The right way to go? Earth sanctuaries and market-based conservation

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 83-98

  Sydee, Jasmin ^a   Beder, Sharon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; MARKET SYSTEM;

EID: 33645120503     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: 15483290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455750500505507     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. John Wamsley paraphrased in Tim Thwaites, "Buying the Wild: Visionary or Madman?" International Wildlife, Jan/Feb 2001, p. 1.
2. Sharon Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism, Revised edition, (Devon: Green Books, 2002), chapters 5 and 6.
3. John Wamsley paraphrased in Thwaites, op. cit.;
4. and Michael Warby, "Wildlife Stocks," IPA Review, March 2000, pp. 14-15. See also ESL media releases, annual reports and promotional materials.
5. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Welcome to Earth Sanctuaries Online!" online at: http://www.esl.com.au/default.htm.
6. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "A Sustainable Solution," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/solution.htm.
7. Ian Anderson, "Save a Species, Make a Profit," New Scientist, 140, 1993, p. 7.
8. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Dr. John Wamsley - Earth Sanctuaries Founder," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/jw.htm.
9. Thwaites, op. cit.
10. Warrawong Earth Sanctuary, "The Warrawong Story," online at: http://www.warrawong.com/warrawongstory.htm;
11. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Q. Why Does ESL Put So Much Emphasis on Mammals?" online at: http://www.esl.com.au/faq.htm.
12. J. Raar, A. Purnell, and P. Hone, "Earth Bound?" Australian CPA, 72, 3, April 2002, pp. 66-67.
13. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Welcome to Earth Sanctuaries Online!" op. cit.
14. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "A Sustainable Solution," op. cit.;
15. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Save Wildlife with Earth Sanctuaries," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/savewildlife.htm.
16. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Learn about Wildlife Species," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/wildlife.htm.
17. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., Investing in Wildlife, CD-Rom, available from: Earth Sanctuaries Limited, P.O. Box 1135, Stirling, South Australia, 5152. Email: wildlifeεsl.com.au.
18. For examples, see Thwaites, op. cit.;
19. Warby, op. cit., pp. 14-15;
20. or Anderson, op. cit., p. 7.
21. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Build Your Own Sanctuary!" online at: http://www.esl.com.au/consulting.htm, 2004;
22. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., 2000 Annual Report, pp. 10-11.
23. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., 2002 Annual Report, p. 10, online at: http:// www.esl.com.au/reportsnew.htm.
24. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Build Your Own Sanctuary!" op. cit.;
25. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., 2000 Annual Report, op. cit., pp. 10-11.
26. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Earth Sanctuaries - Quick Facts," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/facts.htm, 2004.
27. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "How You Can Help!" online at: http:// www.esl.com.au/investinwildlife.htm.
28. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Awards and Accolades for Earth Sanctuaries," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/awards.htm.
29. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "A Sustainable Solution," op. cit.;
30. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., Annual Report 1998, "Environmental Policy And Principles" http://www.esl.com.au/AR/1998/AR98-policy.htm.
31. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "How You Can Help!" op. cit.
32. For example, see Jarret B. Wollstein, "Liberty and the Environment: Freedom Protects, Government Destroys," Freedom Daily, May 1993, p. 23.
33. See the Institute for Public Affairs, "The Institute for Public Affairs: Australia's Premier Think Tank for Over 60 Years," online at: http://www.ipa.org.au/.
34. Beder, 2002, op. cit.
35. Clive Hamilton, "The Politics of Affluence," Arena Magazine, 64, April-May 2003, p. 46;
36. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity 1688-1980 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1981), chapter 8;
37. John Rickard "Lovable Larrikins and Awful Ockers," Journal of Australian Studies, 56, March 1998, pp. 78-96.
38. John Wamsley (paraphrased), public debate, University of Wollongong, 6/ 12/04.
39. Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America's Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979).
40. For example, Wamsley received the 2003 Prime Minister's Award for "Environmentalist of the Year" on behalf of Earth Sanctuaries members. Earth Sanctuaries Limited, op. cit., online at: http:// www.esl.com.au/default.htm.
41. Ibid.;
42. and Earth Sanctuaries Limited, 2003 Annual Report, "Chairman's Report," p. 3, online at: http://www.esl.com.au/reportsnew.htm.
43. David L. Levy, "Environmental Management as Political Sustainability," Organization & Environment, 10, 2, June, 1997.
44. Fernanda de Paiva Duarte, "'Save the Earth' or 'Manage the Earth,'" Current Sociologv, 49, 1, January, 2001;
45. Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
46. Levy, op. cit.
47. Earth Sanctuaries Limited, 2003 Annual Report, "Founder's Report," p. 5, online at: http://www.esl.com.au/reportsnew.htm.
48. Earth Sanctuaries Limited, 2003 Annual Report, p. 4.
49. The Wilderness Society, "Brief on NSW Forests," online at: http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/nsw/nsw/.
