Human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS, and drug consumption in South America and the Caribbean: Epidemiological evidence and initiatives to curb the epidemic

Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 18, Issue 4-5, 2005, Pages 303-313

  Hacker, Mariana A ^a   Malta, Monica ^a   Enriquez, Melissa ^b   Bastos, Francisco I ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; Caribbean; Cocaine, human immunodeficiency virus; Drug use; South America

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE PREVALENCE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG USER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; PARTICIPATORY APPROACH;

ANDES; ARGENTINA; ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BRAZIL; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; SOUTH AMERICA; SOUTHERN CONE;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CENTRAL AMERICA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; SOUTH AMERICA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CARIBBEAN REGION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; SOUTH AMERICA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS;

EID: 33645262908     PISSN: 10204989     EISSN: 16805348     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1020-49892005000900011     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. WHO. IDUF Fact Sheet. Available from: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/ publications/en/IDUFactSheet.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2004.
2. Malta M, Carneiro-da-Cunha C, Kerrigan D, Strathdee SA, Monteiro. Case management of human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users: a case study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 5):S386-91.
3. Mesquita F, Kral A, Reingold A, Bueno R, Trigueiros D, Araújo PJ. Trends of HIV infection among injection drug users in Brazil in the 1990s: The impact of changes in patterns of drug use. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 2001;28(3):298-302.
4. Rodriguez CM, Marques LF, Touzé G. HIV and injection drug use in Latin America. AIDS. 2002;16:S34-S41.
5. Mejía Motta, IE. La inyección de drogas en Bogota: una realidad oculta. Santa Fe de Bogota: Presidencia de la Republica de Colombia; 2003.
6. Hacker MA, Friedman SR, Telles PR, Teixeira SL, Bongertz, V, Morgado MG, et al. The role of "long-term" and "new injectors" in a declining HIV/AIDS epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Braxil. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40: 99-123.
7. UNAIDS. UNAIDS fact sheet: Latin America and the Caribbean. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/EN/Geographical+Area/By+Region/ latin+america+and+the+caribbean.asp. Accessed 10 April 2004.
8. Kovaleski SF. Poverty, drug abuse fuel Caribbean AIDS outbreak. AIDSlink. 1998;(49): 6-7.
9. Deren S, Kang SY, Rapkin B, Robles RR, Andia JF, Colon HM. The utility of the PRECEDE model in predicting HIV risk behaviors among Puerto Rican injection drug users. AIDS Behav. 2003;7(4):405-12.
10. Noel RJ Jr, Chaudhary S, Rodriguez N, Kumar A, Yamamura Y. Phylogenetic relationships between Puerto Rico and continental USA HIV-1 pol sequences: a shared HIV-1 infection. Cell Mol Biol. 2003;49(8):1193-8
11. Charles-Nicholas. A The drug situation in the Caribbean. In: Conference program and abstract book. 8th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm; 1997 Mar 23-27; Paris: IHRA; 1997. P. 68.
12. Gomex MP, Bain RM, Major C, Gray H, Read SE. Characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women in the Bahamas. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;12(4):400-5.
13. Low N, Egger M, Gorter A, Sandiford P, Gonzalez A, Pauw J, et al. AIDS in Nicaragua: epidemiological, political, and socioculturel perspectives. Int J Health Serv. 1993;23(4):685-702.
14. Díaz RMM, Salgado ZG. Sífilis, hepatitis B y VIH em um cartel de expendio de drogas em Managua, Nicaragua. In: Anais do Fórum 2000, Vol I. Conferencia Latinoamericana y del Caribe-Forum 2000: 2000 Nov 6-10; Rio de Janeiro; 2000. P. 234.
15. Bastos FI, Barcellos C. A geografia social da AIDS no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 1995;29(1):52-62.
16. Barcellos C, Bastos FI. Redes sociais e difusão da AIDS no Brasil. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1996;121(1):11-24.
17. Szwarcwald CL, Bastos FI, Esteves MAP, Andrade CLT. A disseminação da epidemia de AIDS no Brasil, no període de 1987-1996: Uma análise espacial. Cad Saude Publica. 2000;16(Suppl 1):7-19.
