Electronic structure of organic films in the first excited states determined using scanning tunneling spectroscopy: An experimental and theoretical study

Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

Volumn 72, Issue 8, 2005, Pages

  Arima, V ^a   Sala, F Della ^a   Matino, F ^a   Blyth, R I R ^a   Barbarella, G ^b   Melucci, M ^b   Cingolani, R ^a   Rinaldi, R ^a  

^a NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644934760     PISSN: 10980121     EISSN: 1550235X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.085425     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57 49, 57 (1982).
2. R. Wiesendanger, Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994).
3. C. J. Chen, Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1993).
4. J. A. Stroscio and R. M. Feenstra, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic Press, New York, 1993).
5. R. M. Feenstra, J. A. Stroscio, and A. P. Fein, Surf. Sci. SUSCAS 0039-6028 10.1016/0039-6028(87)90170-1 181, 295 (1987).
6. R. M. Feenstra, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.4561 50, 4561 (1994).
7. G. F. A. van de Walle, H. van Kempen, and P. Wyder, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.98125 50, 22 (1987).
8. R. J. Hamers and K. Markert, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.1051 64, 1051 (1990).
9. Y. Kuk, R. S. Becker, P. J. Silverman, and G. P. Kochanski, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.456 65, 456 (1990).
10. M. Völcker, W. Krieger, and H. Walther, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.1717 66, 1717 (1991).
11. D. G. Cahill and R. J. Hamers, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.44.1387 44, 1387 (1991).
12. M. McEllistrem, G. Haase, D. Chen, and R. J. Hamers, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.2471 70, 2471 (1993).
13. P. H. Cutler, T. E. Feuchtwang, T. T. Tsong, H. Nguyen, and A. A. Lucas, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.35.7774 35, 7774 (1987).
14. A. A. Lucas, P. H. Cutler, T. E. Sullivan, Y. Yuk, H. Nguyen, and P. J. Silverman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A JVTAD6 0734-2101 10.1116/1.575396 6, 461 (1988).
15. A. Levy Yeyati and F. Flores, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9020 44, 9020 (1991).
16. A. Levy Yeyati and F. Flores, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter JCOMEL 0953-8984 10.1088/0953-8984/4/36/009 4, 7341 (1992).
17. S. Grafström, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1432113 91, 1717 (2002).
18. Y. Maeda, T. Matsumoto, and T. Kawai, Surf. Sci. SUSCAS 0039-6028 10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00342-7 384, L896 (1997).
19. P. B. Lukins, Chem. Phys. Lett. CHPLBC 0009-2614 10.1016/S0009-2614(00) 00324-9 321, 13 (2000).
20. D. A. Smith and R. W. Owens, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.126794 76, 3825 (2000).
21. D. Fichou, F. Chara, and A. O. Gusev, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<555::AID-ADMA555>3.0.CO;2-# 13, 555 (2001).
22. F. Garnier, R. Hajlaoui, A. Yassar, and P. Srivastava, Science SCIEAS 0036-8075 265, 1684 (1994).
23. R. H. Friend, Nature (London) NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/16393 397, 121 (1999).
24. A. Tikhonov, R. D. Coalson, and Y. Dahnovsky, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.1448292 116, 10909 (2002).
25. A. Tikhonov, R. D. Coalson, and Y. Dahnovsky, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.1464818 117, 567 (2002).
26. A. Keller, O. Atabek, M. Ratner, and V. Mujica, J. Phys. B JPAPEH 0953-4075 35, 48981 (2002).
27. J. Lehmann, S. Kohler, P. Hänggi, and A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.1536639 118, 3283 (2003).
28. C. C. J. Roothaan, Rev. Mod. Phys. RMPHAT 0034-6861 10.1103/RevModPhys. 32.179 32, 179 (1960).
29. M. E. Casida, in Recent Developments and Applications of Modern Density Functional Theory, edited by, J. M. Seminario,, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Vol. 4 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996), p. 391.
30. P. Bauerle, in Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach, edited by, K. Mullen, and, G. Wagner, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998), p. 105.
31. M. R. Beasley, S. Datta, H. Kogelnik, H. Kroemer, and D. Monroe, Report of the Investigations Committee on the Possibility of Scientific Misconduct in the Work of Hendrik Schön and Coauthors, Lucent Technologies/American Physical Society, 2002), http://publish.aps.org/reports.
32. G. Wang, Y. Luo, and P. H. Beton, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1617375 83, 3108 (2003).
33. R. Schroeder, L. A. Majewski, and M. Grell, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1618946 83, 3201 (2003).
34. M. Kitamura, T. Imada, and Y. Arakawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1620676 83, 3410 (2003).
35. G. Barbarella, M. Zambianchi, L. Antolini, P. Ostoja, P. Maccagnani, A. Bongini, E. A. Marseglia, E. Tedesco, G. Gigli, and R. Cingolani, J. Am. Chem. Soc. JACSAT 0002-7863 10.1021/ja9916512 121, 8920 (1999).
36. P. G. Schroeder, C. B. France, J. B. Park, and B. A. Parkinson, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1445286 91, 3010 (2002).
37. S. Grafström, J. Kowalski, R. Neumann, O. Probst, and M. Wörtge, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B JVTBD9 0734-211X 10.1116/1.585570 9, 568 (1991).
38. V. Gerstner, A. Thon, and W. Pfeiffer, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.372221 87, 2574 (2000).
