Vascular injury and complication in neurosurgical spine surgery

Acta Neurochirurgica

Volumn 148, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 375-386

  Inamasu, J ^a   Guiot, B H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Complication; Iatrogenic; Injury; Spine; Surgery; Vascular

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR SPINE FUSION; ARTHRODESIS; ARTHROPLASTY; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERVERTEBRAL DISKECTOMY; LUMBAR DISK; NEUROSURGERY; ODONTOID PROCESS FRACTURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SCOLIOSIS; SPINE SURGERY; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THORACOLUMBAR SPINE; VERTEBRA BODY;

BLOOD VESSELS; BONE SCREWS; HUMANS; IATROGENIC DISEASE; INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; PREOPERATIVE CARE; SPINAL DISEASES; SPINE;

EID: 33645108803     PISSN: 00016268     EISSN: 09420940     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00701-005-0669-1     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. K Abumi Y Shono M Ito H Taneichi Y Kotani K Kaneda 2000 Complications of pedicle screw fixation in reconstructive surgery of the cervical spine. Spine 25 962 969
2. S Akagi Y Yoshida I Kato K Sasai T Saito A Imamura R Ogawa 1999 External iliac artery occlusion in posterior spinal surgery. Spine 24 823 825
3. M Arand M Lemke L Kinzl E Hartwig 2001 [Incidence of complications of the screw osteosynthesis of odontoid process fractures]. Zentralbl Chir 126 610 615 [Article in German]
4. U Aydinli C Ozturk D Saba S Ersozlu 2004 Neglected major vessel injury after anterior spinal surgery: a case report. Spine 29 E318 E320
5. JK Baker PR Reardon MJ Reardon MH Heggeness 1993 Vascular injury in anterior lumbar surgery. Spine 18 2227 2230
6. DL Bergey AT Villavicencio T Goldstein JJ Regan 2004 Endoscopic lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine. Spine 29 1681 1688
7. C Bianchi JL Ballard AM Abou-Zamzam TH Teruya ML Abu-Assal 2003 Anterior retroperitoneal lumbosacral spine exposure: operative technique and results. Ann Vasc Surg 17 137 142
8. E Bierdrager WJ Van Rooij M Sluzewski 2004 Emergency stenting to control massive bleeding of injured iliac artery following lumbar disk surgery. Neuroradiology 46 404 406
9. H Bingol F Cingoz AT Yilmaz M Yasar H Tatar 2004 Vascular complications related to lumbar disc surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 100 249 253
10. C Bolger C Wigfield 2000 Image-guided surgery: applications to the cervical and thoracic spine and a review of the first 120 procedures. J Neurosurg Spine 92 175 180
11. SA Brau 2002 Mini-open approach to the spine for anterior lumbar interbody fusion: description of the procedure, results and complications. Spine J 2 216 223
12. SA Brau RB Delamarter ML Schiffman LA Williams RG Watkins 2004 Left iliac artery thrombosis during anterior lumbar surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 18 48 51
13. SA Brau RB Delamarter ML Schiffman LA Williams RG Watkins 2004 Vascular injury during anterior lumbar surgery. Spine J 4 409 412
14. JP Burke PC Gerszten WC Welch 2002 Iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine J 2 [Suppl 2S] 5S
15. AL Carl J Kostuik CB Huckell JJ Abitbol M Matsumoto A Sieber 2003 Surgeon perceptions of the complications and value of threaded fusion cages as a spine fusion technique: results of a consensus survey. Spine J 3 356 359
16. BS Chozick P Watson SH Greenblatt 1994 Internal carotid artery thrombosis after cervical corpectomy. Spine 19 2230 2232
17. SK Chung SH Lee SR Lim DY Kim JS Jang KS Nam HY Lee 2003 Comparative study of laparoscopic L5-S1 fusion versus open mini-ALIF, with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Eur Spine J 12 613 617
18. D Coric CL Branch Jr JA Wilson JC Robinson 1996 Arteriovenous fistula as a complication of C1-2 transarticular screw fixation. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 85 340 343