18. Bastos FI, Pina MF, Szwarcwald CL. The social geography of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in Brazil. Int J Drug Policy. 2002;13(2):137-44.
19. Andrade T, Dourado I, Galvão-Castro B. Associations among HTLV-1, HTLV-II and HIV in injecting drug users in Salvador, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;18(2):186-7.
20. Brazil, Ministry of Health. Dados e Pesquisas em DST/AIDS. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br. Accessed 26 April 2004.
21. Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, Chen J, Lui W, Yu XF. Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia. AIDS. 2000;14(1):75-83.
22. Kalichman, A. AIDS and intravenous drug use (IVDU) in Brazil. In: Monteiro MG, Inciardi JA, eds. Brasil-United States Binational Research. São Paulo: CEBRID; 1993. Pp. 49-61.
23. Grangeiro A. O perfil sócio-econômico da AIDS no Brasil. In: Parker R, Bastos C, Galvão J, Pedrosa JS, eds. A AIDS no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: ABIA/UERJ & Relume-Dumará; 1994. Pp. 91-125.
24. Fonseca MGP, Castilho EA. Os casos de aids entre usuários de drogas injetáveis. Brasil, 1980-1997. Bol Epidemiol AIDS. 1997;X(3):6-14.
25. Frischer M. Mobility and the diffusion of drug injecting and HIV In: Stimson G, Des Jarlais DC, Ball A, eds. Drug injecting and HIV infection: global dimensions and local responses. London: UCL Press; 1998. Pp. 149-67.
26. Bastos FI, Barcellos C, Lowndes CM, Friedman SR. Co-infection with malaria and HIV in injecting drug users in Brazil: a new challenge to public health? Addiction. 1999;94(8):1165-74.
27. Caiaffa WT, Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Mingoti SA, Doneda D, Gandolfi D, et al. Epidemiological Study of Injection Drug Users in Brazil (AjUDE-Brasil Project). The dynamics of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemics in the south of Brazil: Increasing role of injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 5):S376-81.
28. Teixeira SLM, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Hacker MA, Brigido LF, Oliveira CAP, et al. HIV-1 infection among injection and ex-injection drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: prevalence, estimated incidence and genetic diversity. J Clin Virol. 2004;31(3):221-6.
29. Pechansky F, von Diemen L, Kessler F, Hirakata V, Metzger D, Woody GE. Preliminary estimates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevalence and incidence among cocaine abusers of Porto Alegre, Brazil. J Urban Health. 2003;80(1):115-26.
30. Turchi MD, Diaz RS, Martelli CM, Sabino EC, Da Silva WP, Filho OF, et al. Genetic diversity and HIV-1 incidence estimation among cocaine users in São Paulo, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30(5):527-32
31. Szwarcwald CL, Bastos FI. Spatiotemporal model: an application to the AIDS epidemic in São Paulo, Brazil. In: Gierl L, Cliff AD, Valleron AJ, Farrington P, Bull M, eds. Geomed '97. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Geomedical Systems. Stuttgart, Leipzig: BG Teubner; 1998. Pp. 43-53.
32. Telles PR, Bastos FI, Guydish J, Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Pearl M, et al. Risk behaviors and HIV seroprevalence among IDUs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS 1997;11(Suppl 1):S35-44.
33. Carvalho HB, Mesquita F, Massad E, Bueno RC, Lopes GT, Ruiz MA, et al. HIV and infections of similar transmission patterns in a drug injectors community of Santos, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;12(1):84-92.
34. Guimarães ML, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Galvão-Castro B, Diaz, RS, Bongertz, V, et al. Retrovirus infections in a sample of injecting drug users in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes, and co-infection with HTLV-I/II. J Clin Virol. 2001;21(2):143-51.
35. Andrade T, Dourado I, Farias A, Galvão-Castro B. Changing patterns of HIV-1 and HTLV-I/II seroprevalence among IDUs from different districts of Salvador, Brazil: Effectiveness of prevention strategies? In: Abstract Book Vol I: 14th International AIDS Conference; 2002 July 7-12; Barcelona, Spain. 2002. P. 117
36. Szwarcwald CL, Bastos FI, Gravato N, Lacerda R, Chequer PN, Castilho EA. The relationship of illicit drug consume to HIV-infection among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Drug Policy. 1998;9(6):427-36.
