메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 163-185

Discourses of difference: Civilians, combatants, and compliance with the laws of war

(1)  Kinsella, Helen M a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 33645092647     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210505006844     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (53)

References (154)
  • 1
    • 33645076458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 September, accessed October 2004
    • President Bush, 20 September 2001, 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2001)
    • Bush1
  • 2
    • 33645074368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Christian Reus-Smit (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • Christian Reus-Smit, 'Introduction', in Christian Reus-Smit (ed.), The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 1-13, at 2.
    • (2004) The Politics of International Law , pp. 1-13
    • Reus-Smit, C.1
  • 3
    • 0035598074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternatives to "Legalization": Richer views of law and politics
    • Martha Finnemore and Stephen J. Toope, 'Alternatives to "Legalization": Richer Views of Law and Politics', International Organization, 55:3 (2001), pp. 743-58;
    • (2001) International Organization , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 743-758
    • Finnemore, M.1    Toope, S.J.2
  • 5
    • 0347578115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politics and international legal obligation
    • Christian Reus-Smit, 'Politics and International Legal Obligation', European Journal of International Relations, 9:4 (2003), pp. 591-625, at 593.
    • (2003) European Journal of International Relations , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 591-625
    • Reus-Smit, C.1
  • 7
    • 33645069101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International relations theory, international law and the regime governing atrocities in internal conflicts
    • Steven Ratner and Anne-Marie Slaughter (eds.) (Washington, DC: ASIL)
    • Kenneth Abbott, ' International Relations Theory, International Law and the Regime Governing Atrocities in Internal Conflicts', in Steven Ratner and Anne-Marie Slaughter (eds.), The Methods of International Law (Washington, DC: ASIL, 2004), p. 130.
    • (2004) The Methods of International Law , pp. 130
    • Abbott, K.1
  • 9
    • 33645072166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The method is the message
    • Ratner and Slaughter (eds.)
    • Steven Ratner and Anne-Marie Slaughter, 'The Method is the Message', in Ratner and Slaughter (eds.), Methods of International Law, pp. 239-65, at 251.
    • Methods of International Law , pp. 239-265
    • Ratner, S.1    Slaughter, A.-M.2
  • 10
    • 2942694119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contested compliance: Interventions on the normative structure of world politics
    • Antje Weiner, 'Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 10:2 (2004), pp. 189-234, at 190.
    • (2004) European Journal of International Relations , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-234
    • Weiner, A.1
  • 14
    • 84972073793 scopus 로고
    • On compliance
    • Spring
    • For general discussions of compliance, see Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, 'On Compliance', International Organization, 47:2 (Spring 1993), pp. 175-205;
    • (1993) International Organization , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-205
    • Chayes, A.1    Chayes, A.H.2
  • 15
    • 0031522831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which norms matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of internationalism
    • Winter
    • Jeffrey Legro, 'Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism', International Organization, 51:1 (Winter 1997), pp. 31-63;
    • (1997) International Organization , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-63
    • Legro, J.1
  • 16
    • 0347018221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do human rights treaties make a difference?
    • Oona A. Hathaway, 'Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?' Yale Law Journal, 111:8 (2002);
    • (2002) Yale Law Journal , vol.111 , Issue.8
    • Hathaway, O.A.1
  • 17
    • 1842764131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International law, international relations and compliance
    • Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons (eds.) (London: Sage)
    • Kal Raustiala and Anne-Marie Slaughter, 'International Law, International Relations and Compliance', in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons (eds.), Handbook of International Relations (London: Sage, 2002), pp. 538-58;
    • (2002) Handbook of International Relations , pp. 538-558
    • Raustiala, K.1    Slaughter, A.-M.2
  • 20
    • 33645086590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed October 2004
    • 'Is This a New Kind of War?' 〈http://www.crimesofwar.org/expert/ paradigm-intro.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • Is This a New Kind of War?