19. GR Cosgrove J Theron 1987 Vertebral arteriovenous fistula following anterior cervical spine surgery. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 66 297 299
20. RA Cowles PA Taheri JF Sweeney GP Graziano 2000 Efficacy of the laparoscopic approach for anterior lumbar spinal fusion. Surgery 128 589 596
21. BL Currier LT Todd TP Maus DR Fisher MJ Yaszemski 2003 Anatomic relationship of the internal carotid artery to the C1 vertebra: a case report of cervical reconstruction for chordoma and pilot study to assess the risk of screw fixation of the atlas. Spine 28 E461 E467
22. LJ Curylo HC Mason HH Bohlman JU Yoo 2000 Tortuous course of the vertebral artery and anterior cervical decompression: a cadaveric and clinical case study. Spine 25 2860 2864
23. D Daentzer W Deinsberger DK Boker 2003 Vertebral artery complications in anterior approaches to the cervical spine: report of two cases and review of literature. Surg Neurol 59 300 309
24. JT Dearborn SS Hu CB Tribus DS Bradford 1999 Thromboembolic complications after major thoracolumbar spine surgery. Spine 24 1471 1476
25. HG Deen BD Birch RE Wharen R Reimer 2003 Lateral mass screw-rod fixation of the cervical spine: a prospective clinical series with 1-year follow-up. Spine J 3 489 495
26. A Derincek KB Wood CA Muench 2004 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome following correction of kyphosis in an adult. J Spinal Disord Tech 17 549 553
27. RL DeSaussure 1959 Vascular injury coincident to disc surgery. J Neurosurg 16 222 229
28. MA El Masry WS Badawy P Rajendran D Chan 2004 Combined anterior interbody fusion and posterior pedicle screw fixation in patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease. Int Orthop 28 294 297
29. NE Epstein 2003 From the neurointerventional lab... intraoperative cervical vertebral artery injury treated by tamponade and endovascular coiling. Spine J 3 404 405
30. E Escobar E Transfeldt T Garvey J Ogilvie J Graber L Schultz 2003 Video-assisted versus open anterior lumbar spine fusion surgery: a comparison of four techniques and complications in 135 patients. Spine 28 729 732
31. T Faciszewski RB Winter JE Lonstein F Denis L Johnson 1995 The surgical and medical perioperative complications of anterior spinal fusion surgery in the thoracic and lumbar spine in adults. A review of 1223 procedures. Spine 20 1592 1599
32. NR Floch JC Harvey EJ Beattie Jr 1995 Aortoesophageal fistula after reconstruction of the thoracic spine. Ann Thorac Surg 60 191 192
33. P Fritzell O Hagg A Nordwall Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group 2003 Complications in lumbar fusion surgery for chronic low back pain: comparison of three surgical techniques used in a prospective randomized study. A report from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Eur Spine J 12 178 189
34. J Fruhwirth G Koch W Amann H Hauser G Flaschka 1996 Vascular complications of lumbar disc surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138 912 916
35. BP Geerdes CW Geukers WF van Erp 2001 Laparoscopic spinal fusion of L4-L5 and L5-S1. Surg Endosc 15 1308 1312
36. WM Gluf MH Schmidt RI Apfelbaum 2005 Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation: a review of surgical indications, fusion rate, complications, and lessons learned in 191 adult patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2 155 163
37. JG Golfinos CA Dickman JM Zabramski VK Sonntag RF Spetzler 1994 Repair of vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical decompression. Spine 19 2552 2556
38. R Goodkin LL Laska 1998 Vascular and visceral injuries associated with lumbar disc surgery: medicolegal implications. Surg Neurol 49 358 370
39. RD Guyer PC McAfee SH Hochschuler SL Blumenthal IL Fedder DD Ohnmeiss BW Cunningham 2004 Prospective randomized study of the Charite artificial disc: data from two investigational centers. Spine J 4 [6 Suppl] 252S 259S
