Dream of a modern subject: Maruyama masao, Fukuzawa Yukichi, and 'Asia' as the limit of ideology critique

Japanese Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 137-153

  Sakamoto, Rumi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645250778     PISSN: 10371397     EISSN: 14699338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10371390120074327     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Maruyama, Masao. 1963. “ 'Theory and Psychology of Ultra-Nationalism' ”. In Thought and Behaviour in Modem Japanese Politics, Edited by: Morris, Ivan. 1London: Oxford University Press.
2. Naoki, Sakai. 1996. “ 'Kokumin kyodotai no "uchi" to "soto'" ('The "Inside" and "Outside" of National Community') ”. In Shizan sareru nihongo, nihonjin (The Stillborn Japanese), 51–72. Tokyo: Shinyosha.
3. Hirotaka, Kasai. 1995. “ 'Maruyama Masao no "nihon"' ('Maruyama Masao's "Japan"') ”. In Nashonariti no datsukochiku (Deconstructing Nationality), 205–229. Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobo.
4. Blacker, Carmen. 1964. The Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Masao, Maruyama. 1964. “ 'Nihon ni okeru nashonarizumu' ('Nationalism in Japan') ”. In Gendai seiji no shiso to kodo (Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics), 154Tokyo: Miraisha.
6. San-Jun, Kan. 1997. “ 'Maruyama Masao ni okeru "kokka-risei" no mondai' ('The Issue of "State Reason" in Maruyama Masao') ”. In Maruyama Masao o yomu (Reading Maruyama Masao), 22–39. Tokyo: Jokyo Shuppan.
7. Masao, Maruyama. 1976. “ 'Fukuzawa ni okeru chitsujo to ningen' (Order and Human Beings in Fukuzawa') ”. In Senchu to sengo no aida (Between the War-time and Post-war), 145Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo.
8. Masao, Maruyama. 1992. “ 'Kindai nihon shisoshi ni okeru kokka risei no mondai' ('The Issue of State Reason in Modern Japanese Intellectual History') ”. In Chusei to hangyaku (Loyalty and Revolt), 218Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo.
9. Dilworth, D., and Hurst, G., eds. 1973. An Outline of a Theory of Civilisation, Tokyo: Sophia University. Some of Fukuzawa's works are available in English translations
10. Dilworth, D., and Hirano, U., eds. 1969. Encouragement of Learning, Tokyo: Sophia University.
11. Lu, D. J., ed. 1996. Japan: A Documentary History, 351–353. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. A translation of 'Datsuaron' appears
12. Masao, Maruyama. 1986. 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' o yomu (Reading 'Brief History of Civilisation'), Vol. 1, iiiTokyo: Iwanami Shinsho. For example, in the introduction of his commentary on Fukuzawa's Bunmeiron no gairyaku (A Brief History of Civilisation), Maruyama wrote that 'we cannot avoid asking whether Fukuzawa "converted" from the point of this "Gairyaku"; that is, the issue of continuity and discontinuity in his thought during his life … but that is a different project from this book', and suggests that this would be his future project. In the 'afterword' of the same book, he brought up the subject again, only to say, 'I shall avoid developing my opinion concerning Fukuzawa's "conversion"'., Vol. 3, p. 319
13. Maruyama. 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' o yomu Vol. 3, 323
14. Masao, Maruyama. 1952. “ 'Kaidai' ('Explanatory Notes') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu, Vol. 4, 395–426. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. In Maruyama's 'Kaidai' (explanatory notes) to Vol. 4 of Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu (The Selected Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi), the same discrepancy is also expressed as the 'split' between Fukuzawa's comments on 'domestic polities' and those on 'international polities'. Whilst the principle behind Fukuzawa's comments on domestic politics were largely consistent ('a typical view on politics based on civil liberty'), his understanding of international society behind his comments on international politics-that is, his jiji-ron (comments on current topics)--went through a qualitative transformation from the 'rule of law' perspective to 'might is right'.