  • 21
    • 33645060693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 January, accessed October 2004
    • CNN News, 28 January 2002, 〈http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/28/ret.wh. detainees〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002) CNN News
  • 22
    • 33645053731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 September, accessed October 2004
    • Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, 10 September 2003, 〈http://www. defenselink.mil/transcripts/2003/tr20030910-secdef0661.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2003)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 23
    • 33645078590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • memo signed 7 February, accessed October 2004
    • President Bush, memo signed 7 February 2002, 〈http://news.findlaw. com/hdocs/docs/dod/62204index.html〉, accessed October 2004;
    • (2002)
    • Bush1
  • 24
    • 33645060431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed October 2004
    • see also 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020207- 13.html〉, accessed October 2004.
  • 25
    • 33645060693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 January, accessed October 2004
    • CNN News, 28 January 2002, 〈http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/28/ret.wh. detainees〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002) CNN News
  • 26
    • 26444575471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture and the road to Abu Ghraib
    • 24 May
    • John Barry et al. Torture and the Road to Abu Ghraib', Newsweek, 24 May 2004 pp. 26-32, at 30-1.
    • (2004) Newsweek , pp. 26-32
    • Barry, J.1
  • 27
    • 0038247420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrorism is also disrupting some crucial legal categories of international law
    • Antonio Cassese, 'Terrorism is also Disrupting Some Crucial Legal Categories of International Law', European Journal of International Law, 12 (2001), pp. 993-1001.
    • (2001) European Journal of International Law , vol.12 , pp. 993-1001
    • Cassese, A.1
  • 28
    • 33645047863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva conventions are outdated
    • 22 February
    • Quoted in Kim Sengupta, 'Geneva Conventions are Outdated', The Independent, 22 February 2002.
    • (2002) The Independent
    • Sengupta, K.1
  • 29
    • 33645052403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victimhood in our neighborhood: Terrorist crime, taliban guilt, and the asymmetries of the international legal order
    • Mark Drumbl, 'Victimhood in our Neighborhood: Terrorist Crime, Taliban Guilt, and the Asymmetries of the International Legal Order', North Carolina Law Review, 81 (2002), pp. 1-114.
    • (2002) North Carolina Law Review , vol.81 , pp. 1-114
    • Drumbl, M.1
  • 32
    • 8844262685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: Cluster sample survey
    • The controversy over the Lancet study captures the difficulties of identifying and counting civilian dead. Les Roberts et al., 'Morality Before and After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Cluster Sample Survey', Lancet, 5:364 (2004), pp. 1857-64.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.5 , Issue.364 , pp. 1857-1864
    • Roberts, L.1
  • 35
    • 33645049520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marines plan to use velvet glove more than iron fist in Iraq
    • 12 December
    • Michael Gordon, 'Marines plan to use velvet glove more than iron fist in Iraq', The New York Times, 12 December 2003;
    • (2003) The New York Times
    • Gordon, M.1
  • 37
    • 33645080625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed October 2004
    • Charles Allen, 〈www.crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-pentagon-trans. html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • Allen, C.1
  • 38
    • 33645057655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 October, accessed October 2004
    • 21 October 2001 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Oct2001/briefings. html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2001)
  • 39
    • 33645080126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concern grows over US strategy, tactics in Afghanistan
    • 29 October
    • Craig Nelson, 'Concern Grows over US Strategy, Tactics in Afghanistan', Cox News Service, 29 October 2001.
    • (2001) Cox News Service
    • Nelson, C.1
  • 40
    • 0003043280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counter-terrorism, armed force, and the laws of war
    • Adam Roberts, 'Counter-Terrorism, Armed Force, and the Laws of War', Survival, 44:1 (2002), pp. 7-32.
    • (2002) Survival , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-32
    • Roberts, A.1
  • 41
    • 33645063404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Carr Center, Harvard University
    • Carr Center, Harvard University, Understanding Collateral Damage (Cambridge, MA: Carr Center, Harvard University, 2002);
    • (2002) Understanding Collateral Damage
  • 43
    • 0041076371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of civilian deaths may have undermined effort
    • 16 January, accessed October 2004
    • William Arkin, 'Fear of Civilian Deaths May Have Undermined Effort', Los Angeles Times, 16 January 2002, A12, 〈http://www.latimes.com/news/ nationworld/world/la-011602milmemo.story〉, accessed October 2004;
    • (2002) Los Angeles Times
    • Arkin, W.1
  • 44
    • 84926497347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Civilian casualties and the air war
    • Sunday 21 October
    • Arkin writes 'avoidance of civilian casualties has become institutionalized even to the point of rejecting important targets if there is a high probability of civilian harm'. In 'Civilian Casualties and the Air War', Washington Post, Sunday 21 October 2001;
    • (2001) Washington Post
  • 45
    • 33645079836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal interviews with Arkin, and with Col Lyle Cayce 2003-2004
    • personal interviews with Arkin, and with Col Lyle Cayce 2003-2004;
  • 46
    • 85023946406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Target approval delays cost air force hits
    • see also T. E. Ricks, 'Target Approval Delays Cost Air Force Hits', Journal of Military Ethics, 1:2 (2002), pp. 109-12.
