Latitudinal gradients of species richness: A test of the geographic area hypothesis at two ecological scales

Oikos

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 163-173

  Willig, Michael R ^a   Bloch, Christopher P ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAT; BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENA; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

EID: 33645110354     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: 16000706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14009.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Andelman S. J. Willig M. R. 2003 Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the Western Hemisphere Ecol. Lett. 6 1 7
2. Arrhenius O. 1921 Species and area J. Ecol. 9 95 99
3. Arrhenius O. 1923a Statistical investigations in the constitution of plant associations Ecology 4 68 73
4. Arrhenius O. 1923b On the relation between species richness and area - a reply Ecology 4 90 91
5. Blackburn T. M. Gaston K. J. 1997 The relationship between geographic area and the latitudinal gradient in species richness in New World birds Evol. Ecol. 11 195 204
6. Brown J. H. 1995 Macroecology Univ. Chicago Press
7. Brown J. H. Lomolino M. V. 1998 Biogeography 2nd ed Sinauer Assoc
8. Coleman B. D. 1981 On random placement and species-area relations Math. Biosci. 54 191 215
9. Coleman B. D. Mares M. A. Willig M. R. et al 1982 Randomness, area, and species richness Ecology 63 1121 1133
10. Colwell R. K. Hurtt G. C. 1994 Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect Am. Nat. 144 570 590
11. Colwell R. K. Rahbek C. Gotelli N. J. 2004 The mid-domain effect and species richness patterns: what have we learned so far? Am. Nat. 163 E1 E23
12. Currie D. J. 1991 Energy and large-scale patterns of animal species and plant species richness Am. Nat. 137 27 49
13. Currie D. J. Mittelbach G. G. Cornell H. V. et al 2004 Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness Ecol. Lett. 7 1121 1134
14. Eisenberg J. F. 1989 Mammals of the Neotropics. The northern Neotropics 1 Univ. Chicago Press
15. Fine P. V. A. 2001 An evaluation of the geographic area hypothesis using the latitudinal gradient in North American tree diversity Evol. Ecol. Res. 3 413 428
16. Gilbert F. S. 1980 The equilibrium theory of island biogeography: fact or fiction? J. Biogeogr. 7 209 235
17. Gleason H. A. 1922 On the relation between species richness and area Ecology 3 158 162
18. Gleason H. A. 1925 Species and area Ecology 6 66 74
19. Hall E. R. 1981 The mammals of North America 2nd ed John Wiley
20. Hawkins B. A. Porter E. E. 2001 Area and the latitudinal diversity gradient for terrestrial birds Ecol. Lett. 4 595 601
21. Hawkins B. A. Field R. Cornell H. V. et al 2003 Energy, water and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness Ecology 84 3105 3117
22. Hubbell S. P. 2001 The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography Princeton Univ. Press
23. Kaufman D. M. 1994 Latitudinal patterns of mammalian diversity in the New World: the role of taxonomic hierarchy Unpubl. MSc. thesis, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, Texas
24. Kaufman D. M. 1995 Diversity of New World mammals: universality of the latitudinal gradients of species and bauplans J. Mammal. 76 322 334
25. Kaufman D. M. Willig M. R. 1998 Latitudinal patterns of mammalian species richness in the New World: the effects of sampling method and faunal group J. Biogeogr. 25 795 805
26. Keuffel & Esser Co 1963 Compensating polar planimeters Keuffel & Esser Co
27. Koopman K. F. 1982 Biogeography of bats of South America Mares M. A. Genoways H. H. Mammalian biology in South America Spec. Publ. Pymatuning Lab. Ecol., Univ. Pittsburgh 273 302
28. Koopman K. F. 1993 Order Chiroptera Wilson D. E. Reeder D. M. Mammal species of the world Smithsonian Inst. Press and Am. Ass. Mammal 137 232
29. Lyons S. K. Willig M. R. 1997 Latitudinal patterns of range size: methodological concerns and empirical evaluations for New World bats and marsupials Oikos 79 568 580
30. Lyons S. K. Willig M. R. 1999 A hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness Ecology 80 2483 2491
31. Lyons S. K. Willig M. R. 2002 Species richness, latitude, and scale sensitivity Ecology 82 47 58
32. McCoy E. D. Connor E. F. 1980 Latitudinal gradients in the species diversity of North American mammals Evolution 34 193 203
33. McNab B. K. 1969 The economics of temperature regulation in Neotropical bats Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31 227 268