39. S. M. Landi and O. E. Martinez, J. Appl. Phys. JAPIAU 0021-8979 10.1063/1.1311834 88, 4840 (2000).
40. A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.464913 98, 5648 (1993).
41. TURBOMOLE version 5.6, R. Aldrichs, University of Karlsruhe, Germany.
42. GAUSSIAN 03, M. J. Frish, Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, 2003.
43. A. D. Becke, Phys. Rev. A PLRAAN 1050-2947 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.3098 38, 3098 (1998).
44. C. Lee, W. Yang, and R. G. Parr, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.37.785 37, 785 (1988).
45. A. Schafer, C. Hube, and R. Ahlrichs, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.467146 100, 5829 (1994).
46. G. Lanzani, S. V. Frolov, P. A. Lane, Z. V. Vardeny, M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3066 79, 3066 (1997).
47. L. Rossi, G. Lanzani, F. Garnier, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.6684 58, 6684 (1998).
48. S. Hirata, T. J. Lee, M. Head-Gordon, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.480235 111, 8904 (1999).
49. M. Lomascolo, A. Vergine, T. K. Johal, R. Rinaldi, A. Passaseo, R. Cingolani, S. Patane', M. Labardi, M. Allegrini, F. Troiani, and E. Molinari, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.041302 66, 041302 (R) (2002).
50. J. Cornil, D. Beljonne, and J. L. Brdas, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.470116 103, 834 (1995).
51. J. Cornil, D. Beljonne, and J. L. Brdas, J. Chem. Phys. JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.470065 103, 842 (1995).
52. Handbook of Oligo- and Polythiophenes, edited by, D. Fichou, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999).
53. C. Hellner, L. Lindqvist, and P. C. Roberge, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 JCFTBS 0300-9238 10.1039/f29726801928 68, 1928 (1972).
54. V. Zanker and J. Preuss, Angew. Chem. ANCEAD 0044-8249 91, 3010 (2002).
55. F.-R. F. Fan and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem. JPCHAX 0022-3654 27, 363 (1969).
56. M. W. J. Prins, M. C. M. M. van der Wielen, R. Jansen, D. L. Abraham, and H. van Kempen, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.110891 64, 1207 (1994).
57. Ch. Sommerhalter, Th. W. Matthes, J. Boneberg, P. Leiderer, and M. Ch. Lux-Steiner, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B JVTBD9 0734-211X 10.1116/1.589571 15, 1876 (1997).
58. R. Hiesgen and D. Meissner, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199805)10:8<619::AID-ADMA619>3.0.CO;2-D 10, 619 (1998).
59. M. Pope and C. E. Swenberg, Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1982).
60. J. Tersoff and D. R. Hamann, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1998 50, 1998 (1983).
61. D. A. Bonnel, G. S. Rohrer, and R. H. French, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B JVTBD9 0734-211X 10.1116/1.585566 9, 551 (1991).
62. R. Rinaldi, R. Cingolani, K. M. Jones, A. A. Baski, H. Morkoc, A. Di Carlo, J. Widany, F. Della Sala, and P. Lugli, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.075311 63, 075311 (2001).
63. M. Kemerink, P. Offermans, J. K. J. van Duren, P. M. Koenraad, R. A. J. Janssen, H. W. M. Salemink, and J. H. Wolter, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.096803 88, 096803 (2002).
64. M. L. Tiago, J. E. Northrup, and S. G. Louie, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.115212 67, 115212 (2003).
65. J.-W. van der Horst, P. A. Bobbert, and M. A. J. Michels, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.035206 66, 035206 (2002).
66. C. D. Spataru, L. X. Benedict, and S. G. Louie, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.205204 69, 205204 (2004).
67. H. Haug and S. Schmitt-Rink, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B JOBPDE 0740-3224 2, 135 (1985).
68. S. Schmitt-Rink, D. S. Chemla, and D. A. B. Miller, Phys. Rev. B PRBMDO 0163-1829 10.1103/PhysRevB.32.6601 32, 6601 (1985).
69. C. Jundt, G. Klein, B. Sipp, J. LeMoigne, M. Joucla, and A. A. Villaeys, Chem. Phys. Lett. CHPLBC 0009-2614 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00603-2 241, 84 (1995).
70. G. Gigli, F. Della Sala, M. Lomascolo, M. Anni, G. Barbarella, A. Di Carlo, P. Lugli, and R. Cingolani, Phys. Rev. Lett. PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.167 86, 167 (2001).
71. N. Hayashi, E. Ito, H. Ishii, Y. Ouichi, and K. Seki, Synth. Met. SYMEDZ 0379-6779 10.1016/S0379-6779(00)01255-8 121, 1717 (2001).
72. H. Ishii, K. Sugiyama, E. Ito, and K. Seki, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:8<605::AID-ADMA605>3.0. CO;2-Q 11, 605 (1999).
73. M. Mazzeo, D. Pisignano, F. Della Sala, J. Thompson, R. I. R. Blyth, G. Gigli, R. Cingolani, G. Sotgiu, and G. Barbarella, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1531217 82, 334 (2003).
74. J. Thompson, R. I. R. Blyth, M. Mazzeo, M. Anni, G. Gigli, and R. Cingolani, Appl. Phys. Lett. APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.1388875 79, 560 (2001).
75. W. D. Horrocks, Jr., J. P. Bolender, W. D. Smith, and R. M. Supkowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. JACSAT 0002-7863 10.1021/ja964421l 119, 5972 (1997).
76. J. Thompson, R. I. R. Blyth, V. Arima, Y. Zou, R. Fink, E. Umbach, G. Gigli, and R. Cingolani, Mater. Sci. Eng., B MSBTEK 0921-5107 105, 40 (2003).
77. J. Thompson, R. I. R. Blyth, G. Gigli, and R. Cingolani, Adv. Funct. Mater. AFMDC6 1616-301X 10.1002/adfm.200305169 14, 979 (2004).