Measuring muscle strength in neurological disorders

Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 120-133

  Bohannon, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Dynamometry; Muscle strength; Muscle testing; manual; Neurological disorders

Indexed keywords

DYNAMOMETRY; GRIP STRENGTH; HUMAN; MUSCLE EXAMINATION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; REVIEW; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE;

EID: 33645023595     PISSN: 13008757     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Guide to Physical Therapist Practice. Phys Ther. 1997;77:1163-1650.
2. Parker VM, Wade DT, Langten Hewer R. Loss of arm function after stroke: measurement, frequency, and recovery. Int Rehab Med. 1986;8:69-73.
3. Olsen T. Arm and leg paresis as outcome predictors in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 1990;21:247-251.
4. Arai K, Shiomi T. Relations of sit-to-stand performance to lower extremity strength and gait ability in stroke patients. Rigakuryoho Kagaku. 2004;19:89-93.
5. Masuda Y, Nisida Y, Kurosawa K. Relation of a 30-second chair-stand test to gait performance in stroke patients. Rigakuryoho Kagaku. 2004;19:69-73.
6. Sunderland A, Tinson D, Bradley L, et al. Arm function after stroke. An evaluation of grip strength as a measure of recovery and a prognostic indicator. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1989;52:1267-1272.
7. Boissy P, Bourbonnais D, Carlotti MM, et al. Maximal grip force in chronic stroke subjects and its relationship to global upper extremity function. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13:354-362.
8. Bohannon RW. Determinants of patient gown donning performance soon after a stroke. Eur Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;2:70-73.
9. Bohannon RW. Knee extension force measurements are reliable and indicative of walking speed in stroke patients. Int J Rehab Research. 1989;12:193-194.
10. Bohannon RW. Knee extension power, velocity and torque: relative deficits and relation to walking performance in stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 1992;6:125-131.
11. Nakamura R, Hosokawa T, Tsuji I. Relationship of muscle strength for knee extension to walking capacity in patients with spastic hemiparesis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1985;145:335-340.
12. Maruishi M, Mano Y, Sasaki T, et al. Cerebral palsy in adults: Independent effects of muscle strength and muscle tone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:637-641.
13. Damiano DL, Martellotta TL, Sullivan DJ, et al. Muscle force production and functional performance in spastic cerebral palsy: relationship of cocontraction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:895-900.
14. Thoumie P, Mevellec E. Relation between walking speed and muscle strength is affected by somatosensory loss in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:313-315.
15. Beninato M, O'Kane KS, Sullivan PE. Relationship between motor FIM and muscle strength in lower cervical-level spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:533-540.
16. Kim CM, Eng JJ, Whittaker MW. Level walking and ambulatory capacity in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury: relationship with muscle strength. Spinal Cord. 2004;42:156-162.
17. Goldfarb BJ, Simon SR. Gait patterns in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:61-65.
18. Nallegowda M, Singh U, Handa G, et al. Role of sensory input and muscle strength in maintenance of balance, gait, and posture in Parkinson's disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:898-908.
19. Uchikawa K, Liu M, Hanayama K, et al. Functional status and muscle strength in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy living in the community. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36:124-129.
20. Scott OM, Hyde SA, Goddard C, et al. Quantitation of muscle function in children: a prospective study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve. 1982;5:291-301.
21. Merkies ISJ, Schmitz PIM, van der Meché FGA, et al. Connecting impairment, disability, and handicap in immune mediated polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:99-104.
22. Lovett RW, Martin EG. Certain aspects of infantile paralysis and a description of a method of muscle testing. JAMA. 1916;66:729-733.
23. Gonella C, Harmon G, Jacobs M. The role of the physical therapist in the gamma globulin poliomyelitis prevention study. Phys Ther Rev. 1953;33:337-345.
24. Dvir Z. Grade 4 in manual muscle testing: the problem with submaximal strength assessment. Clin Rehabil. 1997;11:36-41.
25. Bohannon RW, Corrigan D. A broad range of forces is encompassed by the maximum muscle test grad of five. Percep Motor Skills. 2000;90:747-750.
