Comparison of the partial proteomes of the venoms of Brazilian spiders of the genus Phoneutria

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 142, Issue 3-4 SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages 173-187

  Richardson, M ^a   Pimenta, A M C ^b   Bemquerer, M P ^b   Santoro, M M ^b   Beirao, P S L ^b   Lima, M E ^b   Figueiredo, S G ^c   Bloch Jr , C ^d   Vasconcelos, E A R ^e   Campos, F A P ^e   Gomes, P C ^a   Cordeiro, M N ^a  

^a FUNDAÇÃO EZEQUIEL DIAS   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF ESPÍRITO SANTO   (Brazil)

^d EMBRAPA RECURSOS GENÉTICOS E BIOTECNOLOGIA   (Brazil)

^e FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Amino acid sequences; Enzymes; Insecticides; Neurotoxins; Phoneutria; Proteomes; Sequence similarities; Spiders; Venoms

Indexed keywords

NEUROTOXIN; PEPTIDE; PROTEOME; SERINE PROTEINASE; SPIDER VENOM;

ALKYLATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARACHNID; ARTICLE; BIOASSAY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FRACTIONATION; ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PHONEUTRIA KEYSERLINGI; PHONEUTRIA NIGRIVENTER; PHONEUTRIA REIDYI; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVERSED PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPIDER; TWO DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS;

ANIMALIA; ARACHNIDA; ARANEAE; CTENIDAE; PHONEUTRIA; PHONEUTRIA NIGRIVENTER;

EID: 33645004061     PISSN: 15320456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. M.E. Adams, I.M. Mintz, M.D. Reily, V. Thanabal, and B.P. Bean Structure and properties of omega-agatoxin IVB, a new antagonist of P-type Ca channels Mol. Pharmacol. 44 1993 681 688
2. A. Aitken, M.J. Geisow, J.B.C. Findlay, C. Holmes, and A. Yarwood Peptide preparation and characterization J.B.C. Findlay M.J. Geisow Protein Sequencing: A Practical Approach 1989 IRL Press Oxford 43 68
3. D.A.M. Araujo, M.N. Cordeiro, M. Richardson, C.R. Diniz, and P.S.L. Beirao A novel class of polypeptide toxin modifies sodium current inactivation and activation in isolated frog skeletal muscle J. Physiol. 467 1993 (365pp.)
4. D.A.M. Araujo, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, and P.S.L. Beirao Effects of a toxic fraction, PhTx2, from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer on the sodium current Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 347 1993 205 208
5. J.M. Arnold, C. Kennett, and M.F. Lavin Transient expression of a novel serine protease in the ectoderm of the ascidian Herdmania momus during development Dev. Genes Evol. 206 1997 455 463
6. R.K. Atkinson, and L.G. Wright Involvement of collagenase in the necrosis induced by bites of some spiders Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 102 1992 125 128
7. R. Balaji, T. Sasaki, P. Gopalakrishnakone, K. Sato, R. Kini, and B.H. Bay Purification, structural determination and synthesis of covallitoxin II a short insect specific neurotoxic peptide from the venom of Coremiocnemis validus (Singapore tarantula) FEBS Lett. 474 2000 208 212
8. A. Barrio, and O. Vital Brazil Ein neues Verfahren der Giftentnahme bei Spinnen Experientia 6 1949 112 114
9. A. Betty, E. Eipper, S.L. Milgram, E.J. Husten, H.-Y. Yun, and R.E. Mains Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase: a multifunctional protein with catalytic, processing and routing domains Protein Sci. 2 1993 489 497
10. G.J. Binford, and M.A. Wells The phylogenetic distribution of sphingomyelinase D activity in venoms of Haplogyne spiders Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 135 2003 25 33
