The British popular press and venereal disease during the second world war

Historical Journal

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1055-1076

  Bingham, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE INCIDENCE;

EID: 33645000720     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X05004917     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Daily Mirror, 22 Feb. 1943, p. 4.
2. Daily Mirror, 19 Feb. 1943, p. 3.
3. J. Weeks, Sex, politics and society: The regulation of sexuality since 1800 (Harlow, 1981), p. 216
4. R. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment: Attitudes to sex and sexuality since the Renaissance (London, 1991), pp. 266-7
5. R. Porter and L. Hall, The facts of life: The creation of sexual knowledge in Britain, 1650-1650 (New Haven, 1995), pp. 241-2
6. L. Hall, Sex, gender and social change in Britain since 1880 (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 134-5
7. L. Hall, 'Venereal diseases and society in Britain, from the Contagious Diseases Act to the National Health Service', in R. Davidson and L. Hall, eds., Sex, sin and suffering: Venereal disease and European society since 1870 (London, 2001), p. 131.
8. Major G. Harrison with F. C. Mitchell and M. A. Abrams, The home market (London, 1939), ch. 21
9. A. P. Wadsworth, 'Newspaper circulations 1800-1954', Manchester Statistical Society Transactions, 4, session 1954-5
10. R. Williams, The long revolution (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 195-236.
11. A. Humphries, 'Coming apart: The British newspaper press and the divorce court', in L. Brake, B. Bell, and D. Finkelstein, eds., Nineteenth-century media and the construction of identities (Basingstoke, 2000)
12. G. Savage, 'Erotic stories and public decency: Newspaper reporting of divorce proceedings in England', Historical Journal, 41 (1998), pp. 511-28
13. J. Walkowitz, City of dreadful delight: Narratives of sexual danger in late Victorian London (Chicago, 1992), ch. 3.
14. Lord Stamfordham to Viscount Cave, lord high chancellor, 6 Mar. 1925, London, the National Archives (NA), LCO/2/775.
15. Savage, 'Erotic stories'.
16. Northcliffe bulletins, 22 May 1921, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng. hist. d. 303-5.
17. Hall, Sex, gender and social change, p. 111.
18. A. Bingham, Gender, modernity and the popular press in inter-war Britain (Oxford, 2004), pp. 156, 178-80.
19. Combating venereal disease, The British Social Hygiene Council (1930), NA, FD 1/3166.
20. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, ch. 5.
21. Daily Mirror, 12 Aug. 1913, p. 5
22. Daily Mail, 12 Aug. 1913, p. 5
23. Daily Express, 12 Aug. 1913, p. 1.
24. Royal commission on venereal diseases, Final report, Cmd 8189 (London: HMSO, 1916).
25. D. Evans, 'Sexually transmitted disease policy in the English National Health Service, 1948-2000: Continuity and social change', in Davidson and Hall, eds., Sex, sin and suffering, p. 238.
26. Times, 3 Mar. 1916, pp. 6, 9.
27. Daily Mail, 3 Mar. 1916, p. 3.
28. News of the World, 5 Mar. 1916, p. 3.
29. Daily Mirror, 3-10 Mar. 1916
30. Daily Express, 3-10 Mar. 1916.
31. Northcliffe bulletins, 24 June 1916.
32. Daily Mail, 25 Oct. 1916, p. 3
33. Manchester Guardian, 25 Oct. 1916, p. 6.
34. P. Levine, Prostitution, race and politics: Policing venereal disease in the British empire (New York, 2003), pp. 163-5.
35. K. Jones, Fleet Street and Downing Street (London, 1920), p. 242.
36. Northcliffe bulletins, 12 May 1920.
37. Northcliffe bulletins, 29 May 1920.
38. R. Graves and A. Hodge, The long-weekend: A social history of Great Britain 1918-1939 (first pub. 1940; Harmondsworth, 1971), p. 109.
39. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, pp. 246-9
40. H. Cook, The long sexual revolution: English women, sex, and contraception, 1800-1975 (Oxford, 2004.), chs. 5, 8.
41. B. Melman, Women and the popular imagination in the twenties: Flappers and nymphs (Basingstoke, 1988)
42. J. Greenfield, S. O'Connell, and C. Reid, 'Fashioning masculinity: Men Only, consumption and the development of marketing in the 1930s', Twentieth Century British History, 10 (1999), pp. 457-76
43. Hall, Sex, gender and social change, p. 108
44. C. L. White, Women's magazines, 1693-1968 (London, 1970), pp. 107-10.
45. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, p. 266.
46. On this reinvention, see H. Cudlipp, Publish and be damned! (London, 1953)
47. idem, At your peril (London, 1962)
48. idem, Walking on water (London, 1976).
49. Hugh Cudlipp to Cecil King, 27 May 1960, Cardiff University, Bute Library, Cudlipp papers, HC/2/2.
50. A. Saunders, Jane: A pin-up at war (London, 2004).
51. Cudlipp, Publish and be damned!, pp. 115-19
52. Daily Sketch, 23 June 1938, p. 2.
53. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, p. 266.
54. Daily Mirror, 19 Aug. 1942, p. 1.
55. Cecil King to Hugh Cudlipp, 25 Nov. 1942, Cudlipp papers, HC 2/1.
56. Royal commission on the press, Minutes of evidence, Day 22, Cmd 7398 (London: HMSO, 1948), p. 12.
57. See also Cecil King to Hugh Cudlipp, 23 Sept.? 1942
58. King to Cudlipp, 25 Feb. 1943, Cudlipp papers, HC 2/1.
59. Daily Mirror, 8 Aug. 1942, p. 4.
60. Daily Mirror, 10 Aug. 1942, p. 3.
61. Ibid.
62. Christiansen to Driberg 8 Mar. 1943, Oxford, Christ Church, Driberg papers, E1.
63. Cecil King to Hugh Cudlipp, 23 Sept.? 1942, Cudlipp papers, HC 2/1.
64. Daily Mirror, 17 Aug. 1942, p. 3.
65. Daily Mirror, 19 Aug. 1942, p. 1.
66. E.g., Daily Mirror, 31 Aug. 1942, p. 6; 5 Sept. 1942, p. 6
67. pamphlet advertised 1 Mar. 1943, p. 7.
68. Daily Mirror, 20 Aug. 1942, p. 7.
69. Daily Mirror, 31 Aug. 1942, p. 6.
70. Daily Mirror, 20 Aug. 1942, p. 7.
71. Daily Mirror, 31 Aug. 1942, p.6.
72. Cudlipp, Publish and be damned!, p. 122.
73. A Mass-Observation survey in 1942 actually found the female readership to be 58 per cent: File Report 1420, Sept. 1942, p. 9, Oxford, Bodleian Library, X. Films 200.
74. S. Rose, 'Sex, citizenship, and the nation in World War II Britain', American Historical Review, 103 (1998), pp. 1147-76.
75. Daily Mirror, 3 Sept. 1942, pp. 1, 4.
76. K. Fisher, '"She was quite satisfied with the arrangements I made": gender and birth control in Britain, 1920-1950', Past and Present, 169 (2000), pp. 161-93
