Silicon-containing polyphilic bent-core molecules: The importance of nanosegregation for the development of chirality and polar order in liquid crystalline phases formed by Achiral molecules

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 128, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 3051-3066

  Keith, Christina ^a   Reddy, R Amaranatha ^a   Hauser, Anton ^a   Baumeister, Ute ^a   Tschierske, Carsten ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIFERROELECTRICITY; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; SELF ORGANIZING MAPS; SILICON; SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

POLYPHILIC MOLECULES; SILOXANE SUBLAYERS; SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE; STERIC EFFECTS;

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS;

ALKANE; SILICON; SILICON DIOXIDE; SILOXANE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHIRALITY; ELECTRIC FIELD; HANDEDNESS; LIQUID CRYSTAL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; OPTICS; SILYLATION; STEREOCHEMISTRY; SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY; SYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE;

EID: 33645025102     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja057685t     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. (a) Lehn, J.-M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 4763-4768.
2. (b) Lehn, J.-M. Science 2002, 295, 2400-2403.
3. Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J. W., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH; Weinheim, Germany, 1998; Vois. 1-3.
4. (a) Coles, H. J.; Pivnenko, M. N. Nature 2005, 436, 997-1000.
5. (b) Hwang, J.; Song, M. H.; Park, B.; Nishimura, S.; Toyooka, T.; Wu, J. W.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 382-387.
6. (a) Simpson, C. D.; Wu, J.; Watson, M. D.; Müllen, K. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 494-504.
7. (b) Schmidt-Mende, L.; Fechtenkötter, A.; Müllen, K.; Moons, E.; Friend, R. H.; MacKenzie, J. D. Science 2001, 293, 1119-1122.
8. O'Callaghan, M. J.; Wand, M. D.; Walker, C. M.; Nakata, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 6344-6346.
9. (a) Pansu, B. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 1999, 13, 769-782.
10. (b) Kitzerow, H.-S.; Bahr, C. Chirality in Liquid Crystals; Springer: New York, 2001.
11. (a) Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 1485-1508.
12. (b) Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2647-2671.
13. (c) Tournilhac, F.; Blinov, L. M.; Simon, J.; Yablonsky, S. V. Nature 1992, 359, 621-623.
14. (d) Ostrovskii, B. I. In Structure and Bonding 94, Liquid Crystals 1; Mingos, D. M. P., Ed.; Springer; Berlin, 1999; pp 200-240. 3051-3066
15. (a) Tschierske, C. Ann. Rep. Prog. Chem., Ser. C 2001, 97, 191-267.
16. (b) Goodby, J. W.; Mehl, G. H.; Saez, I. M.; Tuffin, R. P.; Mackenzie, G.; Auzély-Velty, R.; Benvegnu, T.; Plusquellec, D. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2057-2070.
17. (c) Lee, M.; Cho, B.-K.; Zin, W.-C. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3869-3892.
18. (d) Kato, T. Science 2002, 295, 2414-2418.
19. (e) Barberá, J.; Donnio, B.; Giménez, R.; Guillon, D.; Marcos, M.; Omenat, A.; Serrano, J. L. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 2808-2813.
20. (f) Kölbel, M.; Beyersdorff, T.; Cheng, X. H.; Kain, J.; Diele, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6809-6818.
21. (g) Tschierske, C. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 69-80.
22. (h) Gehringer, L.; Bourgogne, C.; Guillon, D.; Donnio, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3856-3867.
23. (i) Cheng, X. H.; Prehm, M.; Das, M. K.; Kain, J.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S.; Leine, D.; Blume, A.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 10977-10996.
24. (j) Chen, B.; Zeng, X.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S.; Ungar, G.; Tschierske, C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4621-4625.
25. (k) Oh, N.-K.; Zin, W.-C.; Im, J.-H.; Ryu, J.-H.; Lee, M. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1092-1093.
26. (l) Cheng, X.; Das, M. K.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12930-12940.
27. (m) Chen, B.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S.; Das, M. K.; Zeng, X.; Ungar, G.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8608-8609.
28. (n) Saez, I. M.; Goodby, J. W. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 26-40.