40. L Hackenberg U Liljenqvist H Halm W Winkelmann 2001 Occlusion of the left common iliac artery and consecutive thromboembolism of the left popliteal artery following anterior lumbar interbody fusion. J Spinal Disord 14 365 368
41. PH Harmon 1964 A simplified surgical technic for anterior lumbar diskectomy and fusion; avoidance of complications; anatomy of the retroperitoneal veins. Clin Orthop Relat Res 37 130 144
42. J Harms RP Melcher 2001 Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine 26 2467 2471
43. JF Harrington Jr 2001 Far lateral disc excision at L5-S1 complicated by iliolumbar artery incursion: case report. Neurosurgery 48 1377 1380
44. RF Heary TJ Albert SC Ludwig AR Vaccaro LJ Wolansky TP Leddy RR Schmidt 1996 Surgical anatomy of the vertebral arteries. Spine 21 2074 2080
45. RT Holt ME Majd M Vadhva FP Castro 2003 The efficacy of anterior spine exposure by an orthopedic surgeon. J Spinal Disord Tech 16 477 486
46. J Inamasu DH Kim L Logan 2005 Three-dimensional computed tomography anatomy of the abdominal great vessels pertinent to L4-L5 anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 48 127 131
47. V Jasani D Jaffray 2002 The anatomy of the iliolumbar vein. A cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84 1046 1049
48. MD Jendrisak 1986 Spontaneous abdominal aortic rupture from erosion by a lumbar spine fixation device: a case report. Surgery 99 631 633
49. LG Jenis WJ Leclair 1994 Late vascular complication with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine 19 1291 1293
50. MG Kaiser RW Haid Jr BR Subach JS Miller CD Smith GE Rodts Jr 2002 Comparison of the mini-open versus laparoscopic approach for anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective review. Neurosurgery 51 97 105
51. K Kaneda H Taneichi K Abumi T Hashimoto S Satoh M Fujiya 1997 Anterior decompression and stabilization with the Kaneda device for thoracolumbar burst fractures associated with neurological deficits. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79 69 83
52. HG Khan D Didier P Otten P Fransen 1996 Retroperitoneal bleeding after L4-L5 diskectomy in a patient with crossed-fused renal ectopia: treatment by selective embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 19 348 351
53. R Khazim N Boos JK Webb 1998 Progressive thrombotic occlusion of the left common iliac artery after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 7 239 241
54. LT Khoo R Beisse M Potulski 2002 Thoracoscopic-assisted treatment of thoracic and lumbar fractures: a series of 371 consecutive cases. Neurosurgery 51 [5 Suppl] S104 S117
55. M Knoop JC Kroger K Schulz PW Ascher W Schareck K Witter J Hoppner 1999 [Diagnosis and management of an intraoperative vertebral artery injury]. Chirurg 70 789 794 [Article in German]
56. C Knop L Bastian U Lange M Oeser M Zdichavsky M Blauth 2002 Complications in surgical treatment of thoracolumbar injuries. Eur Spine J 11 214 226
57. Y Kotani K Abumi M Ito A Minami 2003 Improved accuracy of computer-assisted cervical pedicle screw insertion. J Neurosurg Spine 99 257 263
58. JA Kozak AE Heilman JP O'Brien 1994 Anterior lumbar fusion options. Technique and graft materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 300 45 51
59. SS Kulkarni GL Lowery RE Ross K Ravi Sankar V Lykomitros 2003 Arterial complications following anterior lumbar interbody fusion: report of eight cases. Eur Spine J 12 48 54
60. SD Kuslich CL Ulstrom SL Griffith JW Ahern JD Dowdle 1998 The Bagby and Kuslich method of lumbar interbody fusion. History, techniques, and 2-year follow-up results of a United States prospective, multicenter trial. Spine 23 1267 1278
61. TW Kwon KB Sung YP Cho DK Kim GY Ko HK Yoon GE Kim 2003 Large vessel injury following operation for a herniated lumbar disc. Ann Vasc Surg 17 438 444
62. M Lange U Fink A Philipp R Oeckler 2002 Emergency diagnosis with spiral CT angiography in case of suspected ventral perforation following lumbar disc surgery. Surg Neurol 57 15 19