34. McNab B. K. 1980 Food habits, energetics, and the population biology of mammals Am. Nat. 116 106 124
35. McNab B. K. 1986 The influence of food habits on the energetics of eutherian mammals Ecol. Monogr. 56 1 19
36. McNab B. K. 1988a Food habits and the basal rate of metabolism in birds Oecologica 77 343 349
37. McNab B. K. 1988b Complications inherent in scaling the basal rate of metabolism in mammals Q. Rev. Biol. 63 25 34
38. Patterson B. D. Willig M. R. Stevens R. D. 2003 Trophic strategies, niche partitioning, and patterns of ecological organization Kunz T. H. Fenton M. B. Bat ecology Univ. Chicago Press 536 579
39. Platt J. R. 1966 Strong inference Science 146 347 353
40. Preston F. W. 1962a The canonical distribution of commonness and rariety: part I Ecology 43 185 215
41. Preston F. W. 1962b The canonical distribution of commonness and rariety: part II Ecology 43 410 432
42. Redford K. H. Eisenberg J. F. 1992 Mammals of the Neotropics. The southern cone 2 Univ. of Chicago Press
43. Rohde K. 1992 Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause Oikos 65 514 527
44. Rohde K. 1997 The larger area of the tropics does not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity Oikos 79 169 172
45. Rohde K. 1998 Latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Area matters, but how much? Oikos 82 184 190
46. Rosenzweig M. L. 1992 Species diversity gradients: we know more and less than we thought J. Mammal. 73 715 730
47. Rosenzweig M. L. 1995 Species diversity in space and time Cambridge Univ. Press
48. Rosenzweig M. L. Sandlin E. A. 1997 Species diversity and latitude: listening to area's signal Oikos 80 172 176
49. Ruggiero A. 1999 Spatial patterns in the diversity of mammal species: a test of the geographic area hypothesis in South America Ecoscience 338 354
50. Scheiner S. M. 2003 Six types of species - area curves Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 12 441 447
51. Scheiner S. M. Willig M. R. 2005 Toward a unified theory of diversity gradients Am. Nat. (in press)
52. Schemske C. C. 2002 Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the origins of tropical diversity Chazdon R. Whitmore T. Foundations of tropical forest biology: classic papers with commentaries Univ. Chicago Press 163 173
53. Srivastava D. S. Lawton J. H. 1998 Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities Am. Nat. 152 510 529
54. SPSS, Inc. 1990 SPSS base system user's guide. Version 4.0 SPSS Inc
55. Stevens R. D. 2003 Untangling latitudinal richness gradients at higher taxonomic levels: familial perspectives on the diversity of New World bat communities J. Biogeogr. 31 665 674
56. Stevens R. D. Willig M. R. 2003 Geographical ecology at the community level: perspectives on the diversity of New World bats Ecology 83 545 560
57. Stevens R. D. Cox S. B. Strauss R. E. et al 2004 Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments, and latitudinal trends Ecol. Lett. 6 1099 1108
58. Stevens R. D. Willig M. R. Strauss R. E. 2005 Latitudinal gradients in the phenetic diversity of New World bat communities Oikos, in press
59. Terborgh J. 1973 On the notion of favourableness in plant ecology Am. Nat. 107 481 501
60. Udvardy M. D. F. 1975 A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the World IUCN Occas. Paper 18 Morges
61. VanderMeulen M. R. Hudson A. J. Scheiner S. M. 2001 Three evolutionary hypotheses for the hump-shaped productivity-diversity curve Evol. Ecol. Res. 3 379 392
62. Whittaker R. H. 1970 Communities and ecosystems Collier-Macmillan Canada
63. Willig M. R. 2000 Common trends within latitude Levin S. A. Encyclopaedia of biodiversity Academic Press 701 714
64. Willig M. R. Selcer K. W. 1989 Bat species diversity gradients in the New World: a statistical assessment J. Biogeogr. 16 189 195
65. Willig M. R. Sandlin E. A. 1991 Gradients in species density and species turnover in New World bats: a comparison of quadrat and band methodologies Mares M. A. Schmidley D. J. Latin American mammals: their conservation, ecology and evolution Univ. Oklahoma Press 81 96
66. Willig M. R. Lyons S. K. 1998 An analytical model of latitudinal gradients of species richness with an empirical test for marsupials and bats in the New World Oikos 83 93 98
67. Willig M. R. Kaufman D. M. Stevens R. D. 2003a Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34 273 309
68. Willig M. R. Patterson B. D. Stevens R. D. 2003b Patterns of range size, richness, and body size in the Chiroptera Kunz T. H. Fenton M. B. Bat ecology Univ. Chicago Press 580 621
69. Wilson J. W. 1974 Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals Evolution 28 124 140