77. E. Roberts, A woman's place: An oral history of working-class women, 1890-1940 (Oxford, 1984), ch. 3.
78. News Chronicle, 16 Sept. 1942, p. 1; 18 Sept. 1942, p. 2.
79. N. Goodman, Wilson Jameson (London, 1970), pp. 86-90, 190-4.
80. S. Nicholas, The echo of war: Home Front propaganda and the wartime BBC, 1939-1945 (Manchester, 1996), pp. 95-8.
81. Parliamentary debates (House of Commons) 385, col. 1862, 15 Dec. 1942.
82. Mass-Observation file report 1573, Jan. 1943, pp. 1-2.
83. Ibid., further notes, p. 3.
84. Cook, Long sexual revolution;
85. Fisher, 'Gender and birth control';
86. Roberts, A woman's place, ch. 3
87. S. Humphries, A secret world of sex - forbidden fruit: The British experience, 1900-1950 (London, 1988).
88. Mass-Observation file report 1599, Feb. 1943, pp. 2-3.
89. Mass-Observation file report 1573, notes, p. 1.
90. Ibid., p. 2.
91. Sir Wilson Jameson to regional health officers, 8 Jan. 1943, NA, MH 55/ 1341.
92. Minutes of third meeting of Joint Committee on VD (JCVD), to Aug. 1943, NA, MH/55/2325.
93. Newspaper World, 27 Feb. 1943, pp. 17, 19.
94. Lancet, 27 Feb. 1943, p. 246.
95. Newspaper World, 27 Feb. 1943, p. 19.
96. Daily Mirror, 19 Feb. 1943, p. 3.
97. Newspaper World, 27 Feb. 1943, p. 17.
98. World's Press News, 25 February 1943, p. 12.
99. Daily Mirror, 19 Feb. 1943, p.3.
100. Newspaper World, 27 Feb. 1943, p. 17.
101. Royal commission on the press, Minutes, Day 16, Cmd 7364, p. 29.
102. Daily Express, 27 Feb. 1943, p. 3.
103. Mass-Observation file report 1633, p. 3.
104. Daily Mail, 20 Feb. 1943, p. 1.
105. Newspaper World, 6 Mar 1943, p. 6.
106. World's Press News, 25 Feb. 1943, p. 12; 8 Apr. 1943, p. 4.
107. Newspaper World, 6 Mar. 1943, p. 15
108. Daily Mirror, 5 Mar. 1943, p. 4
109. Times, 2 Mar. 1943, p. 2.
110. News of the World, 7 Mar. 1943, p. 8
111. Daily Mail, 5 Mar. 1943, 4.
112. Newspaper World, 3 Apr. 1943, p. 11.
113. Minutes of third meeting of JCVD, 10 Aug. 1943.
114. Wartime Social Survey Inquiry 18 Mar. to 17 Apr. 1943, NA, RG/23/38.
115. Mass-Observation file report 1633, Mar. 1943.
116. CCHE, VD publicity campaign, medical adviser's correspondence, Oct. 1943, NA, HO/45/25599; minutes of third meeting of JCVD, 10 Aug. 1943.
117. Ibid., minutes of fourth meeting of JCVD, 18 Aug. 1943.
118. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, p. 272.
119. As Sonya Rose has argued, those who transgressed notions of sexual responsibility were criticized for failing to be 'good citizens': 'Sex, citizenship and nation'.
120. Goodman, Wilson Jameson, p. 193.
121. J. Hampshire and J. Lewis, '"The ravages of permissiveness": Sex education and the permissive society', Twentieth Century British History, 15 (2004), p. 294.
122. Mass-Observation survey of sexual attitudes 1949, reprinted in L. Stanley, Sex surveyed, 1949-1894 (London, 1995), p. 86.
123. V. Berridge, Health and society in Britain since 1939 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 50-1.
124. Daily Mirror, 19 Feb. 1943, p. 3.
125. Cecil King to Hugh Cudlipp, 25 Nov. 1942; King to Cudlipp, 25 Feb. 1943, Cudlipp papers, HC 2/1.
126. Cudlipp, Publish and be damned!, p. 251.
127. Ibid., ch. 3.
128. Cudlipp, Walking on water, p. 182
129. Sunday Pictorial, 28 Dec. 1947 to 18 Jan. 1948.
130. Stanley, Sex suroeyed, 3-4
131. Sunday Pictorial, 3-31 July 1949.
132. Sunday Pictorial, 18 May 1952-8 June 1952.
133. Mass-Observation file report 1633, Mar. 1943, p. 9.
134. Hall, Sex, gender and social change, p. 160.
135. Sunday Pictorial, 16 Nov. 1958, p. 8.
136. Daily Mirror, 19 Nov. 1970, p. 1.
137. Davenport-Hines, Sex, death and punishment, ch. 9.