63. SH Lee WG Choi SR Lim HY Kang SW Shin 2004 Minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine J 4 644 649
64. YL Leung M Grevitt L Henderson J Smith 2005 Cord monitoring changes and segmental vessel ligation in the "at risk" cord during anterior spinal deformity surgery. Spine 30 1870 1874
65. KE Lim KF Fan YC Wong YY Hsu 1999 Iatrogenic upper abdominal aortic injury with pseudoaneurysm during spinal surgery. J Trauma 46 729 731
66. JC Liu SL Ondra P Angelos A Ganju ML Landers 2002 Is laparoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion a useful minimally invasive procedure? Neurosurgery 51 [5 Suppl] S155 S158
67. J Lu NA Ebraheim GM Georgiadis H Yang RA Yeasting 1998 Anatomic considerations of the vertebral artery: implications for anterior decompression of the cervical spine. J Spinal Disord 11 233 236
68. AA Madawi AT Casey GA Solanki G Tuite R Veres HA Crockard 1997 Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique. J Neurosurg 86 961 968
69. DM Mahvi TA Zdeblick 1996 A prospective study of laparoscopic spinal fusion. Technique and operative complications. Ann Surg 224 85 90
70. J Marsicano Y Mirovsky S Remer N Bloom M Neuwirth 1994 Thrombotic occlusion of the left common iliac artery after an anterior retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine. Spine 19 357 359
71. H Matsuzaki Y Tokuhashi K Wakabayashi S Kitamura 1993 Penetration of a screw into the thoracic aorta in anterior spinal instrumentation. A case report. Spine 18 2327 2331
72. HM Mayer K Wiechert 2002 Microsurgical anterior approaches to the lumbar spine for interbody fusion and total disc replacement. Neurosurgery 51 [5 Suppl] S159 S165
73. HM Mayer 2003 Comment to "Arterial complications following anterior lumbar interbody fusion: report of eight cases", by S. S. Kulkarni et al. Eur Spine J 12 55 56
74. PC McAfee 1994 Complications of anterior approaches to the thoracolumbar spine. Emphasis on Kaneda instrumentation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 306 110 119
75. ME Minor NJ Morrissey R Peress A Carroccio S Ellozy G Agarwal V Teodorescu LH Hollier ML Marin 2004 Endovascular treatment of an iatrogenic thoracic aortic injury after spinal instrumentation: case report. J Vasc Surg 39 893 896
76. M Neo M Matsushita Y Iwashita T Yasuda T Sakamoto T Nakamura 2003 Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation for a high-riding vertebral artery. Spine 28 666 670
77. M Neo M Matsushita T Morita T Nakamura 2000 Pseudoaneurysm of the deep circumflex iliac artery: a rare complication at an anterior iliac bone graft donor site. Spine 25 1848 1851
78. MF O'Brien D Peterson HA Crockard 1995 A posterolateral microsurgical approach to extreme-lateral lumbar disc herniation. J Neurosurg 83 636 640
79. T Ohnishi M Neo M Matsushita M Komeda T Koyama T Nakamura 2001 Delayed aortic rupture caused by an implanted anterior spinal device. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 95 253 256
80. Orchowski J, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG (2005) Neurological deficit from a purely vascular etiology after unilateral vessel ligation during anterior thoracolumbar fusion of the spine 30: 406-410
81. RJ Oskouian Jr JP Johnson 2002 Vascular complications in anterior thoracolumbar spinal reconstruction. J Neurosurg Spine 96 1 5
82. S Papadoulas D Konstantinou HP Kourea N Kritikos N Haftouras JA Tsolakis 2002 Vascular injury complicating lumbar disc surgery. A systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24 189 195
83. CG Paramore CA Dickman VK Sonntag 1996 The anatomical suitability of the C1-2 complex for transarticular screw fixation. J Neurosurg 85 221 224
84. MJ Perez-Cruet KT Foley RE Isaacs L Rice-Wyllie R Wellington MM Smith RG Fessler 2002 Microendoscopic lumbar discectomy: technical note. Neurosurgery 51 [5 Suppl] S129 S136
