Rethinking the Fourth of July Valley site: A study in glacial and periglacial geoarchaeology

Geoarchaeology

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 797-836

  Benedict, James B ^a  

^a Center for Mountain Archeology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ARCHAEOLOGY; DEGLACIATION; EXCAVATION; GLACIAL ENVIRONMENT; HOLOCENE; LOWLAND ENVIRONMENT; MORAINE; MYCORRHIZA; PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENT; PLEISTOCENE; SNOW ACCUMULATION; WILDFIRE;

COLORADO; FRONT RANGE; INDIAN PEAKS WILDERNESS AREA; ROCKY MOUNTAINS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33645141180     PISSN: 08836353     EISSN: 15206548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gea.20084     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Anderson, S.P. (1988). The upfreezing process: Experiments with a single clast. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 609-621.
2. Bamforth, D.B. (1998). Survey and test excavations at 5GA872, the Windy Ridge quartzite quarry. Unpublished manuscript (Contract No. CCS-02-11-000-91-15), University of Colorado, Boulder; USDA Forest Service, Routt National Forest; Bureau of Land Management, Kremmling Resource Area.
3. Benedict, A.D. (1991). A Sierra Club naturalist's guide. The Southern Rockies. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
4. Benedict, J.B. (1970). Downslope soil movement in a Colorado alpine region: Rates, processes, and climatic significance. Arctic and Alpine Research, 2, 165-226.
5. Benedict, J.B. (1973). Chronology of cirque glaciation, Colorado Front Range. Quaternary Research, 3, 584-599.
6. Benedict, J.B. (1976). Frost creep and gelifluction features: A review. Quaternary Research, 6, 55-76.
7. Benedict, J.B. (1978a). Excavations at the Hungry Whistler site. In J.B. Benedict & B.L. Olson (Eds.), The Mount Albion Complex. A study of prehistoric man and the Altithermal (Research Report 1, pp. 1-75). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
8. Benedict, J.B. (1978b). The Mount Albion Complex and the Altithermal. In J.B. Benedict & B.L. Olson (Eds.), The Mount Albion Complex. A study of prehistoric man and the Altithermal (Research Report 1, pp. 139-180). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
9. Benedict, J.B. (1979). Getting away from it all: A study of man, mountains, and the two-drought Altithermal. Southwestern Lore, 45, 1-12.
10. Benedict, J.B. (1981). The Fourth of July Valley. Glacial geology and archeology of the timberline ecotone (Research Report 2). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
11. Benedict, J.B. (1982). Soft-sediment deformation by rock glaciers, Indian Peaks Wilderness Area, Colorado Front Range. Seventh Biennial Conference, American Quaternary Association, Program and Abstracts, June 28-30, 1982, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
12. Benedict, J.B. (1985). Arapaho Pass. Glacial geology and archeology at the crest of the Colorado Front Range (Research Report 3). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
13. Benedict, J.B. (1990a). Archeology of the Coney Creek Valley (Research Report 5). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
14. Benedict, J.B. (1990b). Lichen mortality due to late-lying snow: Results of a transplant study. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22, 81-89.
15. Benedict, J.B. (1992a). Fleld and laboratory studies of patterned ground in a Colorado alpine region. (Occasional Paper 49, pp. 1-38). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.
16. Benedict, J.B. (1992b). Footprints in the snow: High-altitude cultural ecology of the Colorado front Range, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 24, 1-16.
17. Benedict, J.B. (1999). Effects of changing climate on game-animal and human use of the Colorado high country (U.S.A.) since 1000 B.C. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 31, 1-15.
18. Benedict, J.B. (2000). Game drives of the Devil's Thumb Pass area. In E.S. Cassells (Ed.), This land of shining mountains. Archeological studies in Colorado's Indian Peaks Wilderness Area (Research Report 8, pp. 18-94). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
19. Benedict, J.B. (2002). Eolian deposition of forest-fire charcoal above tree limit, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A.: Potential contamination of AMS radiocarbon samples. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 34, 33-37.
20. Benedict, J.B., & Olson, B.L. (1973). Origin of the McKean Complex: Evidence from timberline. Plains Anthropologist, 18, 323-327.
21. Beskow, G. (1947). Soil freezing and frost heaving with special application to roads and railroads [Translated by J.O. Osterberg]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, The Technological Institute.
22. Bowers, P.M., Bonnichsen, R., & Hoch, D.M. (1983). Flake dispersal experiments: Noncultural transformation of the archaeological record. American Antiquity, 48, 553-572.
23. Brink, J.W. (1977). Frost-heaving and archaeological interpretation. Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology, 7, 61-73.