    • (2002) Journal of Military Ethics , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-112
    • Ricks, T.E.1
  • 47
    • 33645056905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Army will shift emphasis to protecting the New Iraqi government and the economy
    • 11 June
    • 'Army will Shift Emphasis to Protecting the New Iraqi Government and the Economy', New York Times, 11 June 2004, A9;
    • (2004) New York Times
  • 48
    • 33645059910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truce extended in falluja siege, and talks go on
    • 26 April
    • Edward Wong, Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On', NewYork Times, 26 April 2004, A1.
    • (2004) NewYork Times
    • Wong, E.1
  • 49
    • 33645081923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing targets; Iraqi fighters or civilians? Hard decision for copters
    • 31 March
    • Filkins Dexter, 'Choosing Targets; Iraqi Fighters or Civilians? Hard Decision for Copters', New York Times, 31 March 2003.
    • (2003) New York Times
    • Dexter, F.1
  • 50
    • 33645063963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 August, accessed October 2004
    • See the 'torture memo' by Jay S. Bybee, 1 August 2002. 〈http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38894-2004Jun13.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
    • Bybee, J.S.1
  • 51
    • 33645049799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed October 2004
    • He uses the same description for the combatants in Iraq, see 〈http://www.dod.gov/news/Oct2003/n10272003_200310272.html〉, accessed October 2004.
  • 52
    • 33645077557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 January, accessed October 2004
    • Alberto Gonzales, 25 January 2002. 'Memorandum for the President', 〈http://pegc.no-ip.info/paust_the_plan.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002) Memorandum for the President
    • Gonzales, A.1
  • 53
    • 33645060693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 January, accessed October 2004
    • CNN News, 28 January 2002, 〈http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/01/28/ret.wh. detainees〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002) CNN News
  • 54
    • 33645053453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 14-6
    • Department of the Army, Article 14-6, Investigation by Major Gen. Antonio Taguba at 〈http://news.flndlaw.com./hdocs/docs/iraq/tagubarpt.html〉.
    • Investigation by Major Gen. Antonio Taguba
  • 55
    • 7944228967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture at Abu Ghraib
    • 30 April
    • See also 〈http://news.flndlaw.com/hdocs/docs/dod/62204index. html〉, Seymour Hersh, Torture at Abu Ghraib', New Yorker, 30 April 2004,
    • (2004) New Yorker
    • Hersh, S.1
  • 56
    • 29144504195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abu Ghraib: The hidden story
    • 7 October
    • and Mark Danner.'Abu Ghraib: The Hidden Story', New York Review of Books, 7 October 2004.
    • (2004) New York Review of Books
    • Danner, M.1
  • 57
    • 0039981015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JA 422 (Virginia: JAG School, US Army)
    • United States Army, Operational Law Handbook, JA 422 1997 (Virginia: JAG School, US Army), pp. 18, 19.
    • (1997) Operational Law Handbook , pp. 18
  • 58
    • 33645073352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 January, accessed October 2004
    • Rumsfeld, 28 January 2002. 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/ 2002/t01282002_t0127sd3.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 60
    • 33645059909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed October 2004
    • White House 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/ 20020207-13.html〉, accessed October 2004;
  • 61
    • 33645079590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 February, accessed October 2004
    • Rumsfeld, 8 February 2002. 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/ 2002/t02082002_t0208sd.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 62
    • 33645066320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 26 January Michael Ratner and Ellen Ray (Vermont: Chelsea Green, 2004)
    • Memo from Colin L. Powell, 26 January 2002, in Michael Ratner and Ellen Ray, Guantánamo: What the World Should Know (Vermont: Chelsea Green, 2004).