85. BA Pfeifer SR Freidberg ER Jewell 1994 Repair of injured vertebral artery in anterior cervical procedures. Spine 19 1471 1474
86. VC Prabhu JC France JL Voelker GH Zoarski 2001 Vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm complicating posterior C1-2 transarticular screw fixation: case report. Surg Neurol 55 329 334
87. R Priestley P Bray A Bray J Hunter 2003 Iatrogenic vertebral arteriovenous fistula treated with a hemobahn stent-graft. J Endovasc Ther 10 657 663
88. V Rajaraman R Vingan P Roth RF Heary L Conklin GB Jacobs 1999 Visceral and vascular complications resulting from anterior lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 91 60 64
89. YR Rampersaud JH Pik D Salonen S Farooq 2005 Clinical accuracy of fluoroscopic computer-assisted pedicle screw fixation: a CT analysis. Spine 30 E183 E190
90. DS Raskas RB Delamarter 1997 Occlusion of the left iliac artery after retroperitoneal exposure of the spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 338 86 89
91. JJ Regan RJ Aronoff DD Ohnmeiss DK Sengupta 1999 Laparoscopic approach to L4-L5 for interbody fusion using BAK cages: experience in the first 58 cases. Spine 24 2171 2174
92. JJ Regan H Yuan PC McAfee 1999 Laparoscopic fusion of the lumbar spine: minimally invasive spine surgery. A prospective multicenter study evaluating open and laparoscopic lumbar fusion. Spine 24 402 411
93. M Richter T Mattes B Cakir 2004 Computer-assisted posterior instrumentation of the cervical and cervico-thoracic spine. Eur Spine J 13 50 59
94. HE Rodriguez MM Connolly H Dracopoulos FH Geisler FJ Podbielski 2002 Anterior access to the lumbar spine: laparoscopic versus open. Am Surg 68 978 983
95. V Saraph C Lerch N Walochnik CM Bach M Krismer C Wimmer 2004 Comparison of conventional versus minimally invasive extraperitoneal approach for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 13 425 431
96. RC Sasso SH Kitchel EG Dawson 2004 A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using a titanium cylindrical threaded fusion device. Spine 29 113 122
97. RC Sasso NM Best PV Mummaneni TM Reilly SM Hussain 2005 Analysis of operative complications in a series of 471 anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedures. Spine 30 670 674
98. F Schweighofer JM Passler R Wildburger HP Hofer 1992 Interbody fusion of the lower cervical spine: a dangerous surgical method? Langenbecks Arch Chir 377 295 259
99. EA Seybold JA Baker AA Criscitiello NR Ordway CK Park PJ Connolly 1999 Characteristics of unicortical and bicortical lateral mass screws in the cervical spine. Spine 24 2397 2403
100. SA Shapiro W Snyder 1997 Spinal instrumentation with a low complication rate. Surg Neurol 48 566 574
101. FH Shen D Samartzis N Khanna EJ Goldberg HS An 2004 Comparison of clinical and radiographic outcome in instrumented anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with or without direct uncovertebral joint decompression. Spine J 4 629 635
102. DW Smith BD Lawrence 1991 Vascular complications of lumbar decompression laminectomy and foraminotomy. A unique case and review of the literature. Spine 16 387 390
103. MD Smith SE Emery A Dudley KJ Murray M Leventhal 1993 Vertebral artery injury during anterior decompression of the cervical spine. A retrospective review of ten patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 410 415
104. MD Smith EL Bressler JE Lonstein R Winter MR Pinto F Denis 1994 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after major reconstructive operations on the spine. A prospective analysis of three hundred and seventeen patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76 980 985
105. WR Smythe JP Carpenter 1997 Upper abdominal aortic injury during spinal surgery. J Vasc Surg 25 774 777
106. GS Song N Theodore CA Dickman VK Sonntag 1997 Unilateral posterior atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. J Neurosurg 87 851 855
107. E Tessitore N de Tribolet 2004 Far-lateral lumbar disc herniation: the microsurgical transmuscular approach. Neurosurgery 54 939 942