29. (o) Cook. A. G.; Baumeister, U.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 1708-1721.
30. (p) Chen, B.; Zeng, X. B.; Baumeister, U.; Ungar, G.; Tschierske, C. Science 2005, 307, 96-99.
31. (q) Schaz, A.; Lattermann, G. Liq. Cryst. 2005, 32, 407-415.
32. (r) Chen, B.; Baumeister, U.; Pelzl, G.; Das, M. K.; Zeng, B.; Ungar, G.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16578-16591.
33. (s) Ungar, G.; Zeng, X. Soft Matter 2005, 1, 95-106.
34. (a) Diele, S. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 333-342.
35. (b) Borisch, K.; Diele, S.; Goring, P.; Kresse, H.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 529-543.
36. (c) Ungar, G.; Liu, Y.; Zeng, X.; Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D. Science 2003, 299, 1208-1211.
37. (d) Percec, V.; Mitchell, C. M.; Cho, W.-D.; Uchida, S.; Glodde, M.; Ungar, G.; Zeng, X.; Liu, Y.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Heiney, P. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6078-6094.
38. Zeng, X.; Ungar, G.; Liu, Y.; Percec, V.; Dulcey, A. E.; Hobbs, J. K. Nature 2004, 428, 157-160.
39. Niori, T.; Sekine, T.; Watanabe, J.; Furukawa, T.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 1231-1233.
40. Reviews: (a) Pelzl, G.; Diele, S.; Weissflog, W. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 707-724.
41. (b) Tschierske, C.; Dantlgraber, G. Pramana 2003, 61, 455-481.
42. (c) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, DOI 10.1039/b504400f.
43. (a) Link, D. R.; Natale, G.; Shao, R.; Maclennan, J. E.; Clark, N. A.; Körblova, E.; Walba, D. M. Science 1997, 278, 1924-1927.
44. (b) Walba, D. M. Topics in Stereochemistry (Materials-Chirality); Green, M. M., Nolte, R. J. M., Meijer, E. W., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 2003; Vol. 42, p 475.
45. Preliminary communication: Dantlgraber, G.; Eremin, A.; Diele, S.; Hauser, A.; Kresse, H.; Pelzl, G.; Tschierske, C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2408-2412.
46. (a) Thisayukta, J.; Nakayama, Y.; Kawauchi, S.; Takezoe, H.; Watanabe, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7441-7448.
47. (b) Thisayukta, J.; Kamee, H.; Kawauchi, S.; Watanabe, J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 346, 63-75.
48. (c) Shreenivasa Murthy, H. N.; Sadashiva, B. K. Liq. Cryst. 2002, 29, 1223-1234.
49. (d) Ortega, J.; Folcia, C. L.; Etxebarria, J.; Gimeno, N.; Ros, M. B. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 011707.
50. e) Weissflog, W.; Schröder, M. W.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 630-633.
51. (f) Jakli, A.; Huang, Y.-M; Fodor-Csorba, K.; Vajda, A.; Galli, G.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1606-1610.
52. (g) Schröder, M. W.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Dunemann, U.; Kresse, H.; Weissflog, W. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13, 1877-1882.
53. (h) Schröder, M. W.; Pelzl, G.; Dunemann, U.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 2004, 31, 633-637.
54. (i) Weissflog, W.; Sokolowski, S.; Dehne, H.; Das, B.; Grande, S.; Schröder, M. W.; Eremin, A.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Kresse, H. Liq. Cryst. 2004, 31, 923-933.
55. Field-induced SmCPW phases: (a) Heppke, G.; Parghi, D. D.; Sawade, H. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 313-320.
56. (b) Etxebarria, J.; Folcia, C. L.; Ortega, J.; Ros, M. B. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 042702.
57. Bent-core dimers and oligomers and polymers based on oligosiloxane and carbosilane units: (a) Dantlgraber, G.; Diele, S.; Tschierske, C. Chem. Commun. 2002, 2768-2769.
58. (b) Dantlgraber, G.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S.; Kresse, H.; Lühmann, B.; Lang, H.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14852-14853.
59. (c) Keith, C.; Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Tschierske, C. Chem. Commun. 2005, 871-873.
