Development of China's overland transportation links with Central, South-west and South Asia

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 185, 2006, Pages 1-22

  Garver, John W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; INVESTMENT; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 33645278086     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741006000026     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Asian Development Bank, The 2020 Project: Policy Support in the People's Republic of China, ch. 6 deals with transportation, "Western transportation, strengthening the competitiveness of the western region," hereafter ADB, 2020 Project, ch. 6. Available at http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/2020_Project/chap06.pdf. Accessed 13 August 2003, pp. 126, 131.
2. "Oriental express will start here," Beijing Review, 5-11 October 1992, pp. 20-21.
3. ADB, 2020 Project, ch. 6, pp. 132, 133.
4. Zhongguo tielu jiaotong ditu (Map of China's Railway Transportation) (Beijing: China Railway Publishing Company, 1999).
5. ADB, 2020 Project, ch. 6, p. 126.
6. Asian Development Bank, First Workshop on Economic Cooperation in Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities in Transportation, Manila, February 1998. Presentations by country delegations. http://www.adb.org.
7. ADB, 2020 Project, ch. 6, p. 134.
8. "Notes on reporter's trip to China's borders with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan," Jiefang junbao, 15 October 2001, at World News Connection, http://wnc.dialog.com/, hereafter Dialog. This is the online successor to the Foreign Broadcast Information Service hardcopy that ceased publication in July 1996.
9. CCTV, 30 December 2002, http://www.China.org/cn/english/china/83637.html.
10. "Agreement on railway cooperation with China signed," Tehran Voice of the IRI, 20 December 1992, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Near East South Asia (hereafter FBIS-NES) No. 92-245, 21 December 1992.
11. "Minister signs railways cooperation agreement with Iran," Xinhua, 16 May 1996, Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Daily Report China, (hereafter FBIS-CHI), No. 96-015, 30 May 1996, p. 9.
12. "Leaders arrive in Iran to inaugurate Trans-Asian Railway," Xinhua, 13 May 1996 in FBIS-CHI-96-093, 13 May 1996, p. 14.
13. "General map of Iran," Gitashenasi Geographical and Cartographic Institute, Tehran, 2002.
14. "Mashhad-Bafq railroad operational by March," Iran Daily, 23 October 2004, p. 3.
15. This according to two maps: "Kazakhstan," Central Intelligence Agency, December 2001, and "Caspian region, promise and peril," National Geographic Society, May 1999.
16. Samina Yasmeen, "Sino-Pakistan relations and the Middle East," in P.R. Kuaraswamy (ed.), China and the Middle East, the Quest for Influence (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999), p. 98.
17. "Kyrgyzstan, China to build road for increase in tourism, trade," Interfax Moscow, 22 May 2003, Dialog.
18. "Road rehabilitation project in Kyrgyz Republic to promote regional trade," http://adb.org/Documents/News/KYRM/kyrm200401.asp.
19. "Notes on reporter's trip to China's borders with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan," Jiefang junbao, 15 October 2001, Dialog.
20. "Xinhua carries 'text' of Sino-Kyrgyzstan joint press communique," Xinhua, 12 December 2002, Dialog.
21. "Aziz terms talks with PRC leaders 'highly productive' Gwadar Port accord signed," Islamabad the News, 11 August 2001, Dialog.
22. "Kyrgyzstan to sign transport accord with China, Pakistan," Moscow, ITAR-TASS, 20 November 2002, Dialog.
23. "Russia [sic], Pakistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan begin shipments on new trade route," Moscow, ITAR-TASS, 30 September 2003, Dialog.
24. "Pakistan, China sign 21 agreements for cooperation in defense, other fields," Islamabad the News, 6 April 2005, Dialog.
25. ADB, 2020 Project, ch. 6, p. 134.
26. TRACECA, www.traceca-org.org/default/php.
27. "China assisted Gwadar Port to be completed in three years," Karachi Business Recorder, 16 September 2002, Dialog.
28. "Economic biability of Chinese-aided strategic port development questioned," Islamabad the News, 26 August 2001, Dialog.
29. "Lessons for India of Pakistan's offer of access of warm waters to Russia," Islamabad Pakistan Observer, 12 February 2003, Dialog.
30. "Musharaf launches China-aided Gwadar deep seaport project," Islamabad the News, 23 March 2002, Dialog.
31. "Pakistan, China set to sign important bilateral agreement during Jiabao's visit," Islamabad the News, 5 April 2005, Dialog.
32. "Chinese premier visit to help Pakistan come out of US, Indian pressure," Nawa-I-Waqt (Pakistan), 6 April 2005, Dialog.
33. "Pakistan, China sign US$250 million railway deal," China Daily, 11 May 2001. www.china.org.cn.
34. "200m aid for Gwadar, Makran projects: Accord signed with China," Dawn, 11 August 2001, Dialog.
35. Tehran IRNA, 29 January 2003, Dialog.
36. "Afghanistan to have railways," Big News Network, 15 May 2004. Via Afgha news. http://www.afgha.com.
37. China Daily, 5 November 2001, in Zhongguo wang, www.china.org.cn.
38. Also, Nadeem Malik, "China pledges US$1 on honeypot for Pakistan," Asia Times online, 15 May 2001. http://www.atimes.com/china/ CD15Ad05.html.