26. Hislop HJ, Montgomery J. Daniels and Worthingham's Muscle Testing. Techniques of Manual Examination, (ed 7) Philadelphia, PA. WB Saunders Company, 2002.
27. Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscles: Testing and Function, (ed 4) Baltimore, MD. Williams and Wilkins, 1993.
28. Demeurisse G, Demol O, Robaye E. Motor evaluation in vascular hemiplegia. Eur Neurol. 1980;19:382-389.
29. Dilunno JF, Young W, Donovan WH, et al. The International Standards Booklet for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Paraplegia. 1994;32:70-80.
30. -, and 4. Percep Motor Skills. 1998;87:1123-1128.
31. Mulroy SJ, Lassen KD, Chambers SH, et al. The ability of male and female clinicians to effectively test knee extension strength using manual muscle testing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26:192-199.
32. Collin C, Wade D. Assessing motor impairmsnt after stroke: a pilot reliability study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1990;53:576-579.
33. Kleyweg RP, Van der Meché FGA, Schmitz PIM. Interobserver agreement in the assessment of muscle strength and functional abilities in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14:1103-1109.
34. Great Lakes ALS Study Group. A comparison of muscle strength testing techniques in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;61:1503-1507.
35. Barr AE, Diamond BE, Wade CK, et al. Reliability of testing measures in Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72L 315-319.
36. Escolar DM, Henricson EK, Mayhew J, et al. Clinical evaluator reliability for quantitative and manual muscle testing measures of strength in children. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:787-793.
37. Schwartz S, Cohen ME, Herbison GJ, et al. Relationship between two measures of upper extremity strength: manual muscle test compared to hand-held myometry. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:1063-1068.
38. Brandsma JW, Van Brakel WH, Anderson AM, et al. Intertester reliability of manual muscle strength testing in leprosy patients. Lepr Rev. 1998;69:257-266.
39. Noreau L, Vachon J. Comparison of three methods to assess muscular strength in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:716-723.
40. Marciello MA, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF, et al. Wrist strength measured by myometry as an indicator of functional independence. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:99-106.
41. Bohannon RW. Motricity Index scores are valid indicators of paretic upper extremity strength following stroke. J Phys Ther Sci. 1999;11:59-61.
42. Cameron D, Bohannon RW. Criterion validity of lower extremity Motricity Index scores. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14:208-211.
43. Laing BA, Mastaglia FL, Lo SK, et al. Comparative assessment of knee strength using hand-held myometry and isokinetic dynamometry in patients with inflammatory myopathy. Physiother Theory Pract, 1995;11:151-156.
44. Aitkens S, Lord J, Bernauer E, et al. Relationship of manual muscle testing to objective strength measurements. Muscle Nerve. 1989;12:173-177.
45. Andres PL, Skerry LM, Thorneli B, et al. A comparison of three measures of disease progression in ALS. J Neurol Sci. 1996;139 (suppl):64-70.
46. Bohannon RW. Measuring knee extension muscle strength. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:13-18.
47. Beasley WC. Influence of method on estimates of normal knee extension force among normal and postpolio children. Phys Ther Review. 1956;36:21-41.
48. Bohannon RW. Manual muscle testing: Does it meet the standards of an adequate screening test? Clin Rehabil. 2005;in press.
49. Herbison GJ, Isaac Z, Cohen ME, et al. Strength post-spinal cord injury: myometer vs manual muscle test. Spinal Cord. 1996;34:543-548.
50. Csuka M, McCarty JD. Simple method for measurement of lower extremity muscle strength. Am J Med. 1985;78:77-81.
51. Lusardi MM, Pellecchia GL, Schulman M. Functional performance in community living older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2003;26:14-22.
52. Arborelius UP, Wretenberg P, Lindberg F. The effects of armrests and high seat bights on lower-limb joint load and muscular activity during sitting and rising. Ergonomics. 1992;35:1377-1391.
53. Weiner DK, Long R, Hughes MA, et al. When older adults face the chair-rise challenge. A study of chair height availability and height-modified chair-rise performance in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:6-10.