37. Souza CT, Diax T, Sutmoller F, Bastos FI. The association of socioeconomic status and use of crack/cocaine with unprotected anal sex in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29(1):95-100.
38. Dunn J, Laranjeira RR. Transitions in the route of cocaine administration-characteristics, direction and associated variables. Addiction. 1999;94(6):813-24
39. Ferri CP, Gossop M. Route of cocaine administration: patterns of use and problems among a Brazilian sample. Addict Behav. 1999;24:815-21.
40. Fernandez O. Patterns of cocaine use in São Paulo/Brazil: The nature and extent of consumption. In: Stimson G, ed. Abstract Book: 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm; 2004 April 20-24; Melbourne, Australia: IHRA; 2004. P. 215.
41. Teixeira PR. La interaction VIH/SIDA y drogas en los países del Cono Sur. [Background paper]. At: Meeting of the Project Drug abuse and AIDS in the Southern Cone; Montevideo, Uruguay, 1997.
42. Hamers FF, Batter V, Downs AM, Alix J, Cazein F, Brunet JB. The HIV epidemic associated with injecting drug use in Europe: geographic and time trends. AIDS. 1997;11(11):1365-74.
43. Inchaurraga, S. Drogadiccion y SIDA. In: Inchaurraga S, ed. El SIDA en la Cultura: Problemáticas a Fines de Siglo. Rosario, Argentina: Homo Sapiens; 1997.
44. Bloch CR, Procupet AS, Kaufmann R, Tecilla E. Situación epidemiológies de los usuários de drogas injectables enfermes de SIDA en la Argentina. In: Anais do Forum 2000, Vol I. Conferencia Latinoamericana y del Caribe-Forum 2000; 2000 Nov 6-10; Rio de Janeiro: 2000. P. 224.
45. SIDALAC. Situação do HIV/AIDS na América Latina e Caribe. Uma revisão baseada no FORO 2003. José Antonio Izazola; Robinson Cabello; Carlos Cáceres; Gabriela Hamilton. Available from: http://www.sidalac.org.mx/Spanish/publicaciones/foro2003/foro2003.pdf Accessed 12 April 2004.
46. Procupet AS, Bianco MB. HIV/AIDS in Argentina: Situation of the epidemic at the end of 2001. In: Abstract Book Vol I: 14th International AIDS Conference, 2002 July 7-12, Barcelona, Spain; 2002. P. 443.
47. Sosa-Estáni S, Rossi D, Weissenbacher M. Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in injection drug users in Argentina: High seroprevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 5):S338-42.
48. Siri P, Inchaurraga S. 'First steps': using rapid assessment and response methods to develop research, intervention and advocacy capacity for addressing drug use in Rosario City, Argentina. Int J Drug Policy. 2000;11(1-2):125-32.
49. Weissenbacher M, Rossi D, Raducich G, Sosa-Estáni S, Vila M, Vivas E, et al. High seroprevalence of bloodborne viruses among street-recruited drug users from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 (Suppl 5):S348-52.
50. Diz AMM, Kornblit AL. Consumo de drogas por vía endovenosa y riesgo de infeccion por el VIH desde la perspectiva de los actores. In: Anais do Fórum 2000,Vol II. Conferencia Latinoamericana y del Caribe-Forum 2000; 2000 Nov 6-10; Rio de Janeiro: 2000. P. 934.
51. Quirelas SC, Gislhanxoni A, Calabrese A. Relevamiento epidemiológico sobre usuários de drogas en la Argentina. In: Anais do Forum 2000, Vol I. Conferencia Latinoamericana y del Caribe-Forum 2000; 2000 Nov 6-10; Rio de Janeiro: 2000. P. 236.
52. Pando MLA, Bicglione MM, Toscano MF, Key JA, Russel KL, Negrete M, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and other viral co-infections among young heterosexual men and women in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71(2):153-9.
