The prognostic effect of the number of histologically examined axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer: Stage migration or age association?

Annals of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 465-474

  Schaapveld, Michael ^a   De Vries, Elisabeth G E ^b   Van Der Graaf, Winette T A ^b   Otter, Renée ^a   De Vries, Jakob ^b   Willemse, Pax H B ^b  

^a Integraal Kankercentrum Noord Nederland   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Axillary staging; Breast cancer; Crude survival; Prognosis; Relative survival

Indexed keywords

TAMOXIFEN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; FEMALE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MASTECTOMY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS; TUMOR VOLUME;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM STAGING; NETHERLANDS; PROGNOSIS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 33644989563     PISSN: 10689265     EISSN: 15344681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1245/ASO.2006.02.020     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network:update of the NCCN guidelines for treatment of breast cancer. Oncology 1997; 11:199-222.
2. Link BK, Budd GT, Scott S, et al. Oncology Practice Pattern Study Working Group. Delivering adjuvant chemotherapy to women with early-stage breast carcinoma. Current patterns of care. Cancer 2001; 92:1354-67.
3. Olivotto IA, Jackson JS, Mates D, et al. Prediction of axillary lymph node involvement of women with invasive breast carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Cancer 1998; 83:948-55.
4. Voogd AC, Coebergh JW, van Repelaer Driel OJ, et al. The risk of nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with clinically negative lymph nodes: a population-based analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 62:63-9.
5. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V, et al. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. Lancet 1997; 349:1864-7.
6. McMasters KM, Giuliano AE, Ross MI, et al. Sentinel-lymphnode biopsy for breast cancer - not yet the standard of care. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:990-5.
7. Reynolds C, Mick R, Donohue JH, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy with metastasis: can axillary dissection be avoided in some patients with breast cancer? J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:1720-6.
8. Giuliano AE, Haigh PI, Brennan MB, et al. Prospective observational study of sentinel lymphadenectomy without further axillary dissection in patients with sentinel node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:2553-9.
9. Krag D, Ashikaga T, Abrams J. Sentinel nodes: clinical trial data needed. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3873-4.
10. Edge SB, Niland JC, Bookman MA, et al. Emergence of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer as standard-of-care in academic comprehensive cancer centers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1514-21.
11. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Bauer M, Redmond C, Gebhardt M. The accuracy of clinical nodal staging and of limited axillary dissection as a determinant of histologic nodal status in carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gvnecol Obstet 1981; 152:765-22.
12. Rosen PP, Lesser ML, Kinne DW, Beattie EJ. Discontinuous or "skip" metastases in breast carcinoma: analysis of 1228 axillary dissections. Ann Surg 1983; 4:655-62.
13. Schaapveld M, Otter R, de Vries EG, et al. Variability in axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2004; 87:4-12.
14. Wilking N, Rutqvist LE, Carstensen J, Mattsson A, Skoog L. Prognostic significance of axillary nodal status in primary breast cancer in relation to the number of resected nodes. Acta Oncol 1992; 31:29-35.
15. Fisher B, Slack NH. Number of lymph nodes examined and the prognosis of breast carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970; 131:79-88.
16. Kjaergaard J, Blichert-Toft M, Andersen JA, Rank F, Pedersen BV. Probability of false negative nodal staging in conjunction with partial axillary dissection in breast cancer. Br J Surg 1985; 72:365-7.
17. Jatoi I, Hilsenbeck SG, Clarck GM, Osborne CK. Significance of axillary lymph nodes metastasis in primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2334-40.
18. Camp RL, Rimm EB, Rimm DL. A high number of tumor free axillary lymph nodes from patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma is associated with poor outcome. Cancer 2000; 88:108-13.
19. Moorman PG, Hamza A, Marks JR, Olson JA. Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 91:2258-62.
20. Weir L, Speers C, D'yachkova Y, Olivotto IA. Prognostic significance of the number of axillary lymph nodes removed in patients with node negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1793-9.
21. Krag DN, Single RM. Breast cancer survival according to number of nodes removed. Ann Surg Oncol 2003; 10:1152-9.
22. Polednak AP. Survival of lymph node-negative breast cancer in relation to number of lymph nodes examined. Ann Surg 2003; 237:163-7.
23. Du X, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. The declining use of axillary dissection in patients with early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 53:137-44.
24. Hermanek P, Sobin LH (eds). International Union Against Cancer (UICC): TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 4th ed, 2nd rev. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
25. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (eds). International Union Against Cancer (UICC): TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1997.
26. Statistics Netherlands/Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Available at: http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb [accessed February 2, 2006].
27. Ederer F, Heise H. Instructions to IBM 650 Programmers in Processing Survival Computations. Methodological Note No. 10, End Results Evaluation Section. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1959.
28. Dickman PW, Sloggett A, Hills M, Hakulinen T. Regression models for relative survival and the estimation of net survival. Stat Med 2004; 23:51-64.
29. McCullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized Linear Models. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1989.
30. Feinstein AR, Sosin DM, Wells CK. The Will Rogers phenomenon: stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1604-8.
31. Orr RK. The impact of prophylactic axillary node dissection on breast cancer survival - a Bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:109-16.
32. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 1998; 351:1451-67.
33. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 1998; 352:930-45.
34. Whelan TJ, Julian J, Wright J, Jadad AR, Levine ML. Does locoregional radiation therapy improve survival in breast cancer? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:1220-9.
35. Haffty BG, Lee C, Philpotts L, et al. Prognostic significance of mammographic detection in a cohort of conservatively treated breast cancer patients. Cancer J Sci Am 1998; 4:35-40.
36. Gill PG, Farshid G, Luke CG, Roder DM. Detection by screening mammography is a powerful independent predictor of survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast 2004; 13:15-22.
37. Ernst MF, Voogd AC, Coebergh JW, Roukema JA. Breast carcinoma diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis before and after the introduction of mass mammographic screening. Cancer 2004; 100:1337-44.