    • (2002) Guantánamo: What the World Should Know
    • Powell, C.L.1
  • 63
    • 33645056385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentagon tells troops in Afghanistan: Shape up and dress right
    • 12 September
    • After photos were published of Special Operations forces in Afghanistan with full beards and turbans, and the debate over the detainees began, the Pentagon ordered that there be 'no more beards'. US soldiers were required to wear their arms openly and have a patch of the US flag on their clothing. James Brooke, 'Pentagon Tells Troops in Afghanistan: Shape Up and Dress Right', New York Times, 12 September 2002.
    • (2002) New York Times
    • Brooke, J.1
  • 64
    • 85044881569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • View from the legal frontlines
    • The alteration in policy, which instructed both Special Operations Forces and Civil Affairs officers to don uniforms, overrode 'force protection' issues and may have placed SOF at a tactical disadvantage. Regardless, this policy was instituted because of concerns that non-uniform wearing SOF endangered the distinction of combatant and civilian - evidence that the distinction is institutionalised in military practice. Scott Holcomb, 'View from the Legal Frontlines', Chicago Journal of International Law, 4 (2003), pp. 561-9, at 563.
    • (2003) Chicago Journal of International Law , vol.4 , pp. 561-569
    • Holcomb, S.1
  • 66
    • 33645048663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 January, accessed October 2004
    • Rusmfeld, 11 January, 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2002/ t01112002_t0111sd.html〉, accessed October 2004;
    • Rusmfeld1
  • 67
    • 33645072405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • violation of the customs and laws of war is subject to legal sanction, but it does not automatically disqualify individuals from prisoner of war status - which must be judicially determined. The fact that all Afghanis carry arms openly is irrelevant to the question of whether the Taliban did. In addition, there are no strictures that limit exactly what is a 'fixed recognizable sign'. The Commentary on the 3rd Convention notes that no agreement was reached during the conferences, but that a 'coat, a shirt, an emblem or a coloured sign' suffices. Moreover, none of these arguments invalidate the extension of Prisoner of War status to the detainees until, and at such a time, their status may be determined by a 'competent tribunal'.
  • 68
    • 33645092599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 March
    • 23 March 2003, 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/ 20030323-1.html〉.
    • (2003)
  • 70
    • 33645059665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One rule for them
    • 25 March
    • George Monbiot, 'One Rule for Them', The Guardian, 25 March 2003.
    • (2003) The Guardian
    • Monbiot, G.1
  • 71
    • 0041914410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stumbling into war
    • September/October
    • James Rubin, 'Stumbling into War', Foreign Affairs (September/October, 2003), pp. 46-66, at 59.
    • (2003) Foreign Affairs , pp. 46-66
    • Rubin, J.1
  • 74
    • 0035639194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defending international norms: The role of obligation, material interest, and perception in decision-making
    • Richard K. Herrmann and Vaughn P. Shannon, 'Defending International Norms: The Role of Obligation, Material Interest, and Perception in Decision-Making', International Organization, 55:3 (2001), pp. 621-54.
    • (2001) International Organization , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 621-654
    • Herrmann, R.K.1    Shannon, V.P.2
  • 75
    • 33645088143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 January, accessed October 2004
    • Rumsfeld, 11 January 2002, 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/ 2002/t01112002_t0111sd.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 77
    • 33645078067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the NATO bombings of Kosovo were governed by Protocol I
    • For example, the NATO bombings of Kosovo were governed by Protocol I.
  • 78
    • 33645058370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 May, last accessed October 2004
    • This is exemplified in Scott Horton's statement that Douglas Feith, the #3 civilian in the Pentagon, had a 'derisive attitude towards the Geneva Conventions', quoted in Chris Sullentrop, 'Douglas Feith: What Has the Pentagon's Third Man Done Wrong?', 20 May 2004, 〈http://slate.msn.com/id/ 2100899/〉, last accessed October 2004;
    • (2004) Douglas Feith: What has the Pentagon's Third Man done Wrong?
    • Sullentrop, C.1
  • 79
    • 15744399918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Gray Zone
    • 24 May
    • Seymour Hersh, The Gray Zone', The New Yorker, 24 May 2004.