11. J. Bobe, and F.W. Goetz Cysteine proteinase inhibitor is specifically expressed in pre- and early-vitellogenic oocytes from the brook trout periovulatory ovary Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60 2001 312 318
12. + channels Toxicon 41 2003 305 313
13. A.C. Cassola, H. Jaffe, H.M. Falles, S.C. Afeche, F. Magnoli, and J. Cipola-Neto Omega-Phonetoxin-IIA: a calcium channel blocker from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer Pflugers Arch. 436 1998 545 552
14. T. Chen, S. Farragher, A.J. Bjourson, D.F. Orr, P. Rao, and C. Shaw Granular gland transcriptomes in simulated amphibian skin secretions J. Biochem. 371 2003 125 130
15. T. Chen, Y. Xue, M. Zhou, and C. Shaw Molecular cloning of mRNA from toad granular gland secretion and lyophilized skin: identification of Bo8-a novel prokinetin from Bombina orientalis Peptides 26 2005 377 383
16. S. Chettibi, and A. Lawrence High resolution of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom peptides by ptopionic acid/urea polyarylamide gel electrophoresis after ethanol precipitation Toxicon 27 1989 781 787
17. S.J. Choi, R. Parent, C. Guillaume, C. Deregnaucourt, C. Delarbre, D.M. Ojcius, J.J. Montagne, M.L. Celerier, A. Phelipot, M. Amiche, J. Molgo, J.M. Camadro, and C. Guette Isolation and characterization of Psalmopeotoxin I and II: two novel antimalarial peptides from the venom of the tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei FEBS Lett. 572 2004 109 117
18. M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, A.C. Valentim, V.R.D. von Eickstedt, J. Gilroy, and M. Richardson The purification and amino acid sequences of four Tx2 neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys) FEBS Lett. 310 1992 153 156
19. M.N. Cordeiro, S.G. Figueiredo, A.C. Valentim, C.R. Diniz, V.R.D. von Eickstedt, J. Gilroy, and M. Richardson Purification and amino acid sequences of six Tx3 type neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' Phoneutria nigriventer Toxicon 31 1993 35 42
20. M.N. Cordeiro, M. Richardson, J. Gilroy, S.G. Figueiredo, P.S.L. Beirão, and C.R. Diniz Properties of the venom from the South American Armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys.,1891) J. Toxicol., Toxin Rev. 14 1995 309 326
21. G. Corzo, S. Adachi-Akahane, T. Nagao, Y. Kusui, and T. Nakajima Novel peptides from assassin bugs (Hemiptera:Reduviidae): isolation, chemical and biological characterization FEBS Lett. 499 2001 256 261
22. S.K. Costa, G. De Nucci, E. Antunes, and S.D. Brain Involvement of vanilloid receptors and purinoceptors in the Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom induced plasma extravasation in rat skin Eur. J. Pharmacol. 391 2000 305 315
23. S.K. Costa, L.C. Esquisatto, E. Camargo, S.D. Brain, G. De Nucci, and E. Antunes Comparative effect of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom and capsaicin on the rat paw oedema Life Sci. 69 2001 1573 1585
24. S.K. Costa, R.A. Moreno, L.C. Esquisatto, L. Juliano, S.D. Brain, G. De Nucci, and E. Antunes Role of kinins and sensory neurons in the rat pleural leukocyte migration induced by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom Neurosci. Lett. 318 2002 158 162
25. Y. Cury, E.M. Zanchet, M.N. Cordeiro, and M. Richardson Peripheral tackykinin and excitatory amino acid receptors mediate hyperalgesia induced by Phoneutria nigriventer (PN) spider venom Abstracts 6th World Congress on inflammation; S117, 14.12, 2-6 Aug., Vancouver, BC, Canada 2003
26. Daí, L., Naoki, H., Nakajima, T. 2001, c-DNA sequence of neurotoxic peptide caeron from spider Caerostris extrusa venom. EMBL/Genebank/DDBJ AYO50523 ; AAL12487.1.SWISS-PROT/TREMBL Acc No.Q8MTx1.