60. (d) Keith, C.; Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Hahn, H.; Lang, H.; Tschierske, C. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1898-1899.
61. FE switching bent-core materials: (a) Walba, D. M.; Körblova, E.; Shao, R.; Maclennan, J. E.; Link, D. R.; Glaser, M. A.; Clark, N. A. Science 2000, 288, 2181-2184.
62. (b) Nakata, M.; Link, D. R.; Araoka, F.; Thisayukta, J.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 1301-1308.
63. (c) Bedel, J. P.; Rouillon, J. C.; Marcerou, J. P.; Laguerre, M.; Nguyen, H. T.; Achard, M. F. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 2214-2220.
64. (d) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Sadashiva, B. K. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 2627-2642.
65. (e) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Sadashiva, B. K. Liq. Cryst. 2003, 30, 1031-1050.
66. (f) Rauch, S.; Bault, P.; Sawade, H.; Heppke, G.; Nair, G. G.; Jakli, A. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, 021706.
67. (g) Kumazawa, K.; Nakata, M.; Araoka, F.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 157-164.
68. (h) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Raghunathan, V. A.; Sadashiva, B. K. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 274-283.
69. (i) Nadasi, H.; Weissflog, W.; Eremin, A.; Pelzl, G.; Diele, S.; Das, S.; Grande, S. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 1316-1324.
70. (j) Bedel, J. P.; Rouillon, J. C.; Marcerou, J. P.; Nguyen, H. T.; Achard, M. F. Phys. Rev. E 2004, 69, 061702.
71. (k) Takezoe, H.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 11085-11091.
72. Kajitani, T.; Kohmoto, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Kishikawa, K. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 3812-3819.
73. Hough, L. E.; Clark, N. A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 107802.
74. 2 sequence is usually observed in the homologous series of bent-core molecules upon elongation of alkyl chains; see ref 26.
75. Mehl, G. H.; Goodby, J. W. Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 521-525.
76. (a) Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457-2483.
77. (b) Hird, M.; Gray, G. W.; Toyne, K. J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1991, 206, 187-204.
78. Tschierske, C.; Zaschke, H. J. Prakt. Chem. 1989, 331, 365-366.
79. Adams, N. W.; Bradshaw, J. S.; Bayona, J. M.; Markides, K. E.; Lee, M. L. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 147, 43-60.
80. Shen, D.; Pegenau, A.; Diele, S.; Wirth, I.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1593-1601.
81. Clark, N. A.; et al. Poster Presented at the 9th International Liquid Crystal Conference, Ljubljana, July 4-9, 2004, Book of Abstracts, SYN-P026.
82. (a) Strey, R.; Winkler, J.; Magid, L. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 7502-7507.
83. (b) Roux, D.; Coulon, C.; Cates, M. E. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 4174-4187.
84. (c) Porte, G. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1996, 1, 345-349.
85. (d) Hyde, S. T. Colloids Surf. A 1997, 129-130, 207-225.
86. (a) Vill, V.; von Minden, H. M.; Bruce, D. W. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 893-899.
87. (b) Langner, M.; Praefcke, K.; Krüerke, D.; Heppke, G. J. Mater. Chem. 1995, 5, 693-699.
88. (c) Kaspar, M.; Gorecka, E.; Sverenyak, H.; Hamplova, V.; Glogarova, M.; Pakhomov, S. A. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 589-594.
89. (d) Loubser, C.; Wessels, P. L.; Styring, P.; Goodby, J. W. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 71-79.
90. This is in line with the fact that no electrooptical switching is observed in this soft crystalline mesophase.
91. (a) Niwano, H.; Nakata, M.; Thisayukta, J.; Link, D. R.; Takezoe, H.; Watanabe, J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 14889-14896.
92. (b) Araoka, F.; Ha, N. Y.; Kinoshita, Y.; Park, B.; Wu, J. W.; Takezoe, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 1-4.
93. (c) Walba, D. M.; Eshdat, L.; Körblova, E.; Shoemaker, R. K. Cryst. Growth Des. 2005, 5, 2091-2099.
94. 4[*] phases, but there is no indication of such a helical structure.