54. Schenkman M, Hughes MAS, Samsa G, et al. The relative importance of strength and balance in chair rise by functionally impaired older individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:1441-1446.
55. Fleckenstein SJ, Kirby RL, MacLeod DM. Effect of limited knee flexion range on peak hip moments of force while transferring from sitting to standing. J Biomech. 1988;21:915-918.
56. Hesse S, Schauer M, Malezic M, et al. Quantitative analysis of rising from a chair in healthy and hemiparetic subjects. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1994;26:161-166.
57. Bohannon RW, Schaubert K. Reliability of the sit-to-stand test over dispersed test sessions. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2005 2005;13:119-122.
58. nd ed. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists, 1992:41-45.
59. Fowler WM, Gardner GW. Quantitative strength measurements in muscular dystrophy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1967;48:629-644.
60. Bohannon RW. Consistency of paretic upper extremity motor performance soon after stroke. J Phys Ther Sci. 1995;7:49-51.
61. Hammer A, Lindmark B. Test-retest intra-rater reliability of grip force in patients with stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2003;35:189-194.
62. Bohannon RW. Adoption of hand-held dynamometry. Percep Motor Skills. 2001;92:150.
63. Bohannon RW. Make versus break tests for measuring elbow flexor muscle force with a hand-held dynamometer in patients with stroke. Physiother Can. 1990;42:247-251.
64. Wikholm JB, Bohannon RW. Hand-held dynamometer measurements: tester strength makes a difference. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1991;13:191-198.
65. Nollet F, Beelen A. Strength assessment in postpolio syndrome: validity of a hand-held dynamometer in detecting change. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1316-1323.
66. Beck M, Giess R, Würffel W. et al. Comparison of maximal voluntary isometric contraction and Drachman's hand-held dynamometry in evaluating patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22:1265-1270.
67. Visser J. Mans E, de Visser M, et al. Comparison of maximal voluntary isometric contraction and hand-held dynamometry in measuring muscle strength of patients with progressive lower motor neuron sindrome. Neuromuscal Disord. 2003;13:744-750.
68. Desrosiers J, Prince F, Rochette A, et al. Reliability of lower extremity strength measurements using the belt-resisted method. J Aging Phys Activ. 1998;6:317-326.
69. Lennon SM, Ashburn A. Use of myometry in the assessment of neuropathic weakness: testing for reliability in clinical practice. Clin Rehabil. 1993;7:125-133.
70. Bohannon RW. Knee extension torque in stroke patients: comparison of measurements obtained with a hand-held and a Cybex dynamometer. Physiother Can. 1990;42:284-287.
71. May LA, Burnham RS, Steadward RD. Assessment of isokinetic and hand-held dynamometer measures of shoulder rotator strength among individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:251-255.
72. Burns SP, Breuninger A, Kaplan C, et al. Hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84:22-29.
73. Aufsesser PM, Horvat M, Austin R. The reliability of hand held muscle testers with individuals with spinal cord injury. Clin Kinesiol. 2003;57:71-73.
74. Aksu S, Yakut Y. Test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometer and manual muscle strength measurements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2003;14:66-71.
75. Goonetilleke A, Modarres-Sadeghi H, Guiloff RJ. Accuracy, reproducibility and variability of hand-held dynamometry in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:326-332.
76. Lowes LP, Westcott SL, Palisano RJ, et al. Muscle force and range of motion as predictors of standing balance in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2004;24:57-77.
77. Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Graham K. Test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometric strength testing in young people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:77-80.
78. Kilmer DD, McCrory MA, Wright NC, et al. Hand-held dynamometry reliability in persons with neuropathic weakness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:1364-1368.
79. Stuberg WA, Metcalf WK. Reliability of quantitative muscle testing in healthy children and in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Phys Ther. 1988;68:977-982.
80. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Upper extremity strength deficits in hemiplegic stroke patients: relationship between admission and discharge assessment and time since onset. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:155-157.
81. Andrews AW, Bohannon RW. Short-term recovery of limb muscle strength after acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:125-130.