27. + current inactivation in insect CNS via binding to receptor site 3 J. Insect Physiol. 48 2002 53 61
28. C.R. Diniz Separation of proteins and characterization of active substances in the venom of Brazilian spiders Anais da Acad. Bras. Cien. 35 1963 283 291
29. C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, L. Rezende Jr., P. Kelly, S. Fischer, F. Reimann, E.B. Oliveira, and M. Richardson The purification and amino acid sequence of the lethal neurotoxin Tx1 from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer FEBS Lett. 263 1990 251 253
30. M.R.V. Diniz, M.J.L. Paine, C.R. Diniz, R.D.G. Theakston, and J.M. Crampton Sequence of the cDNA coding for the lethal neurotoxin Tx1 from the Brazilian armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer predicts the synthesis and processing of a preprotoxin J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 15340 15342
31. T.F. Duda, and S.R. Palumbi Evolutionary diversification of multi-gene families: allelic selection of toxins in predatory cone snails Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 2000 1286 1293
32. V.R.D. Eickstedt Estudo sistematico de Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891) e Phoneutria keyserlingi (Pickard-Cambridge,1897) (Araneae; Labidognatha; Ctenidae) Mems. Inst. Butantan 43 1979 95 126
33. I.D. Entwhistle, R.A.W. Johnstone, D. Medziradski, and T.E. May Isolation of a pure toxic peptide from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer and its neurophysical activity on an insect femur preparation Toxicon 20 1982 1059 1067
34. P. Escoubas, S. Diochot, and G. Corzo Structure and pharmacology of spider venom neurotoxins Biochimie 82 2000 893 907
35. V. Estato, E. Antunes, B. Machado, G. De Nucci, and E. Tibirica Investigation of the hemodynamic effects of Phoneutria nigriventer venom in anaesthetised rabbits Toxicon 38 2000 841 853
36. L. Feitosa, W. Gremski, S.S. Veiga, M.C. Elias, E. Graner, O.C. Mangili, and R.R. Brentani Detection and characterization of metalloproteinases with gelatinolytic, fibronectinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities in brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom Toxicon 36 1998 1039 1051
37. O. Fernandes, C.E. Teixeira, E.C. Arantes, G. de Nucci, and E. Antunes Relaxation of rabbit corpus cavernosum by selective activators of voltage-gated sodium channels: the role of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway Urology 62 2003 581 588
38. S.G. Figueiredo, M.E. Lima-Perez Garcia, A.C. Valentim, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, and M. Richardson Purification and amino acid sequence of the insecticidal neurotoxin TX4(6-1) from the venom of the 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys) Toxicon 33 1995 83 93
39. S.G. Figueiredo, R.A. Mafra, A.M.C. Pimenta, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, and M.E. De Lima Purification and pharmacological activity of two potent insecticidal neurotoxins from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom J. Venom. Anim. Toxins 3 1997 84
40. S.G. Figueiredo, M.E.L. Perez-Garcia, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, D. Patten, R.F. Halliwell, J. Gilroy, and M. Richardson Purification and amino acid sequence of a highly insecticidal toxin from the venom of the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer which inhibits NMDA-evoked currents in rat hippocampal neurones Toxicon 39 2001 309 317
41. D.J. Finney Statistical Methods in Biological Assay 2nd ed. 1964 Charles Griffin London
42. M.J. Foradori, L.M. Keil, R.E. Wells, M. Diem, and E.K. Tillinghast An examination of the potential role of spider digestive proteases as a causative factor in spider bite necrosis Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 130 2001 209 218
43. M.J. Foradori, S.C. Smith, E. Smith, and M.A. Wells Survey for potentially necrotizing spider venoms with special emphasis on Cheiracanthium mildei Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 141 2005 32 39
44. J.M. Futrell Loxoscelism Am. J. Med. Sci. 304 1992 261 267