    • (2004) The New Yorker
    • Hersh, S.1
  • 80
    • 33645052656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Considering Feith wrote an article entitled 'Law in the Service of Terror: The Strange Case of Protocol I' in 1985, in which he dismissed Protocol I as illegitimate international law, it stands to reason he would be both derisive and dismissive.
  • 81
    • 33645063961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Briefly, the strategic 'benefits' of holding captured detainees without granting prisoner of war status to allow interrogation and to prevent repatriation are ambivalent at best. Not only may prisoners of war be questioned, thus overriding the need to deny such status, but also the intelligence 'benefits' from torture (facilitated by the extra-legal status of those detained) are deeply debated. Repatriation can occur at the discretion of the holding state when there is no longer a threat to security and, as this war on terror is one without seeming end, those detained need not be denied recognition of prisoner of war status to be detained for extensive periods of time. Those detained who have criminal charges pending may continue to be held. Therefore, there is no clear strategic need to deny prisoner of war status to prevent repatriation, nor is there necessarily an intelligence benefit from so doing. Finally, the relationship between the evaluation of prisoner of war status (in a military tribunal) and trial proceedings for violations of the laws of war (in military commissions) is unclear. Thus far, the two appear to be utterly unrelated, although certainly the general illegality of the US military commissions suggests that regardless of the status of the detainees - prisoner of war, civilian, illegal combatant - their trials will proceed according to the discretion of President Bush and his administration. On this subject see Human Rights First: 〈http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/us_law/detainees/ militarytribunals.html〉.
  • 83
    • 33645076461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 〈www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf2/d510077p.pdf〉, p. 4.
  • 86
    • 85017051786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International norm dynamics and political change
    • Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, 'International Norm Dynamics and Political Change', International Organization, 52:4 (1998), pp. 887-917;
    • (1998) International Organization , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 887-917
    • Finnemore, M.1    Sikkink, K.2
  • 87
    • 33645058833 scopus 로고
    • Address: The 1998 frankel lecture: Bringing international law home
    • Harold Hongju Koh, 'Address: The 1998 Frankel Lecture: Bringing International Law Home, Houston Law Review, 35:623 (1988), pp. 641-63;
    • (1988) Houston Law Review , vol.35 , Issue.623 , pp. 641-663
    • Koh, H.H.1
  • 88
    • 0347981231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do nations obey international law?
    • Harold Hongju Koh, 'Why Do Nations Obey International Law?', Yale Law Journal, 106 (1997), pp. 255-99.
    • (1997) Yale Law Journal , vol.106 , pp. 255-299
    • Koh, H.H.1
  • 89
    • 33645083402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • General Orders provided the basis for the Brussels Conference of 1874, which produced a (nonbinding) International Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs of War and the 1880 Oxford Manual of the Institute of International Law. These documents were the principle sources of the 1899 and 1907 Hague regulations that codified protections of prisoners of war.
  • 90
    • 23044519369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The laws of war on land
    • George Aldrich and Richer Baxter negotiated the troublesome issue of combatant/prisoner of war status - informed by US experiences in Vietnam with US and enemy prisoners of war - achieving a compromise position and ensuring the success Protocol I. George Aldrich, 'The Laws of War on Land', American Journal of International Law, 94:1 (2000), pp. 42-63.
    • (2000) American Journal of International Law , vol.94 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-63
    • Protocol, I.1    Aldrich, G.2
  • 91
    • 0010983912 scopus 로고
    • Paragraph 14-3, Army Regulation 340-41, 19 March
    • Paragraph 14-3, Army Regulation 340-41, Training in Units, 19 March 1993.
    • (1993) Training in Units
  • 92
    • 33645066048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key area #1: Ethical development - Individual and organizational, 1
    • See the US Army The Considerations of Others'. 'KEY AREA #1: ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT - INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL, 1. The Army is a values-based institution. We reflect the values of American society and the values of the profession of arms. These values have both individual applications (for example, personal integrity) and organizational applications (such as selfless service or obedience to the Laws of War).' 〈http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/co2/ CO2_book/Intro.html〉.
    • The Army Is a Values-based Institution
  • 93
    • 33645064190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memo from President Bush, 7 February 2002
    • Memo from President Bush, 7 February 2002.