53. Jiméne/, AHG. Tuberculosis y sida en el Paraguay. Bol Sanit Panam. 1995;118:249-53.
54. Míguez HA, Pecci MC, Carrizosa A. Epidemiología de abuso del alcohol y las drogas en Paraguay. Acta Psiq Psicol Am Latina. 1992; 38:19-29.
55. Lapetina A. Street children and solvent misuse. Opportunities and challenges for the establishment of a harm reduction network in Montevideo, Uruguay. "Barrilete" Project: A case study. In: Abstract Book: 11th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm; 2000 April 9-13; States of Jersey, UK: IHRA; 2000. P. 102.
56. Berriolo R, Osimani ML, Serra M, Weissenbacher MC. El SIDA y su asociación con el uso de drogas en Uruguay. Rev Med Urug. 1997;13:45-53.
57. Osimani, ML. The challenge of implementation of preventive programs in a developing country: Experiences, situations, and perspectives in Uruguay. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 (supp 5):S422-S426.
58. Peyraube R, Garateguy S, Dell"Acqua C. Harm-reduction related to illegal drug use during pregnancy. In: Stimson G, ed. Abstract Book: 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm; 2004 April 20-24; Melbourne, Australia: IHRA; 2004. P. 210.
59. Negrete, P. La region andina de América del Sur: el hábito local de mascar coca en las zonas rurales y fumar pasta de coca en las ciudades. In: Edwards G, Arif A, eds. Los Problemas de la Droga en el Contexto Sociocultural. Geneva: WHO; 1981. Pp. 65-73.
60. Pérez,-Gómez, A. Drug injecting in Bogota, Colombia. WHO Drug Injecting Project Planning Meeting Phase II. Geneva: PSA/WHO; 1996.
61. Miguez, MJ, Page B, Baum MK. Illegal drug use and HIV-1 infection in Colombia. Lancet. 1997;350:1635.
62. Ross T. Using and dealing on Calle 19: a high risk street community in central Bogota. Int J Drug Policy. 2002;13:45-56.
63. McCarthy MC, Wignall FS, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, Alarcon J, Phillips I, et al. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Peru, 1986-1990. AIDS. 1996;10:1141-5.
64. Castro E, Echeverria G, Deibis L, Gonzalez de Salmen B, Dos Santos Moreira A, Guimarães ML, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Venezuela: high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype B and identification of a B/F recombinant infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32(3):338-44.
65. Weissenbacher M, Astarloa L, Touzé G, et al. Regional project for HIV prevention among IDU in the southern cone of Latin America. In: Abstract Book: 11th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm, 2000 April 9-13; States of Jersey, UK: IHRA; P. 164.
66. Touzé G, Rossi D, Cymerman P, et al. Prevención del VIH/SIDA en usuários de drogas. Resultados de un proyecto de investigación e intervención. Buenos Aires: Intercambios; 1999.
67. Rede latino-americana de reducão de danos (RELARD). Available from: http://www.relard.net/. Accessed 8 May 2004.
68. Touzé G. HIV prevention in drug using populations in Latin America. 2000 Global Research Network Meeting on HIV Prevention in Drug Using Populations. Third Annual Meeting Report, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Washington, D.C.: NIDA; 2001. Pp. 109-12.
69. Inchaurraga S. Drug use, harm reduction, and health policies in Argentina: obstacles and new perspectives. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37 (Suppl 5):S366-71.
70. Lavarello D, Lottero M, Chavero M, Toledo A, Espinola M, Gerlero S, et al. Harm reduction actions as a health care construction process at a public health center in Rosário, Argentina. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 5):S353-7.
71. Rossi D, Goltzman P, Cymerman P, Touze G, Weissenbacher M. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention in injection drug users and their partners and children: lessons learned in Latin America - the Argentinean case. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(Suppl 5):S362-5.
72. Bastos FI, Strathdee SA. Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(12):1771-82.
73. Brazil. Brazilian Ministry of Health. Brazilian National Response to HIV/AIDS. In: Stimson G, ed. Abstract Book: 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm; 2004 April 20-24; Melbourne, Australia: IHRA; 2004.