45. M.V. Gomez, E. Kalapothakis, C. Guatimosim, and M.AM. Prado Phoneutria nigriventer venom: a cocktail of toxins that affect ion channels Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 22 2002 579 588
46. C. Guatimosim, M.A. Romano-Silva, J.S. Cruz, P.S.L. Beirão, E. Kalapothakis, T. Moraes-Santos, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, M.V. Gomez, and M.A.M. Prado A toxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer that blocks calcium channels coupled to exocytosis Br. J. Pharmacol. 122 1997 591 597
47. K.I. Hagiwara, T. Inui, K. Nakajima, T. Kimura, C. Kitada, M. Fujino, S. Sakakibara, and T. Nakajima Agelenin, a spider neurotoxin: determination of the C-terminus as amide form, and investigation of the disulphide bond arrangement Biomed. Res. 12 1991 357 363
48. K. Hayashi, T. Takehisa, N. Hamato, R. Takano, S. Hara, T. Miyata, and H. Kato Inhibition of serine proteases of the blood coagulation system by squash family protease inhibitors J. Biochem. 116 1994 1013 1018
49. A. Henschen Analysis of cysteine residues, disulfide bridges, and sulfydryl groups in proteins B. Wittmann-Liebold J. Salnikow V.A. Erdmann Advanced Methods in Protein Microsequence Analysis 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin 244 255
50. V. Herzig, R.J. Ward, and W.F. Santos Intersexual variations in the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891) Toxicon 40 2002 1399 1406
51. V. Herzig, R.J. Ward, and W.F. Dos Santos Ontogenetic changes in Phoneutria nigriventer (Araneae Ctenidae) spider venom Toxicon 44 2004 635 640
52. C. Heunssen, and E.B. Dowdle Electrophoretic analysis of plasminogen activators in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and co-polymerized substrates Anal. Biochem. 102 1980 196 202
53. E. Kalapothakis, C.L. Penaforte, P.S.L. Beirão, M.A. RomanoSilva, J.S. Cruz, M.A.M. Prado, P.E. Guimarães, M.V. Gomez, and V.F. Prado Cloning of cDNAs encoding neurotoxic peptides from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer Toxicon 36 1998 1843 1850
54. E. Kalapothakis, C.L. Penaforte, R.M. Leão, J.S. Cruz, V.F. Prado, M.N. Cordeiro, C.R. Diniz, M.R. Romano-Silva, M.A.M. Prado, M.V. Gomez, and P.S.L. Beirão Cloning, cDNA sequence analysis and patch clamp studies of a toxin from the venom of the spider armed Phoneutria nigriventer Toxicon 36 1998 1971 1980
55. Kelbaugh, P.R., Saccomano, N.A, Volkmann, R., (1997). Ca channel blocking peptides from Heteropoda venatoria. Patent Reg. No: US5627154.
56. Kozlov, S., Malyavka, A., Grishin, E., McCutchen, B., Predicted toxin like structure from spider venom glands mRNA. Sequence submitted for publication to EMBL Genebank, July 2004, Q5Y4U3_9ARAC.
57. S. Kozlov, A. Malyavka, B. McCutchen, A. Lu, E. Schepers, R. Herrmann, and E. Grishin A novel strategy for the identification of toxin-like structures in spider venom Proteins 59 2005 131 140
58. L. Kuhn-Nentwig, J. Schaller, and W. Nentwig Purification of toxic peptides and the amino acid sequence of CSTX-1 from the multicomponent venom of Cupiennius salei (Araneae:Ctenidae) Toxicon 32 1994 287 302
59. L. Kuhn-Nentwig, J. Schaller, U. Kaempfer, H. Imboden, H. Malli, and W. Nentwig A lysine rich C-terminal tail is directly involved in the toxicity of CSTx1, a neurotoxic peptide from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44 2000 101 111
60. L. Kuhn-Nentwig, J. Schaller, and W. Nentwig Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) Toxicon 43 2004 543 553
61. ++ oscillation frequency in GH3 cells J. Neurochem. 72 1999 1472 1481
62. R.M. Leão, J.S. Cruz, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, and P.S.L. Beirao Inhibition of neuronal high-voltage activated calcium channels by the ω-Phoneutria nigriventer Tx3-3 peptide toxin Neuropharmacology 39 2000 1756 1767
63. C. Legros, M.L. Celerier, M. Henry, and C. Guette Nanospray analysis of the venom of the tarantula Theraphosa leblondi: a powerful method for direct venom mass fingerprinting and toxin sequencing Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18 2004 1024 1032