82. Drolet M, Noreau L. Vachon J, et al. Muscle strength changes as measured by dynamometry following functional rehabilitation in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:791-800.
83. Damiano DL, Vaughan CL, Abel MF. Muscle response to heavy resistance exercise in children with spastic cerbral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:731-739.
84. Andres PL, Hedlund W, Finison L, et al. Quantitative motor assessment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1986;36:937-941.
85. Colombo R, Mazzini L, Mora G, et al. Measurement of isometric muscle strength: a reproducibility study of maximal voluntary contraction in normal subjects and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Med Eng Phys. 2000;22:167-174.
86. van der Linden ML, Aitchison AM, Hazlewood ME, et al. Test-retest repeatability of gluteus maximus strength testing using a fixed digital dynamometer in children with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:2058-2063.
87. Andres PL, Finison LJ, Conlon T, et al. Use of composite scores (megascores) to measure deficit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 1988;38:405-408.
88. Nadeau S, Gravel D, Arsenault AB, et al. Dynamometric assessment of the plantarflexors in hemiparetic subjects: relations between muscular, gait and clinical parameters. Scand J Rehab Med. 1997;29:137-146.
89. Tiffreau V, Turlure A, Viet G, et al. Isokinetic dynamometry of weak muscles. Isokinet Exer Sci. 2003;11:13-20.
90. Eng JJ, Kim CM, MacIntyre DL. Reliability of lower extremity strength measures in persons with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:322-328.
91. Bohannon RW, Walsh S. Nature, reliability, and predictive value of muscle performance measures in patients with hemiparesis following stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:721-725.
92. Hsu AL, Tang PF, Jan MH. Test-retest reliability of isokinetic muscle strength of lower extremities in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1130-1137.
93. Pohl PS, Startzell JK, Duncan PW, et al. Reliability of lower extremity isokinetic strength testing in adults with stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14:601-607.
94. Van den Berg-Emons RJG, van Baak MA, de Barbanson DC, et al. Reliability of tests to determine peak aerobic power, anaerobic power and isokinetic muscle strength in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:1117-1125.
95. Ayalon M, Ben-Sira D, Hutzler Y, et al. Reliability of isokinetic strength measurements of the knee in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:398-402.
96. Bever CT, Anderson PA, Smith GV, et al. Isometric measurement of hamstrings and quadriceps strength in multiple sclerosis patients: sensitivity and variability. J N euro Rehab. 1995;9:221-227.
97. Nakamura R, Watanabe S, Handa T, et al. The relationship between walking speed and muscle strength for knee extension in hemiparetic stroke patients: a follow-up study. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1988;154:111-113.
98. Sharp SA, Brouwer BJ. Isokinetic strength training of the hemiparetic knee: effects on function and spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:1231-1236.
99. Damiano DL, Kelly LE, Vaughn CL. Effects of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening on crouch gait in children with spastic diplegia. Phys Ther. 1995;75:658-667.
100. MacPhail HEA, Kramer JF. Effect of isokinetic strength-training on functional ability and walking efficiency in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:763-775.
101. Ross SA, Engsberg JR, Olree KS, et al. Quadriceps and hamstring strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy surgery and rehabilitation. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2001;13:2-9.
102. Bohannon RW, Andrews AW. Characterization of isometric limb muscle strength of older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2000;8:33-40.
103. Bohannon RW. Internal consistency of dynamometer measurements in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Percept Motor Skills. 1995;81:1113-1114.
104. Bohannon RW. Adequacy of hand-grip dynamometry for characterizing upper limb strength after stroke. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2004;12:263-265.
105. Bohannon RW. Reference values for the five-repetition sit to stand test: A descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Percep Motor Skills, in review.
106. Bohannon RW, Peolsson A, Massey-Westropp N, et al. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2005 (in press)
107. Bohannon RW. Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:26-32.
108. Gross MT, McGrain P, Demillo N, et al. Relationship between multiple predictor variables and normal knee torque production. Phys Ther. 1989;69:54-62.