95. (a) Seddon, J. M.; Templer, R. H. Handbook of Biological Physics; Lipowsky, R., Sackmann, E., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1995; Vol. 1, pp 97-160.
96. (b) Hyde, S. T. Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Science; Holmberg, K., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, 2001; Vol. 2, pp 299-332.
97. (a) Gharbia, M.; Gharbi, A.; Nguyen, H. T.; Malthete, J. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 7, 312.
98. (b) Bruce, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 831-840.
99. Optically isotropic mesophase in achiral LC: (a) Warmerdam, T. W.; Nolte, R. J. M.; Drenth, W.; van Miltenburg, J. C.; Frenkel, D.; Zijlstra, R. J. J. Liq. Cryst. 1988, 3, 1087-1104.
100. (b) Weissflog, W.; Letko, I.; Pelzl, G.; Diele, S. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 18, 867-870.
101. (c) Pietrasik, U.; Szydlowska, J.; Krowczynski, A.; Pociecha, D.; Gorecka, E.; Guillon, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8884-8890.
102. (d) Bilgin-Eran, B.; Tschierske, C.; Diele, S. Baumeister, U. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, DOI 10.1039/b511832h.
103. Optically isotropic mesophase in chiral LC: (a) Yamamoto, J.; Nishiyama, I.; Inoue, M.; Yokoyama, H. Nature 2005, 437, 525-528.
104. (b) Nishiyama, I.; Yamamoto, J.; Goodby, J. W.; Yokoyama, H. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 3212-3214.
105. (c) Nguyen, H. T.; Ismaili, M.; Isaert, N.; Achard, M. F. J. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 1560-1566.
106. (d) Takanishi, Y.; Ogasawara, T.; Yoshizawa, A.; Umezawa, J.; Kusumoto, T.; Hiyama, T.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 1325-1330.
107. (e) Goodby, J. W.; Dunmur, D. A.; Collings, P. J. Liq. Cryst. 1995, 19, 703-709.
108. Induction of an optically isotropic mesophase by addition of organic solvents was also reported by Jakli et al., but no chiral domain structure was observed for these mesophases and the switching was reported to be ferroelectric, which is in contrast to our observations; (a) Jakli, A.; Cao, W.; Huang, Y.; Lee, C. K.; Chien, L.-C. Liq. Cryst. 2001, 28, 1279-1283.
109. (b) Huang, M. Y. M.; Pedreira, A. M.; Martins, O. G.; Figueiredo Neto, A. M.; Jakli, A. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, 031708.
110. Clark, N. A.; et al. Science 2003, 301, 1204-1211.
111. A phases, see: (a) Folcia, C. L.; Ortega, J.; Etxebaria, J. Liq. Cryst. 2003, 30, 1189-1191.
112. (b) Pyc, P.; Mieczkowski, J.; Pociecha, D.; Gorecka, E.; Donnio, B.; Guillon, D. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 2374-2379.
113. (a) Osipov, M. A.; Kuball, H.-G. Eur. Phys. J. E 2001, 5, 589-598.
114. (b) Nakata, M.; Takanishi, Y.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 041710.
115. (c) Gorecka, E.; Cepic, M.; Mieczkowsky, J.; Nakata, M.; Takezoe, H.; Zenks, B. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 061704.
116. Earl, D. J.; Osipov, M. A.; Takezoe, H.; Takanishi, Y.; Wilson, M. R. Phys. Rev. E 2005, 71, 021706.
117. 3
118. 3-11B18) by X-ray scattering of aligned samples (see Figure 8a).
119. Examples of columnar phases formed by bent-core molecules: (a) Watanabe, J.; Niori, T.; Sekine, T.: Takezoe, H. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 37, L139-L142.
120. (b) Mieczkowski, J.; Gomola, K.; Koseska, J.; Pociecha, D.; Szydlowska, J.; Gorecka, E. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13, 2132-2137.
121. (c) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Sadashiva, B. K.; Raghunathan, V. A. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4050-4062.
122. (d) Pelz, K.; Weissflog, W.; Baumeister, U.; Diele, S. Liq. Cryst. 2003, 30, 1151-1158.
123. (e) Kardas, D.; Prehm, M.; Baumeister, U.; Pociecha, D.; Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Mehl, G. H.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 1722-1733.