64. B. Lenarcic, A. Ritonja, B. Strukelj, B. Turk, and V. Turk Equistatin, a new inhibitor of cysteine proteinases from Actinia equina is structurally related to the thyroglobulin type 1 domain J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 13899 13903
65. P. Le Sueur, E. Kalapothakis, and M.A. Cruz-Hofling Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neuropathological changes induced by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom Acta Neuropathol. 105 2003 125 134
66. S.P. Liang An overview of peptide toxins from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena Wang (= Ornithoctonus huwena Wang) Toxicon 43 2004 575 585
67. S. Lucas Spiders in Brazil Toxicon 26 1988 759 772
68. L.F. Machado, S. Laugesen, E.D. Botelho, C.A Ricart, W. Fontes, K.C. Barbaro, P. Roepstorff, and M.V. Sousa Proteome analysis of brown spider venom: identification of loxnecrogin isoforms in Loxosceles gaucho venom Proteomics 5 2005 2167 2176
69. R.A. Mafra, S.G. Figueiredo, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, J.S. Cruz, and M.E. De Lima PhTx4, a new class of toxins from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, inhibits the glutamate uptake in rat brain synaptosomes Brain Res. 831 1999 297 300
70. A. Matavel, J.S. Cruz, C.L. Penaforte, D.A.M. Araujo, E. Kalapothakis, V.F. Prado, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, and P.S.L. Beirão Electrophysiological characterization and molecular identification of the Phoneutria nigriventer peptide toxin PnTx2-6 FEBS Lett. 523 2002 219 223
71. I.M. Mintz, V.J. Venema, K.M. Swidereck, T.D. Lee, B.P. Bean, and M.E. Adams P-type calcium channels blocked by the spider toxin omega-agatoxin IVA Nature 355 1992 827 829
72. D.M. Miranda, M.A. Romano-Silva, E. Kalapothakis, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, T. Moraes-Santos, M.A. Prado, and M.V. Gomez Phoneutria nigriventer toxins block tityustoxin-induced calcium influx in synaptosomes Neuroreport 9 1998 1371 1373
73. D.M. Miranda, M.A. Romano-Silva, E. Kalapothakis, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, T. Moraes-Santos, L. De Marco, M.A.M. Prado, and M.V. Gomez Spider neurotoxins block the β scorpion toxin-induced calcium uptake in rat brain cortical synaptosomes Brain Res. Bull. 54 2001 533 536
74. C. Molloy, C. Wechselberger, G. Mignona, L. Negri, P. Melchiorri, D. Barra, and G. Kreil Bv8 a small protein from frog skin and its homologue from snake venom induce hyperalgesia in rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 374 1999 189 196
75. W. Nentwig, L. Kuhn-Nentwig, J. Schaller, and U. Kaempfer Amino acid sequence of the toxic spider peptide CSTx-2 and its structural and physiological differences to CSTx-1 Toxicon 36 1998 1276 1278
76. L.C. Oliveira, M.E. De Lima, A.M.C. Pimenta, P. Mansuelle, H. Rochat, M.N. Cordeiro, M. Richardson, and S.G. Figueiredo PnTx4-3, a new insect toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer venom elicits the glutamate uptake inhibition expressed by PhTx4 fraction Toxicon 42 2003 793 800
77. R.E. Oswald, T.M. Suchyna, R. McFeeters, P.A. Gottlieb, and F. Sachs Solution structure of peptide toxins that block mechanosensitive ion channels J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 34443 34450
78. C.L. Penaforte, V.F. Prado, M.A.M. Prado, M.A. Romano-Silva, P.E.M. Guimaraes, L. De Marco, M.V. Gomez, and E. Kalapothakis Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding neurotoxic peptides from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer Toxicon 38 2000 1443 1449
79. B.A. Perret Venom regeneration in tarantula spiders: I. Analysis of venom produced at different time intervals Comp. Biochem. Physiol., A 56 1977 607 613
80. A.M.C. Pimenta, R. Stocklin, P. Favreau, P.E. Bougis, and M.F. Martin-Eauclaire Moving pieces in a proteomic puzzle: mass fingerprinting of toxic fractions from the venom of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones Buthidae) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15 2001 1562 1572