  • 94
    • 33645076724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The law and economics of humanitarian law violations in internal conflict
    • Ratner and Slaughter (eds.)
    • Jeffrey Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman, The Law and Economics of Humanitarian Law Violations in Internal Conflict', in Ratner and Slaughter (eds.), Methods of International Law, pp. 211-38;
    • Methods of International Law , pp. 211-238
    • Dunoff, J.1    Trachtman, J.P.2
  • 95
    • 0035566360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The institutional features of the prisoners of war treaties
    • James Morrow, 'The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of War Treaties', International Organization, 55:4 (2001), pp. 971-91.
    • (2001) International Organization , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 971-991
    • Morrow, J.1
  • 97
    • 33645059658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taliban dispersal slows US
    • 6 November
    • Bradley Graham and Vernon Loeb, Taliban Dispersal Slows US', Washington Post, 6 November 2001.
    • (2001) Washington Post
    • Graham, B.1    Loeb, V.2
  • 98
    • 33645063949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 February, accessed October 2004
    • Paul Butler, 13 February 2004, 〈http://www.globalsecurity.org/ security/library/news/2004/02/sec-00〉, accessed October 2004,
    • (2004)
    • Butler, P.1
  • 99
    • 33645066047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US to hold detainees indefinitely
    • 25 April accessed October 2004
    • quoted in Bill Dedman 'US to hold detainees indefinitely', Boston Globe, 25 April 2004, 〈http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2004/ 04/25/us_to_hold_detainees_at_guantanamo_indefinitely/〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2004) Boston Globe
    • Dedman, B.1
  • 101
    • 33645074095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casualties of US miscalculations
    • 11 February
    • Doug Struck, 'Casualties of US Miscalculations', Washington Post, 11 February 2002, A1.
    • (2002) Washington Post
    • Struck, D.1
  • 105
    • 33645056631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7 November, accessed October 2004
    • Rumsfeld, 7 November 2001, 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/ 2001/t11082001_t1107pbs.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2001)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 110
  • 111
    • 33645058622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 February, accessed October 2004
    • Rumsfeld, 8 February 2002, 〈http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/ 2002/t02082002_t0208sd.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
    • Rumsfeld1
  • 112
    • 0040623486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International human rights law and practice in Latin America
    • Ellen Lutz and Kathryn Sikkink, 'International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America', International Organization, 54:3 (2000), pp. 633-60, at 634;
    • (2000) International Organization , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 633-660
    • Lutz, E.1    Sikkink, K.2
  • 113
    • 0037801321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Let's arguel communicative action in world politics
    • Thomas Risse, 'Let's Arguel Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization, 54:1 (2000), pp. 1-39;
    • (2000) International Organization , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-39
    • Risse, T.1
  • 114
    • 33645057886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall (eds.), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Power and Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
    • (2005) Power and Global Governance
  • 117
    • 0007891150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do norms matter?
    • Michael Byers (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
    • Friedrich Kratochwil, 'How do Norms Matter?', in Michael Byers (ed.), The Role of Law in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
    • (2000) The Role of Law in International Politics
    • Kratochwil, F.1
  • 120
    • 33645071871 scopus 로고
    • ed. George Grafton Wilson (New York: Carnegie Institute, 1964)
    • Henry Wheaton (1866), Elements of International Law, ed. George Grafton Wilson (New York: Carnegie Institute, 1964), p. 15.
    • (1866) Elements of International Law , pp. 15
    • Wheaton, H.1
  • 123
    • 33645048928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See my The Image Before the Weapon: A Critical History of the "Combatant" and "Civilian" in International Law and Politics', unpublished manuscript
    • See my The Image Before the Weapon: A Critical History of the "Combatant" and "Civilian" in International Law and Politics', unpublished manuscript.
  • 127
    • 33645080870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 November, accessed October 2004
    • 11 November 2002, 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/11/ 20021111-2.html〉, accessed October 2004.
    • (2002)
  • 128
    • 33645081667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chaotic status of the laws of war
    • Judith Gardam (ed.) (Dartmouth: Ashgate)
    • Josef Kunz. 'The Chaotic Status of the Laws of War', in Judith Gardam (ed.), Humanitarian Law (Dartmouth: Ashgate, 1999), pp. 81-106, at 86.