24. Brown, J.H. (1999). The legacy of Robert MacArthur. From geographical ecology to macroecology. Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 333-344.
25. Burns, S.F. (1980). Alpine soil distribution and development, Indian Peaks, Colorado Front Range. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
26. Burns, S.F. (1990). Alpine spodosols: Cryaquods, cryohumods, cryorthods, and placaquods above treeline. In J.M. Kimble & R.D. Yeck (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Soil Correlation Meeting (ISCOM IV). Characterization, classification, and utilization of Spodosols (pp. 46-62). Lincoln, NE: USDA Soil Conservation Service.
27. ie.
28. Cassells, E.S. (1997). The archaeology of Colorado (Rev. ed.). Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
29. Corte, A. (1963). Vertical migration of particles in front of a moving freezing plane (Research Report 105). Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
30. Embleton, C., & King, C.A.M. (1975). Periglacial geomorphology. New York: Halstead Press/Wiley.
31. Esdale, J.A., LeBlanc, R.J., & Cinq-Mars, J. (2001). Periglacial geoarchaeology at the Dog Creek site, northern Yukon. Geoarchaeology, 16, 151-176.
32. Fahey, B.D. (1974). Seasonal frost heave and frost penetration measurements in the Indian Peaks region of the Colorado Front Range. Arctic and Alpine Research, 6, 63-70.
33. Frison, G.C., & Grey, D.C. (1980). Pryor Stemmed: A specialized late Paleo-Indian ecological adaptation. Plains Anthropologist, 25, 27-46.
34. Hamberg, A. (1915). Zur Kenntnis der Vorgänge im Erdboden beim Gefrieren und Auftauen sowie Bemerkungen über die erste Kristallisation des Eises in Wasser [Information on the occurrence of freezing and thawing in the soil, with comments on the initial crystallization of ice in water]. Geologiska Foreningens Stockholm Förhandlingar, 37, 583-619.
35. Harris, C. (1985). Geomorphological applications of soil micromorphology with particular reference to periglacial sediments and processes. In K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, & S. Ellis (Eds.), Geomorphology and soils (pp. 219-232). London: George Allen and Unwin.
36. Harris, C., & Ellis, S. (1980). Micromorphology of soils in soliflucted materials, Okstindan, northern Norway. Geoderma, 23, 11-29.
37. Holtmeier, F.-K. (2003). Mountain timberlines. Ecology, patchiness, and dynamics. Dordrecht, Germany; Kluwer Academic Publishers.
38. Holtmeier, F.-K., & Broll, G. (1992). The influence of tree islands and microtopography on pedoecological conditions in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 24, 216-228.
39. Husted, W.M. (1965). Early occupation of the Colorado Front Range. American Antiquity, 30, 494-498.
40. Husted, W.M. (1969). Bighorn Canyon archeology. Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Surveys. Publications in Salvage Archeology, 12, 1-138.
41. Isaac, S. (1992). Fungal-plant interactions. London: Chapman & Hall.
42. Jahn, A. (1975). Zagadnienia strefy peryglacjalnej [Problems of the periglacial zone]. Warsaw, Poland: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
43. Johnson, D.L., Muhs, D.R., & Barnhardt, M.L. (1977). The effects of frost heaving on objects in soils, II: Laboratory experiments. Plains Anthropologist, 22, 133-147.
44. Kaplar, C.W. (1965). Stone migration by freezing of soil. Science, 149, 1520-1521.
45. Lesica, P., & Antibus, R.K. (1986). Mychorrhizae of alpine fell-field communities on soils derived from crystalline and calcareous parent materials. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 1691-1697.
46. Lutz, H.J. (1959). Aboriginal man and white man as historical causes of fires in the boreal forest, with particular reference to Alaska. Yale University School of Forestry Bulletin, 65, 1-49.
47. Mackay, J.R., Mathews, W.H., & MacNeish, R.S. (1961). Geology of the Engigstciak archaeological site, Yukon Territory. Arctic, 14, 25-52.
48. Martin, H.E., & Whalley, W.B. (1987). Rock glaciers, part 1: Rock glacier morphology, classification and distribution. Progress in Physical Geography, 11, 260-282.
49. McWeeney, L. (1989). What lies lurking below the soil: Beyond the archaeobotanical view of flotation samples. North American Archaeologist, 10, 227-230.
50. Muhs, D.R., Ager, T.A., Bettis, E.A. III, McGeehin, J., Been, J.M., Begét, J.E., et al. (2003a). Stratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Quaternary loess-palaeosol sequences of the Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle in central Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1947-1986.
51. Muhs, D.R., Ager, T.A., Been, J., Bradbury, J.P., & Dean, W.E. (2003b). A late Quaternary record of eolian silt deposition in a maar lake, St. Michael Island, western Alaska. Quaternary Research, 60, 110-122.
52. Muhs, D.R., & Benedict, J.B. (in press). Eolian additions to late Quaternary alpine soils, Indian Peaks Wilderness Area, Colorado Front Range. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research.
53. Mulloy, W. (1954). The McKean site in northeastern Wyoming. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 10, 432-460.
