The survivor's paradox: Psychological consequences of the Khmer rouge rhetoric of extermination

Anthropology and Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-11

  Rechtman, Richard ^a  

^a CHS La Verriere   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOLOGY; ARTICLE; CAMBODIA; DEATH; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; LITERATURE; LOGIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISONER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TORTURE; TORTURE SURVIVOR;

EID: 33644986098     PISSN: 13648470     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/136484705005162287     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Agamben, G. (1999) Ce qui reste d'Auschwitz, Bibliothèque Rivages, Paris.
2. Altounian, J. (1990) Ouvrez moi seulement les chemins d'Arménie. Un génocide aux déserts de l'inconscient, Les Belles Lettres, Paris.
3. Ang, C. (1980) 'Les apparitions de fantômes au Cambodge', ASEMI, vol. XI, pp. 1-4.
4. Ang, C. (1986) Les êtres surnaturels dans la religion populaire Khmere, CEDORECK, Paris.
5. Antelme, R. (1957) L'espèce humaine, Gallimard, Paris.
6. APA (ed.) (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-III), 3rd edn, APA Press, Washington, DC.
7. APA (ed.) (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), APA Press, Washington, DC.
8. Arendt, H. (1966) Eichmann à Jérusalem. Rapport sur la banalité du mal (Gallimard, pour la lère|edn), Folio, Paris.
9. Arendt, H. (1971) Le système totalitaire, Seuil, Paris.
10. Benslama, F. (2001) 'La représentation et l'impossible', L'Evolution psychiatrique, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 448-466.
11. Boehnlein, J. (1987a) 'Clinical relevance of grief and mourning among Cambodian refugees', Social Sciences and Medicine, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 765-772.
12. Boehnlein, J. (1987b) 'Culture and society in posttraumatic stress disorder implications for psychotherapy', American Journal of Psychotherapy, vol. XLI, no. 4, pp. 519-530.
13. Boehnlein, J. & Kinzie, D. (1992) 'DSM diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and cultural sensitivity: a response', Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 180, pp. 597-599.
14. Boehnlein, J. & Kinzie, D. (1995) 'Refugee trauma', Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, vol. 32, pp. 223-252.
15. Boehnlein, J., Kinzie, J. D., Ben, R. & Fleck, J. (1985) 'One year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 142, no. 8, pp. 956-959.
16. Breslau, N. & Davis, G. C. (1992) 'Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: risk factors for chronicity', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 671-675.
17. Breslau, N. & Kessler, R. C. (2001) 'The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical investigation', Biological Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 699-704.
18. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P. & Peterson, E. (1991) 'Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults', Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 216-222.
19. Carlson, E. B. & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1993) 'Mental health status of Cambodian refugees ten years after leaving their homes', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 223-231.
20. Coquio, C. (2003) 'A propos d'un nihilisme contemporain: négation, déni, témoignage' in in L'histoire trouée. Négation et témoignage, ed. C. Coquio, L'Atalante, Nantes.
21. Eisenbruch, M. (1990) 'The cultural bereavement interview a new clinical research approach for refugees', Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 715-735.
22. Eisenbruch, M. (1991) 'From PTSD to Cultural bereavement diagnosis of Southeast Asian Refugees', Social Sciences and Medicine, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 673-680.
23. Eisenbruch, M. (1992) 'Toward a culturally sensitive DSM Cultural bereavement in Cambodian refugees and the traditional healer as a taxonomist', Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 8-10.
24. Eisenbruch, M. & Handelman, H. (1989) 'Development of an explanatory model of illness schedule for Cambodian refugees patients', Journal of Refugees Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 243-256.
25. Forest, A. (1992) Le culte des génies protecteurs au Cambodge, L'Harmattan, Paris.
26. Gold, P. B., Engdahl, B.-E., Eberly, R.-E., Blake, R.-J., Page, W.-F. & Frueh, B.-C. (2000) 'Trauma exposure, resilience, social support, and PTSD construct validity among former prisoners of war', Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 36-42.
27. Haing, N. (1988) Une odyssée cambodgienne, Fixot, Paris.
28. Halligan, S. L. & Yehuda, R. (2000) 'Risk factors for PTSD', PTSD Research Quaterly, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1-3.
29. Hatzfeld, J. (2001) Dans le nu de la vie. Récit des marais rwandais, Seuil, Paris.