124. (f) See ref 21b.
125. (g) Nguyen, H. T.; Bedel, J. P.; Rouillon, J. C.; Marcerou, J. P.; Achard, M. F. Pramana J. Phys. 2003, 61, 395-404.
126. Keith, C.; Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Baumeister, U.; Tschierske, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 14312-14313.
127. These mesophases are distinct from the dark conglomerate phases of the lower homologues, and therefore, aligned samples can be obtained.
128. F phases is clearly proven by X-ray scattering, in the textures, the extinction crosses coincide with the positions of polarizer and analyzer (see Figure S5). This indicates that these 2D-modulated smectic phases preferably adopt an alignment of the ribbons with the polarization vector parallel to the glass surfaces, which cannot be distinguished from an anticlinic organization by optical methods. See: Gorecka, E.; Vaupotic, N.; Pociecha, D.; Cepic, M.; Mieczkowski, J. ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 1087-1093.
129. (a) MacKintosh, F. C. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1997, 2, 382-387.
130. (b) Katsaras, J.; Tristram-Nagle, S.; Liu, Y.; Headrick, R. L.; Fontes, E.; Mason, P. C.; Nagle, J. F. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, 5668-5677.
131. (c) Sengupta, K.; Raghunathan, V. A.; Katsaras, J. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 031710.
132. F. states in these cases. It is also possible that this splitting results from an energetic difference for the molecules in the center of the sample and at the surfaces.
133. In polyimide-coated cells, the switching behavior can be more complex in some cases, due to the effect of an induced electric double layer, which will be discussed in detail in a separate paper.
134. Achard, M. F.; Bedel, J. Ph.; Marcerou, J. P.; Nguyen, H. T.; Rouillon, J. C. Eur. Phys. J. E 2003, 10, 129-134.
135. Examples of field-induced Col to Sm transitions: (a) Ortega, J.; de la Fuente, M. R.; Etxebarria, J.; Folcia, C. L.; Diez, S.; Gallastegui, J. A.; Gimeno, N.; Ros, M. B. Phys. Rev. E 2004, 69, 011703.
136. (b) Etxebarria, J.; Folcia, C. L.; Ortega, J.; Ros, M. B. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 042702.
137. 7-type phases; see ref 38.
138. Provided that the layers are organised in a bookshelf geometry; see ref 47.
139. The observation of only a single peak in switching experiments under a triangular wave field might be due to the fact that the relaxation to the synclinic antipolar organization (nonclassic AF switching) is slow. Hence, under a triangular AC field, the synclinic antipolar boundaries, seen in DC field experiments, cannot be formed to a considerable extend, possibly because the anticlinic defects in the surface layers inhibit the fast reorganization to a purely synclinic structure.
140. pp.).
141. Examples for switching of suprastructural chirality by collective rotation around the long axis: (a) Schröder, M. W.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Weisstlog, W. ChemPhysChem 2004, 5, 99-103.
142. (b) Szydlowska, J.; Mieczkowski, J.; Matraszek, J.; Bruce, D. W.; Gorecka, E.; Pociecha, D.; Guillon, D. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 031702.
143. (c) Amaranatha Reddy, R.; Schröder, M. W.; Bodyagin, M.; Kresse, H.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Weissflog, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 774-778.
144. (d) Weisstlog, W.; Dunemann, U.; Schröder, M. W.; Diele, S.; Pelzl, G.; Kresse, H.; Grande, S. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 939-946.
145. Related transitions between AF and FE switching were observed for B, phases, where the FE switching phase appears at low temperature: (a) Nadasi, H.; Weissflog, W.: Eremin, A.; Pelz, G.; Diele, S.; Das, B.; Grande, S. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 1316-1324.
146. 2-type phases, but in this case, the phase sequence is reversed, here the FE switching phase is the high-temperature phase: (b) Kumazawa, K.; Nakata, M.; Araoka, F.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 157-164.
147. In a similar way. bulky hydrocarbon units were recently used to influence the interlayer correlation in SmC phases of rod-like molecules: Cowling. S. J.: Hall. A. W.; Goodby, J. W. Liq. Cryst. 2005, 32, 1483-1498.