81. A.M.C. Pimenta, B. Rates, C. Bloch Jr., P.C. Gomes, M.M. Santoro, M.E. De Lima, M. Richardson, and M.N. Cordeiro ESI-Q-ToF and MALDI-ToF-ToF fine analyses to solve micro-heterogeneity in post-translated modified peptides from Phoneutria nigriventer (Aranea Ctenidae) venom Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19 2005 31 37
82. M.A.M. Prado, C. Guatimosin, M.V. Gomez, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, and M.A. Romano-Silva A novel tool for the investigation of glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes: the toxin Tx3-3 from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer Biochem. J. 314 1996 145 150
83. G.B. Quistad, and W.S. Skinner Isolation and sequencing of insecticidal peptides from the primitive hunting spider Plectreurys tristis (Simon) J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 11098 11101
84. L.D. Rash, and W.C. Hodgson Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms Toxicon 40 2002 225 254
85. M.A. Rekow, D.J. Civello, and C.R. Geren Enzymatic and hemolytic properties of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) toxin and extracts of venom apparatus, cephalothorax and abdomen Toxicon 21 1983 441 444
86. L. Rezende Jr., M.N. Cordeiro, E.B Oliveira, and C.R. Diniz Isolation of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer Toxicon 29 1991 1225 1233
87. v4.2 potassium channels Mol. Pharmacol. 51 1997 491 498
88. R.G.D. Santos, C.R. Diniz, M.N. Cordeiro, and M.E. De Lima Binding sites and actions of Tx1, a neurotoxin from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, in guinea pig ileum Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 32 1999 1565 1569
89. v2 family of calcium channels and interacts with omega-conotoxin-binding sites J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 13856 13862
90. Satake, H., Villegas, E., Corzo, G. 2003. SWISS-PROT/ TREMBL Access. No. Q75WH4.
91. R.M. Scarborough, J.W. Rose, M.A. Naughton, D.R. Phillips, L. Nannizzi, A. Arfsten, A.M. Campbell, and I.F. Charo Characterization of the integrin specificities of disintegrins isolated from American pit viper venoms J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 1058 1065
92. H. Schagger, and G. von Jagow Tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa Anal. Biochem. 166 1987 368 379
93. J. Schaller, U. Kaempfer, S. Schuerch, L. Kuhn-Nentwig, S. Haeberli, and W. Nentwig CSTx-9, a toxic peptide from the spider Cupiennius salei: amino acid sequence, disulphide bridge pattern and comparison with other spider toxins containing the cystine knot structure Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58 2001 1538 1545
94. S. Schenberg, and F.A. Pereira Lima Phoneutria nigriventer venom W. Bucherl E.E. Buckley Venomous Animals and their Venom vol. 3 1971 Academic Press New York 279 285
95. Y. Shikata, T. Watanabe, T. Teramoto, A. Inoue, Y. Kawakami, Y. Nishizawa, K. Katayama, and M. Kuwada Isolation and characterization of a peptide isomerase from funnel web spider venom J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 16719 16723
96. M. Simo, and A.D. Brescovit Revision and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical spider genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae), with notes on related Cteninae Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 12 2001 67 82
97. W.S. Skinner, P.A. Dennis, J.P. Li, and G.B. Quistad Identification of insecticidal peptides from venom of the trap-door spider Aptostichus schlingeri (Ctenizidae) Toxicon 30 1992 1043 1050
98. B.L. Sollod, D. Wilson, O. Zhaxybayeva, J.P. Gogarten, R. Drinkwater, and G.F. King Were arachnids the first to use combinatorial peptide libraries? Peptides 26 2005 131 139
99. A. Stapleton, D.T. Blankenship, B.L. Ackermann, T.M. Chen, G.W. Gorder, M.G. Palfreyman, J.E. Coutant, and A.D. Cardini Curtatoxins J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 2054 2059
100. v2.1 potassium channel from the venom of a Chilean tarantula Neuron 15 1995 941 949
101. T.H. Szeto, X.H. Wang, R. Smith, M. Connor, M.I. Christie, G.M. Nicholson, and G.F. Kang Isolation of a funnel-web spider polypeptide with homology to mamba intestinal toxin 1 and the embryonic head inducer Dikkoff-1 Toxicon 38 2000 429 442