54. Mulloy, W. (1959). The James Allen site, near Laramie, Wyoming. American Antiquity, 25, 112-116.
55. Naze, B. (1986). The Folsom occupation of Middle Park, Colorado. Southwestern Lore, 52, 1-32.
56. Olson, B.L. (1978). Excavations at Site 5BL70. In J.B. Benedict & B.L. Olson (Eds.), The Mount Albion Complex. A study of prehistoric man and the Altithermal (Research Report 1, pp. 76-117). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
57. Olson, B.L. (2000). Denver Water Department data recovery of five sites at the Williams Fork Reservoir, Grand County, Colorado. Unpublished manuscript, Powers Elevation Co., Inc., Aurora, Colorado and the Denver Water Department, Denver, CO.
58. Oosting, H.J. (1958). The study of plant communities, second edition. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
59. Outcalt, S.I., & Benedict, J.B. (1965). Photo-interpretation of two types of rock glacier in the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology, 5, 849-856.
60. Pitblado, B.L. (2000). Living the high life in Colorado: Late Paleoindian occupation of the Caribou Lake site. In E.S. Cassells (Ed.), This land of shining mountains. Archeological studies in Colorado's Indian Peaks Wilderness Area (Research Report 8, pp. 124-158). Ward, CO: Center for Mountain Archeology.
61. Pitblado, B.L. (2003). Late Paleoindian occupation of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Early Holocene projectile points and land use in the high country. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
62. Read, D.J., & Haselwandter, K. (1981). Observations on the mycorrhizal status of some alpine plant communities. New Phytologist, 88, 341-352.
63. Ruwisch, K. (1983). Der Einfluß von Relief und Bodenbedeckung auf das bodennahe Windfeld im oberen Fourth of July Valley (Colorado Front Range) [The influence of relief and ground cover on near-surface wind patterns in the upper Fourth of July Valley (Colorado Front Range)]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
64. Saul, J.M. (1964). Study of the Spanish Diggings, aboriginal flint quarries of southeastern Wyoming. National Geographic Society Research Reports, pp. 183-189.
65. Schweger, C.E. (1985). Geoarchaeology of northern regions: Lessons from cryoturbation at Onion Portage, Alaska. In J.K. Stein & W.R. Farrand (Eds.), Archaeological sediments in context (pp. 127-141). Orono, ME: Center for the Study of Early Man.
66. Scorer, R.S. (1955). Theory of airflow over mountains: IV - Separation of flow from the surface. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 81, 340-350.
67. Scorer, R.S. (1997). Dynamics of meteorology and climate. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
68. Scott, R.F. (1969). The freezing process and mechanics of frozen ground. Cold Regions Science and Engineering Monograph, II-D1. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
69. 14C histograms: A comparison of methods. Radiocarbon, 36, 1-10.
70. 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon, 35, 215-230.
71. Sussman, A.S. (1973). Longevity and survivability of fungi. In G.C. Ainsworth & A.S. Sussman (Eds.), The fungi: An advanced treatise, v. III (pp. 447-486). London: Academic Press.
72. Texier, J.P., Bertran, P., Coutard, J.P., Francou, B., Gabert, P., Guadelli, J.L., et al. (1998). TRANSIT, an experimental archaeological program in periglacial environment: Problem, methodology, first results. Geoarchaeology, 13, 433-473.
73. Thom, C.E., & Darmody, R.G. (1980). Contemporary eolian sediments in the alpine zone, Colorado Front Range. Physical Geography, 1, 162-171.
74. Trappe, J.M. (1962). Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae. The Botanical Review, 28, 538-606.
75. Trappe, J.M. (1964). Mycorrhizal hosts and distribution of Cenococcum graniforme. Lloydia, 27, 100-106.
76. Trappe, J.M. (1969). Studies on Cenococcum graniforme. I. An efficient method for isolation from sclerotia. Canadian Journal of Botany, 47, 1389-1390.
77. Tsoar, H., & Pye, K. (1987). Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation. Sedimentology, 34, 139-153.
78. Ugolini, F.C., Reanier, R.E., Rau, G.H., & Hedges, J.I. (1981). Pedological, isotopic and geochemical investigations of the soils at the Boreal Forest and Alpine Tundra transition in northern Alaska. Soil Science, 131, 359-374.
79. Van Vliet-Lanoë, B. (1985). Frost effects in soils. In J. Boardman (Ed.), Soils and Quaternary landscape evolution (pp. 117-158). New York: Wiley.
80. Wahrhaftig, C., & Cox, A. (1959). Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 70, 383-436.
81. Walker, D.A., Halfpenny, J.C., Walker, M.D., & Wessman, C.A. (1993). Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions. BioScience, 43, 287-301.
82. Washburn, A.L. (1980). Geocryology. A survey of periglacial processes and environments. New York: Halstead Press/Wiley.
83. White, S.E. (1976). Rock glaciers and block fields, review and new data. Quaternary Research, 6, 77-97.
84. Wood, W.R., & Johnson, D.L. (1978). A survey of disturbance processes in archaeological site formation. In M.B. Schiffer (Ed.), Advances in archaeological method and theory (Vol. 1, pp. 315-381). New York: Academic Press.