against Europe's others.
57. See, for example, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber und die deutsche Politik 1890-1920 (Tübingen: Mohr, 1959), 159.
58. Quoted in Gertjan Dijkink, National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain (London: Routledge, 1996), 54.
59. See Carl Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1974), 266.
60. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 202, 142, 119.
61. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj, 184.
62. Meyer, Die Identität Europas, 138f.
63. Arendt, 'Dream and Nightmare', 416.
64. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires, 603.
65. See Nina Berman, Impossible Missions? German Economic, Military, and Humanitarian Efforts in Africa (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 216.
66. See also Tzvetan Todorov, On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993);
67. and Hartmut Mayer, 'Early at the Beach and Claiming Territory: the Evolution of German Ideas on a New European Order', International Affairs 73 (1997): 721-737.
68. See Neumann, Uses of the Other, 52.
69. Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde, 266.
70. Hannah Arendt made a similar point already in her lecture 'The Threat of Conformism', in Essays in Understanding.
71. Jürgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the other (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 119.