30. Hatzfeld, J. (2003) Une saison de machettes, Seuil, Paris.
31. Hertz, R. (1970) Sociologie religieuse et folklore, PUF, Paris.
32. Kiernan, B. (1998) Le génocide au Cambodge 1975-1979: Race Idéologie et pouvoir, Gallimard, Paris.
33. Kinzie, D. & Goetz, R. (1996) 'A century of controversy surrounding posttraumatic stress stress-spectrum syndromes: the impact on DSM-III and DSM-IV', Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 159-179.
34. Kinzie, D., Fredrickson, R. H. & Ben, R. (1984) 'Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 645-650.
35. Kinzie, D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C. & Smith, D. (1990) 'The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 147, no. 7, pp. 913-917.
36. Lévi, P. (1958) Si c'est un homme, Juliard, Paris.
37. Lévi, P. (2005) Oeuvres, ed. Robert Laffont, Bouquins, Paris.
38. Lifton, R. (1992 [1973]) Home from the War. Learning from Vietnam Veterans, Beacon Press, Boston.
39. Mollica, R., Wyshak, G. & Lavelle, J. (1987) 'The psychosocial impact of war trauma on Southeast Asian refugees', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 144, no. 12, pp. 1567-1572.
40. Morris, P., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., Bowles, R., Cunningham, M. & Tarn, R. (1993) 'Variations in therapeutic interventions for Cambodian and Chilean refugee survivors of torture and trauma: a pilot study', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 429-435.
41. Panh, R. & Chaumeau, C. (2003) La machine khmère rouge. Monti Sakeo S-21, Flammarion, Paris.
42. Ponchaud, F. (1977) Cambodge année zéro, Juillard, Paris.
43. Rechtman, R. (1992) 'L'apparition des ancêtres et des défunts dans les expériences traumatiques: introduction à une ethnographie clinique chez les réfugiés cambodgiens de Paris', Cahier d'Anthropologie et de Biometrie Humaine, vol. X, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
44. Rechtman, R. (1993) 'Rêve, réalité et expériences traumatiques chez les Cambodgiens', Cahier d'Anthropologie et de Biométrie Humaine, vol. XI, no. 3-4, pp. 259-279.
45. Rechtman, R. (1997) 'Transcultural psychotherapy with Cambodian refugees in Paris', Transcultural Psychiatry, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 359-375.
46. Rechtman, R. (2000a) 'Altérité suspecte et identité coupable dans la diaspora cambodgienne' in in La Haine soi. Difficiles identities, eds E. Benbassa & J.-C. Attias, Complexe, Bruxelles.
47. Rechtman, R. (2000b) 'Stories of trauma and idiom of distress: from cultural narratives to clinical assessment', Transcultural Psychiatry, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 403-415.
48. Rechtman, R. (2002) 'Etre victime: généalogie d'une condition clinique', L'Evolution psychiatrique, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 775-795.
49. Rechtman, R., (2004a) 'Produire du témoignage' in L'histoire trouée: négation et témoignage, éd. C. Coquio, L'Atalante, Nantes.
50. Rechtman, R. (2004b) 'The rebirth of PTSD: the rise of a new paradigm in psychiatry', Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 913-915.
51. Rechtman, R. (2005) 'Du traumatisme à la victime: une construction psychiatrique de l'intolérable' in Les constructions de l'Intolérable. Etudes d'anthropologie et d'histoire sur les frontières de l'espace moral, eds D. Fassin & P. Boudelais, La Découverte, Paris.
52. Robin, R. (2003) La mémoire saturée, Stock, Paris.
53. Semprun, J. (1994) L'écriture ou la vie, Gallimard, Paris.
54. Silove, D. (1992) 'Psychotherapy and trauma', Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol. 5, pp. 370-374.
55. Simon-Barouh, I. & Pho, Y. T. K. (1990) Le Cambodge des Khmers rouges. Chronique de la vie quotidienne, L'Harmattan, Paris.
56. Staub, E. (1989) The Roots of Evil. The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Summerfield, D. (1997) 'Legacy of war: beyond "trauma" to the social fabric', Lancet, vol. 349, no. 9065.
58. Summerfield, D. (1999) 'A critique of seven assumptions behind psychological trauma programmes in war-affected areas', Social Science and Medicine, vol. 48, pp. 1449-1462.
59. Summerfield, D. (2001) 'The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category', British Medical Journal, vol. 322, pp. 95-98.
60. Tobin, J. T. & Friedman, J. (1983) 'Spirits shamans and nightmare death survivor stress in a Hmong refugee', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 439-448.
61. Vries, F. (1998) 'To make a drama out of trauma is fully justified', The Lancet, vol. 351, no. 9115, pp. 1579-1580.
62. Young, A. (1995a) The Harmony of Illusions Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
63. Young, A. (1995b) 'Reasons and causes for post traumatic stress disorder', Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, vol. 32, pp. 287-341.
64. Young, A. (2002) 'The self-traumatized perpetrator as a "transient mental illness"', L'Evolution psychiatrique, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 630-650.