108. JE Tetzlaff HJ Yoon G Bell 1998 Massive bleeding during spine surgery in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Can J Anaesth 45 903 906
109. H Tiusanen S Seitsalo K Osterman J Soini 1996 Anterior interbody lumbar fusion in severe low back pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res 324 153 163
110. YD Tsai PC Yu TC Lee HS Chen SH Wang YL Kuo 2001 Superior rectal artery injury following lumbar disc surgery. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 95 108 110
111. AI Tsirikos LA Jeans 2005 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children and adolescents with spine deformities undergoing corrective surgery. J Spinal Disord Tech 18 263 271
112. LM Tumialan FJ Wippold 2nd RA Morgan 2004 Tortuous vertebral artery injury complicating anterior cervical spinal fusion in a symptomatic rheumatoid cervical spine. Spine 29 E343 E348
113. AR Vaccaro D Ring G Scuderi SR Garfin 1994 Vertebral artery location in relation to the vertebral body as determined by two-dimensional computed tomography evaluation. Spine 19 2637 2641
114. AR Vaccaro SJ Rizzolo RA Balderston TJ Allardyce SR Garfin C Dolinskas HS An 1995 Placement of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine. Part II: an anatomical and radiographic assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 1200 1206
115. S Vaidyanathan P Hughes P Sett T Oo BM Soni G Singh 2003 Injury to renal vein during fixation of fractured lumbar spine and subsequent atrophy of kidney in a female patient with spinal cord injury and paraplegia. Spinal Cord 41 527 529
116. JS Vanichkachorn AR Vaccaro MJ Cohen JM Cotler 1997 Potential large vessel injury during thoracolumbar pedicle screw removal. A case report. Spine 22 110 113
117. M Visocchi R Masferrer VK Sonntag CA Dickman 1998 Thoracoscopic approaches to the thoracic spine. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140 737 743
118. R Watkins 1992 Anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgical complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 284 47 53
119. BK Weiner M Walker RD Fraser 2001 Vascular anatomy anterior to lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and implications for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine J 1 442 444
120. TS Whitecloud 3rd FP Castro Jr MR Brinker CW Hartzog Jr JE Ricciardi C Hill 1998 Degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine treated with intervertebral titanium cages and posterior instrumentation for circumferential fusion. J Spinal Disord 11 479 486
121. C Wimmer M Krismer H Gluch M Ogon B Stockl 1999 Autogenic versus allogenic bone grafts in anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 360 122 126
122. RB Winter JE Lonstein F Denis AS Leonard JJ Garamella 1996 Paraplegia resulting from vessel ligation. Spine 21 1232 1234
123. RM Woolsey 1986 Aortic laceration after anterior spinal fusion. Surg Neurol 25 267 268
124. NM Wright C Lauryssen 1998 Vertebral artery injury in C1-2 transarticular screw fixation: results of a survey of the AANS/CNS section on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves. American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons. J Neurosurg 88 634 640
125. YC Yeh WZ Sun CP Lin CK Hui IR Huang TS Lee 2004 Prolonged retraction on the normal common carotid artery induced lethal stroke after cervical spine surgery. Spine 29 E431 E434
126. TA Zdeblick SM David 2000 A prospective comparison of surgical approach for anterior L4-L5 fusion: laparoscopic versus mini anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine 25 2682 2687
127. W Zhou RL Bush TT Terramani PH Lin AB Lumsden 2004 Treatment options of iatrogenic pelvic vein injuries: conventional operative versus endovascular approach-case reports. Vasc Endovascular Surg 38 569 573
128. JE Zigler 2004 Lumbar spine arthroplasty using the ProDisc II. Spine J 4 [6 Suppl] 260S 267S