102. C.E. Teixeira, D.R. Ifa, G. Corso, V. Santagada, G. Caliendo, E. Antunes, and G. de Nucci Sequence and structure activity relationship of a scorpion venom toxin with nitrergic activity in rabbit corpus cavernosum FASEB J. 17 2003 485 487
103. 2+ in vascular smooth muscle contractions induced by Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom Toxicon 43 2004 61 68
104. L.R.P. Troncone, I. Lebrun, F. Magnoli, and T. Yamane Biochemical and pharmacological studies on a lethal neurotoxic polypeptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom Neurochem. Res. 20 1995 879 883
105. L.R.P. Troncone, I. Lebrun, D.C. Hipolide, R.R. Raymond, and J.N. Nobrega Regional brain c-Fos activation associated with penile erection and other symptoms by the spider toxin Tx2-6 Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 358 Suppl.1 1998 R38
106. L.R.P. Troncone, J. Georgiou, S.Y. Hua, D. Elrick, I. Lebrun, F. Magnoli, and M.P. Charlton Promiscuous and reversible blocker of presynaptic calcium channels in frog and crayfish neuromuscular junctions from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom J. Neurophysiol. 90 2003 3529 3537
107. V.J. Venema, K.M. Swiderek, T.D. Lee, G.M. Hathaway, and M.E. Adams Antagonism of synaptosomal Ca channels by sub-types of omega-agatoxins J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 2610 2615
108. 2+-dependent glutamate release in synaptosomes Neurochem Int. 1267 2003 1 6
109. L.B. Vieira, C. Kushmerick, M.E. Hildebrand, E. Garcia, E.A Stea, M.N. Cordeiro, M. Richardson, M.V. Gomez, and T.P. Snutch Inhibition of high voltage activated calcium channels by spider toxin PNTx3-6 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 2005 1370 1377
110. M.L.D. Weinberg, M.N. Cordeiro, M.E. De Lima, L.C. Oliveira, and C.R. Diniz Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat mesenteric arterial rings by a Phoneutria nigriventer venom fraction Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 88 2002 189 196
111. S. Wen, D.T. Wilson, S. Kuruppu, M.L. Korsinczky, J. Hedrick, L. Pang, T. Szeto, W.C. Hodgson, P.F. Alewood, and G.M. Nicholson Discovery of an MIT-like atracotoxin family: spider venom peptides that share sequence homology but not pharmacological properties with AVIT family proteins Peptides 2005 (PubMed 15979762) (Electronic publication ahead of print June 23, 2005)
112. M. Wieczorek, J. Otlewski, J. Cook, K. Parks, J. Leluk, P. Wilimowska, A. Polanowski, and T. Wilusj Jr. The squash family of serine proteinase inhibitors; amino acid sequences and association equilibrium constants of inhibitors from squash, summer squash, zucchini and cucumber seeds Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126 1985 646 652
113. A.W. Wood, J. Matsumoto, and G. Van Der Kraak Thyroglobulin type1 domain proteinase inhibitor exhibits specific expression in the cortical ooplasm of vitellogenic rainbow trout oocytes Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69 2004 205 214
114. B. Wullschleger, L. Kuhn-Nentwig, J. Tromp, J. Schaller, S. Schuerch, and W. Nentwig A highly synergistically acting two-chain neurotoxic enhancer in the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U. S. A. 101 2004 11251 11256
115. C.M. Yonamine, L.R.P. Troncone, and M.A.P. Camillo Blockade of neuronal nitric oxide synthase abolishes the toxic effects of Tx2-5, a lethal Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin Toxicon 44 2004 169 172
116. A.R. Young, and S.J. Pincus Comparison of enzymatic activity from three species of necrotising arachnids in Australia: loxosceles rufescens Badumna insignis and Lampona cylindrata Toxicon 39 2001 391 400
117. E.M. Zanchet, and Y. Cury Peripheral tachykinin and excitatory amino acid receptors mediate hyperalgesia induced by Phoneutria nigriventer venom Eur. J. Pharmacol. 467 2003 111 118
118. E.M. Zanchet, Y. Cury, M.N. Cordeiro, and M. Richardson Peripheral tackykinin and excitatory amino acid receptors mediate hyperalgesia induced by Phoneutria nigriventer (PN) spider venom IV Congress EFIC, Pain in Europe IV; 230, 303F, 2-6 Sept., Prague, Czech Republic 2003