39. "China to provide double freight coaches for railways," Islamabad the News, 12 February 2003, Dialog.
40. "Finance advisor speaks on Jamali's China visit," Islamabad the Nation, 24 March 2003, Dialog.
41. Figures offered by the websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and the PRC Economic Co-operation Office attached to the Chinese Embassy in Islamabad do not help much. They are aggregate numbers for Chinese assistance to Pakistan, not broken down either by year provided or by project. The MFA survey of Sino-Pakistan relations is available at http://wwwforisb.org.foreign_relations/pak_china.html. The website of The Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan can be accessed at http://pk.mofcom.gov.cn. At the time of prime minister Jamali's March 2003 visit to China, Xinhua said that China had provided Pakistan with $2 billion in assistance since 2001. A good guess is probably that $1.5 billion of that went for modernization of Pakistan's transportation infrastructure, including Gwadar and railways.
42. See Pan Qi, "Opening to the southwest: An expert opinion," Beijing Review, 2 September 1985, pp. 22-23. Pan was a former vice-minister of communications.
43. "New international highway in southwest China to open," Xinhua, 21 February 2001, Dialog.
44. "Yunnan builds outlet to Southeast Asia," Xinhua, 23 June 2000, Dialog.
45. The Irrawaddy, Vol. 9, No. 5 (June 2001).
46. "Burma opens Thauthamagyi bridge in Arakan state," New Light of Myanmar, 13 December 2004, Dialog.
47. Map of China's Railway Transportation.
48. "Regional meeting for drafting the intergovernmental agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway," Bangkok, 22-23 November 2004. http://www.ecosecretariat.org.
49. United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Development of the Trans-Asian Railway, The Southern Corridor of Asia-Europe Route (New York: United Nations, 1999), pp. 24, 56-58.
50. Information on the project is available, as of spring 2002, at the HPH website: http://www.hph.com.hk/business/ports/asia/myanmarhtm#top.
51. See also, "Southwest China finds ocean outlet," Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 February 2001, p. 10.
52. Renmin ribao haiwai ban, 27 June 2001. Available at www.people.com.cn.
53. Bertil Lintner, "Friends of necessity," Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 December 2001-3 January 2002, p. 24.
54. Wang Wen, "Train will run on the roof of the world," Beijing Review, 12 April 2001, pp. 16-17.
55. Ibid.
56. Li Jiang, "Railway on the highest plateau," Beijing Review, 31 October 2002, pp. 16-19.
57. Renmin ribao, 27 September 2002, p. 5.
58. Renmin ribao, 27 September 2002, p. 1.
59. Also, Li Jiang, "Railway on the highest plateau."
60. Li Jiang, "Railway on the highest plateau."
61. Renmin ribao, 12 November 2002, p. 4.
62. "AFP: Controversial Tibetan railway moving ahead full steam," 20 December 2002, Dialog.
63. P. V. Indiresan, "The Kunming initiative," Frontline, Vol. 17, No. 7 (1-14 April 2000). http://www.flonnet.com/fl1707/17070980.htm.
64. Ramtanu Maitra, "Prospects brighter for Kunming initiative," Asia Times online, June 2003. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/south_asia/ EB12D104.html.
65. Ibid.
66. Swaran Singh, China-India Economic Engagement: Building Mutual Confidence (New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines, 2005), pp. 120-22.
67. "Report: India, China engaged in consultations to resolve differences over Sikkim," The Hindu, 19 May 2002, Dialog.
68. "Sikkim is no more an 'independent nation' on official Chinese web site," News India-Times, 14 October 2003, p. 29.
69. "Comparative version of full text of Sino-Indian declaration on bilateral ties," Xinhua, 24 June 2003, Dialog.
70. "Full text of joint statement," Xinhua, 12 April 2005, Dialog.
71. "PRC's Wen Jiabao hopes for early border trade cooperation with India's Sikkim," Xinhua, 12 April 2005, Dialog.
72. "Half-a-century friendship moves on," Beijing Review, 11 August 2005, pp. 16-17.
73. "India for gaining foothold in Myanmar to counter China," The Hindu, 13 February 2001, Dialog.
74. "Writer criticizes China for preparing, distributing incorrect map of India," The Asian Age, 4 July 2003, Dialog.
75. "Columnist feels cooperation with Myanmar would form part of India's thrust to the east," Pioneer, 19 February 2001, Dialog.
76. "Daily supports India-Thailand road in line with strengthening Southeast Asian ties," Deccan Herald, 9 April 2002, Dialog.
77. "Delhi gives approval to rail project to connect Manipur with Mandalay in Burma," The Telegraph, Calcutta, 25 November 2004, Dialog.
78. "Nepal signs railway agreement with India," Katmandu Radio, 21 May 2004, Dialog.
79. "Highlights of recent trade agreements," Eurasiannet.org. 27 January 2003, via Afgha news. http://www.afgha.com.
80. April Witt, "As US retreats, Iran puts its money into Afghan province," Washington Post, 17 June 2003, via Afgha news.
81. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Touchstone Books, 1994).