50. For example, the conservation value and status of the Green and Gold Bell frog, a recognized endangered species residing at Port Kembla, was politicized by a local activist group during a conflict over industrial redevelopment in the late 1990s. However, the significance of the threat to these endangered frogs was dwarfed by the social and political conflict over human health and economics. See: Helen Hamilton, "Port Kembla and the Fight Against the State," in Kathleen McPhillips (ed.), Local Heroes: Australian Crusades from the Environmental Frontline (Annandale: Pluto Press, 2002), p. 77.
51. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Q: Why Does ESL Put So Much Emphasis on Mammals?" online at: http://www.esl.com.au/faq.htm.
52. James McQueen, The Franklin: Not Just a River (Ringwood: Penguin, 1983);
53. Sarojini Krishnapillai, "Jabiluka Update," Arena Magazine, Dec. 2000, p. 25.
54. Hamilton, op. cit., p. 77.
55. See for example: Sharon Beder, The Nature of Sustainable Development, 2nd ed. (Newham, Australia: Scribe Publications, 1996), chapters 3 and 17;
56. Robert Bullard (ed.), Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices From the Grassroots, (Boston: South End Press, 1993), p. 203;
57. Alan Thein Durning, How Much is Enough? The Consumer Society and the Future of the Earth (London: Earthscan, 1992), chapter 4.
58. The field of environmental ethics discusses many Western and non-Western approaches to our relationships to nature - of which property rights is but one - and their ethical ramifications.
59. Thwaites, op. cit.
60. White, op. cit., p. 153;
61. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1958), p. 79;
62. and Dan Schiller, "The Transformation of News in the U.S. Information Market," in P. Golding, G. Murdock, and P. Schlesinger, Communicating Politics: Mass Communication and the Political Process (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1986), pp. 19-21.
63. While Earth Sanctuaries does use breeding programs to reintroduce species back to the wild, it does not hold responsibility in managing those ecosystems or habitats in order to protect the survival of these reintroduced animals.
64. Beder, 1996, op. cit., pp. 117-121.
65. Mahony calls this process the "merchandizing and private appropriation of resources, previously regarded as common heritage." Rhona Mahony, "Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Who Really Benefits?" The Ecologist, 22, 3, May/June, 1992, p. 102.
66. See also Beder, 1996, op. cit., chapter 8.
67. Mahony, op. cit., p. 102;
68. and Michael J. Christie, "Aboriginal Science for the Ecologically Sustainable Future," Chain Reaction, 68, Feb, 1993.
69. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., 2003 Annual Report, op. cit., pp. 14-15.
70. Ibid., p. 16
71. Thwaites, op. cit., pp. 1-2.
72. Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organization, "Pests, Weeds and Diseases," online at: http://www.csiro.au/ index.asp?type=issue&xml=researchProjects&id= Biodiversity_ManagingEnvironmentalPestsWeedsandDiseases&style= sectorIssue, 2004;
73. and Anderson, op. cit., p. 7,
74. See for example: J. Baird Callicott, "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair," in Robert Elliot (ed.), Environmental Ethics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 29-59.
75. Beder, 2002, op. cit., pp. 61-63.
76. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "Economic Accounts Environmental Management," online at:http://www.esl.com.au/AR/1998/ AR-98-ecoanal.htm.
77. ESL Media Release, "Conservation Company Gets ASX Go-Ahead On Top Of Record Half-Yearly Result," April 3, 2000, online at: http:// www.esl.com.au/media/media_halfyearly.htm;
78. See also Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "SGARAs Accounting Standard-Extracts," online at: http://www.esl.com.au/SGARAs.htm.
79. Raar, op. cit., pp. 66-67.
80. All dollar amounts are in Australian dollars.
81. Earth Sanctuaries, Investing in Wildlife, CD-Rom, op. cit., "Investment - Investing" and "Investment-Returns."
82. ESL Media Release, "Conservation Company Seeks ASX Listing," January 31, 2000, online at: http://www.esl.com.au/media/media-asx.htm.
83. ESL Media Release "Conservation Company Gets ASX Go-Ahead On Top Of Record Half-Yearly Result," op. cit.
84. Raar, et al., op. cit., pp. 66-67.
85. See Beder, 2002, op. cit., chapter 8.
86. Raar, op. cit., pp. 66-67;
87. and J. Wamsley, "ESL Restructure," Earth Sanctuaries Ltd. public announcement, January 14, 2002, online at: http://www.esl.com.au/ media/media_restructure.htm.
88. P. Geddes, "A Year of Restructuring," Earth Sanctuaries Ltd. public announcement, September 13, 2002, online at: http:// www.esl.com.au/media/media_year2002.htm;
89. and Raar, op. cit., pp. 66-67.
90. Raar, op. cit., pp. 66-67.
91. G. Folent, "Earth Sanctuaries Sells Four Sanctuaries to Australian Wildlife Conservancy for $5.2 million," April 19, 2002, online at: http://www.esl.com.au/media/media_foursaleapr19.htm;
92. and Australian Wildlife Conservancy, "Australian Wildlife: Unique, Diverse and In Trouble," online at: http:// www.australianwildlife.org/index.html.
93. J. Wamsley, "ESL Restructure," op. cit.,;
94. and G. Folent, "Earth Sanctuaries sells Four Sanctuaries to Australian Wildlife Conservancy for $5.2 million," op. cit.
95. ESL, 2002 Annual Report, op. cit.
96. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., 2003 Annual Report, op. cit., p. 3.
97. Ibid., p. 5
98. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., "How You Can Help!" op. cit.
99. D. Beal, and M. Goyden, "'Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is' A Profile of Ethical Investors," Financial Services Review, 7, 2, 1998, pp. 129-144.
100. Raar, et al., op. cit., p. 66.
101. Geddes, op. cit.
102. Raar, et al., op. cit., pp. 66-67.
103. Beder, 1996, op. cit.;
104. David Caruthers, "From Opposition to Orthodoxy: The Remaking of Sustainable Development," Journal of Third World Studies, 18, 2, Fall, 2001.
105. Beder, 1996, op. cit., pp. 3-8.