    • (1999) Humanitarian Law , pp. 81-106
    • Kunz, J.1
  • 129
    • 0004223894 scopus 로고
    • New York: Grove Press
    • Franz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism (New York: Grove Press, 1965), p. 24.
    • (1965) A Dying Colonialism , pp. 24
    • Fanon, F.1
  • 130
    • 33645057649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Carr Center, Harvard University
    • Carr Center, Harvard University, Humanitarian Issues in Military Targeting (Cambridge: Carr Center, Harvard University, 2002).
    • (2002) Humanitarian Issues in Military Targeting
  • 134
    • 33645083131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 September, accessed October 24
    • , 21 September 2004; 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/ 09/20040921-3.html〉, accessed October 24.
    • (2004)
  • 135
    • 33645045806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remarks, 10 November 2001
    • Remarks, 10 November 2001.
  • 136
    • 33645048375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid
    • Ibid.
  • 137
    • 84889317667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 September
    • 11 September 2002, 'President's Remarks to the Nation', 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020911-3.html〉.
    • (2002) President's Remarks to the Nation
  • 138
    • 33645051145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critics attack on tribunals turn to law among nations
    • 26 December
    • William Glaberson, 'Critics Attack on Tribunals Turn to Law Among Nations'. New York Times, 26 December 2001. 〈http://www.pcpafg.org/ organizations/Human_rights/hrweb/Class2/Homepage/ critics_Attack_on_Tribunals_Turns_to_Law_Among_Nations.html〉.
    • (2001) New York Times
    • Glaberson, W.1
  • 139
    • 33645076215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Author interview with Department of Defense Judge Advocate General, June 2004
    • Author interview with Department of Defense Judge Advocate General, June 2004.
  • 140
    • 33645086075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Remarks', 10 November 2001, in which the civilised world first comes to stand 'for humanity', but this continues throughout his speeches during 2003
    • 'Remarks', 10 November 2001, in which the civilised world first comes to stand 'for humanity', but this continues throughout his speeches during 2003.
  • 141
    • 33645089615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bush seeks to 'minimize' the loss of innocent life in the strikes against Afghanistan, a locution that underscores differences of value attributed to innocent life of 'civilization' and that of 'barbarism'.
  • 142
    • 0003006304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the subaltern speak?
    • Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.) (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press)
    • Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998), pp. 271-313.
    • (1998) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture , pp. 271-313
    • Spivak, G.C.1
  • 143
    • 1842462188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speechless emissaries: Refugees, humanitarianism, and dehistoricization
    • See the work of Liisa Malkki, 'Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization', Cultural Anthropology, 11:3 (1996), pp. 377-404;
    • (1996) Cultural Anthropology , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 377-404
    • Malkki, L.1
  • 145
    • 33644798371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscular humanitarianism
    • and 'Muscular Humanitarianism', European Journal of International Law, 10 (1999), pp. 679-712;
    • (1999) European Journal of International Law , vol.10 , pp. 679-712
  • 146
    • 18944376149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women, children and other vulnerable groups: Gender, strategic frames and the protection of civilians as a transnational issue
    • R. Charli Carpenter, 'Women, Children and Other Vulnerable Groups: Gender, Strategic Frames and the Protection of Civilians as a Transnational Issue', International Studies Quarterly, 49:2 (2005), pp.295-334.
    • (2005) International Studies Quarterly , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-334
    • Carpenter, R.C.1
  • 147
    • 33744958412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex and gender in the laws of war
    • Barnett and Duvall (eds.)
    • See Helen M. Kinsella, 'Sex and Gender in the Laws of War', in Barnett and Duvall (eds.), Power and Global Governance;
    • Power and Global Governance
    • Kinsella, H.M.1
  • 151
    • 33645049788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Although I do not have the space to adequately address it here, the very fact that President Bush and his administration comply with the principle of distinction in wars against barbarians points to a significant change in the laws of war and understandings of the requirements of civilisation. This can be dated, perhaps, from post-World War II. See my unpublished manuscript.
  • 152
    • 33645053716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Brief of Amici Curiae Bipartisan Coalition of National and International Non-Governmental Organizations in Support of Petitioners for 03-334 and 03-343.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.