Legality and legitimacy: The quest for principled flexibility and restraint

Review of International Studies

Volumn 31, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 33-50

  Falk, Richard ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33645077316     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210505006777     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Thomas M. Franck, 'Who Killed Article 2(4)? Or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States', American Journal of International Law, 64:109 (1970);
2. Louis Henkin, The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated', American Journal of International Law, 65:544 (1971).
3. Jean Bethke Elstein, Just War Against Terror (New York: Basic Books, 2003);
4. Michael Walzer, Arguing About War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press);
5. Richard Falk, The Great Terror War (Northampton, MA: Interlink Press, 2003).
6. The locus classicus for such discussions is Carl Schmitt, Legality and Legitimacy, Irans. John P. McCormick and ed. Jeffrey Seitzer (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
7. For a fascinating account see David Dyzenhaus, Legality and Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997).
8. Instances where the UNSC has applied Charter norms to oppose aggression in an effective manner include the Korean War (1950-52), The Suez Operation (1956); and the First Gulf War (1991).
9. Anthony Clark and Robert J. Beck, International Law and the Use of Force (London: Routledge, 1993);
10. A. Mark Weisbrud, Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
11. Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) 1986 International Court of Justice Reports 14.
12. 'In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All', Report of the Secretary-General, A/59/2005, 21 March 2005, para. 122-6.
13. The issue is much discussed recently in political and legal theory in relation to the statist thinking of Carl Schmitt and now Geogio Agamben. See particularly Agamben, State of Exception (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
14. See Kosovo Report (Independent International Commission on Kosovo) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), esp. pp. 192-5 [hereinafter cited as Kosovo Report].
15. Michael J. Glennon, Limits of Law; Prerogatives of Power; Interventionism after Kosovo (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
16. Thomas M. Franck, 'Break It, Don't Fake It', Foreign Affairs. 78 (1999), pp. 116-22.
17. Richard Perle, Thank God for the Death of the UN: Its Abject Failure Gave Us only Anarchy', Guardian, 20 March 2003.
18. The incident in the Kosovo village of Recak on 15 January 1999 was particularly influential, where Yugoslav military forces killed some 45 Kosovars, allegedly civilians, although Serbs claim that the casualties were the result of a skirmish with the KLA, and were paramilitary combat officers. See Kosovo Report, pp. 81, 83.
19. There were also independent sceptics. Noam Chomsky, The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1999). For a wider, deeper scepticism about claims of humanitarian intervention,
20. see Anne Orfeld, Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); as well, the domestic jurisdiction provision of the UN Charter, Article 2(7), can be understood as a deliberate legal obstacle to preclude the UN from endorsing humanitarian intervention.
21. Kosovo Report, pp. 193-5; also Appendix A.
22. On Rugova see Kosovo Report, pp. 43-65.
23. The Responsibility to Protect', Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001.
24. Report, Note 18, pp. xii-xiii, and Appendix B.
25. Emphasis in the original; all references in this paragraph are to In Larger Freedom, cited n. 8, A/59/2005, paras. 122-6.
26. See Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary General (Pursuant to UNSC Res. 1564, 18 Sept 2004), Geneva, 25 January 2005;
27. Scott Straus, 'Darfur and the Genocide Debate', Foreign Affairs, 84:1 (2005), pp. 123-33.
28. For definitive statements of US Government official arguments along these lines, see William H. Taft IV and Todd F. Buchwald, 'Preemption, Iraq, and International Law';
29. John Yoo, 'International Law and the War in Iraq';
30. and Ruth Wedgewood, 'The Fall of Saddam Hussein; Security Council Mandates and Preemptive Self-Defense', in Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict, selections from the American Journal of International Law, September 2003.
31. For comprehensive assessments along these lines, see C/G. Weeramantry, Armageddon or Brave New World? Reflections on the Hostilities in Iraq, 2nd edn. (Ratmalana, Sri Lanka: Weeramantry International Centre, 2005);
32. Domenic McGoldrick, From 9-11 to the Iraq War 2003 (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2004), esp. pp. 24-86;
33. see also R. Falk and David Krieger (eds.), The Iraq Crisis and International Law (Santa Barbara, CA: Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, January 2003).
34. Slaughter, 'Good Reasons for Going Around the UN', New York Times, 18 March 2003.
35. All quotes in this paragraph are from Slaughter, The Use of Force in Iraq: Illegal and Illegitimate', ASIL Proceedings 2004, pp. 262-3.
36. Richard Falk, The Iraq War and the Future of International Law', in n. 25, pp. 263-6.
37. See text at n. 8; also Kofi Annan, Address by the Secretary General. Kofi Annan, UN Doc. SG/SM/8891, 23 September 2003.
38. 'Robert Kagan, America's Crisis of Legitimacy', Foreign Affairs, 83:2 (2004), pp. 65-87.
39. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 67.
40. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 72.
41. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 84.
42. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 85.
43. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 87.
44. The Sources of American Legitimacy', Foreign Affairs, 83:6 (2004), pp. 18-32.
45. Foreign Affairs, Ibid, at p. 18.
46. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 24.
47. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 26.
48. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 23.
49. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 29.
50. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at pp. 30-1.
51. Foreign Affairs, Ibid., at p. 32.
52. Robert Kagan, 'A Matter of Record: Security, Not Law, Established American Legitimacy', Foreign Affairs, 84:1 (2005), pp. 170-3.
53. See Mark Danner, Torture and Truth;
54. also Lisa Hajjar, 'What's the Matter with Yoo?'
55. and R. Falk, 'Law, Lawyers, Liars and the Limits of Professionalism', papers presented at the 2005 Law & Society Annual Meeting, 2-5 June 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada.
56. 'Perpetual Peace', in Kant On History, ed. Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), pp. 85-135, 99.
57. See also the Busiris scene in Jean Giradoux, Tiger at the Gates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 43-47.
58. This issue has been decisively elaborated by Harold Lasswell and Myres S. McDougal in their influential article, 'The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order', reprinted in McDougal, Studies in World Public Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1960), pp. 3-41;
59. for the wider issues associated with interpretative discretion see Myres S. McDougal, Harold D. Lasswell, and James C. Miller, The Interpretation of Agreements and World Public Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967).
60. See generally Thomas M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).