15. Maruyama. “ 'Kindai nihon shisoshi ni okeru kokka risei no mondai' ”. 218
16. Masao, Maruyama. “ 'Fukuzawa Yukichi' ”. In Senchu to sengo no aida 565
17. Junji, Banno. 1977. Meiji-Shiso no Jitsuzo (Meiji-The Reality of Thought), 6–18. Tokyo: Sobunsha. Banno Junji, through his study of concrete international relations of the Meiji period, has challenged the understanding that the increasing Western threat forced Fukuzawa to change his position regarding Asia. According to Banno, there was little real threat during the early 1880s that the Western nations would colonise China or Korea and invade Japan. Rather, the image of Western threat was used as a justification for Japan's expansion into Asia, which meant joining the ranks of the Western powers in the age of imperialism
18. Maruyama. 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' o yomu Vol. 3, 103
19. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Gakumon no susume' ('The Encouragement of Learning') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 3, 81–82.
20. Fukuzawa. 1931. Bunmeiron no gairyaku (A Brief Outline of Civilisation), 192Tokyo: Iwanami Bunko. orig. 1875.
21. Fukuzawa. “ 'Gakumon no susume' ”. 72
22. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron 192
23. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Tsuzoku kokkenron' ('Popular Discourse on the State's Right') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 60
24. Fukuzawa. “ 'Gakumon no susume' ”. 73
25. Maruyama. “ 'Fukuzawa niokeru chitsujo to ningen' ”. 143–146.
26. Maruyama. 'Bumneinm no gaiiyaku' o yomu Vol. 1, 164
27. Althusser, Louis. 1994. “ 'Ideological State Apparatuses' ”. In Mapping Ideology, Edited by: Zizek, Slavoj. 128–136. London: Verso.
28. Fukuzawa. Bumneinm no gairyaku 87
29. Maruyama. 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' o yomu Vol. 1, 49–50.
30. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron no gairyaku 44
31. Maruyama. 'Bunmeiron no gairyaku' o yomu Vol. 1, 164
32. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. 1969. “ 'Kaigai gojunko' (Overseas Pageant') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi zenshu (The Collected Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi), Vol. 9, 379Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
33. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Nihon Tokyo bankoku daihakurankai' ('The Great World Exhibition of Tokyo, Japan') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi zenshu Vol. 9, 475
34. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Kaikokuron' ('On Opening the Country') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 174
35. Zizek, Slavoj. 1989. The Sublime Object of Ideology, 105London: Verso.
36. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Shukyo mo mata seiyo-fu ni shitagawazaru o ezu' ('Religion Must Also Follow the Western Way') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 213–214.
37. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron no gairyaku 29
38. Zizek. The Sublime Object of Ideology 109
39. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron no gairyaku 201
40. Masao, Maruyama. “ 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no jukyo hihan' ('Fukuzawa Yukichi's Critique of Confucianism') ”. In Chusei to hangyaku 93–115.
41. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron no gairyaku 201
42. Maruyama. “ 'Fukuzawa Yukichi no jukyo hihan' ”. 113 Fukuzawa Yukichi, quoted in
43. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Toyo no koryaku hatashite ikani sen' ('How Do We Capture the East?') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 147
44. Fukuzawa, Y., “ 'Datsuaron' (On Leaving Asia') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 222
45. 1993. Japan's Orient: Rendering Pasts into History, Berkeley: University of California Press. Stefan Tanaka's study of Meiji historiography illustrates a similar process by which China came to be separated from Japan, to create an equivalence between Japan and the West
46. Fukuzawa. Bunmeiron no gairyaku 33
47. Maruyama. 'Bunmeirou no gairyaku' o yomu Vol. 3, 322
48. Fukuzawa. “ 'Datsuaron' ”. 223
49. Fukuzawa. Gakumon no suswne 60
50. Fukuzawa. “ 'Datsuaron' ”. 223
51. Yukichi, Fukuzawa. “ 'Chosen no kosai o ronzu' (On Korean Relations') ”. In Fukuzawa Yukichi senshu Vol. 7, 126