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Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 85-105

The liberal moment: Women and just debate in South Africa, 1994-1996

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER ROLE; LIBERALISM; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 33644862021     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070500493795     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (118)
  • 1
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    • Simone Chambers notes that 'nearly everybody these days' embraces deliberation: Liberals as well as self-proclaimed deliberative theorists For deliberative theory, see Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
    • Simone Chambers notes that 'nearly everybody these days' embraces deliberation: Liberals as well as self-proclaimed deliberative theorists. For deliberative theory, see A. Gutmann and D. Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996)
    • (1996) Democracy and Disagreement
    • Gutmann, A.1    Thompson, D.2
  • 2
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    • 'A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation'
    • M. Petracca (ed.), (Boulder CO, Westview Press)
    • J. Mansbridge, 'A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation', in M. Petracca (ed.), The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed (Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1992), pp. 32-57
    • (1992) The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed , pp. 32-57
    • Mansbridge, J.1
  • 3
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    • 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'
    • C. Calhoun (ed.), Cambridge MS, MIT Press, For a review of the ways in which deliberative theory has recently been applied empirically, and for the source of the quote above
    • N. Fraser, 'Rethinking the Public Sphere', in C. Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge MS, MIT Press, 1992). For a review of the ways in which deliberative theory has recently been applied empirically, and for the source of the quote above,
    • (1992) Habermas and the Public Sphere
    • Fraser, N.1
  • 4
    • 0242389605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Deliberative Democratic Theory'
    • June
    • see S. Chambers, 'Deliberative Democratic Theory', Annual Review of Political Science, 6 (June 2003), pp. 307-26.
    • (2003) Annual Review of Political Science , vol.6 , pp. 307-326
    • Chambers, S.1
  • 5
    • 0004094163 scopus 로고
    • Variously defined and measured, components of democracy generally include the above list, and may also include an assessment of political parties, government corruption and transparency, state responsiveness and centralisation. The most commonly used democracy indicator, Freedom House, quantifies citizens' right to participate in elections and run for public office, as well as their individual civil liberties For discussions of how to calculate democracy, see (ed.), (New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Books)
    • Variously defined and measured, components of democracy generally include the above list, and may also include an assessment of political parties, government corruption and transparency, state responsiveness and centralisation. The most commonly used democracy indicator, Freedom House, quantifies citizens' right to participate in elections and run for public office, as well as their individual civil liberties. For discussions of how to calculate democracy, see A. Inkeles (ed.), On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitant (New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Books, 1991)
    • (1991) On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitant
    • Inkeles, A.1
  • 6
    • 0033474870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices about Concepts'
    • June
    • and D. Collier and R. Adcock, 'Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices about Concepts', Annual Review of Political Science, 2 (June 1999), pp. 537-65.
    • (1999) Annual Review of Political Science , vol.2 , pp. 537-565
    • Collier, D.1    Adcock, R.2
  • 7
    • 0742328885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Citizen Participation in America: What Do We Know? Why Do We Care?'
    • For an overview of participation and a discussion on political versus non-political activity see I. Katznelson and H. Milner (eds) (New York, W.W. Norton & Co
    • For an overview of participation and a discussion on political versus non-political activity see K. Schlozman, 'Citizen Participation in America: What Do We Know? Why Do We Care?', in I. Katznelson and H. Milner (eds), Political Science, The State of the Discipline (New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 2002), pp. 434-6.
    • (2002) Political Science, The State of the Discipline , pp. 434-436
    • Schlozman, K.1
  • 8
    • 0004146490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford, Oxford University Press
    • I. Young, Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 22.
    • (2000) Inclusion and Democracy , pp. 22
    • Young, I.1
  • 9
    • 5044247012 scopus 로고
    • This discussion of the public sphere draws on the work of Jurgen Habermas as well as his critics, most notably (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press
    • This discussion of the public sphere draws on the work of Jurgen Habermas as well as his critics, most notably J. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1988)
    • (1988) Women and the Public Sphere
    • Landes, J.1
  • 10
    • 0002345982 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press
    • M. Ryan, Women in Public (Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
    • (1990) Women in Public
    • Ryan, M.1
  • 12
    • 0010833992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'
    • Fraser, 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'
    • Fraser1
  • 13
    • 0002247751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy'
    • S. Benhabib (ed.) Princeton, Princeton University Press
    • and S. Benhabib, 'Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy', in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Changing Boundaries of the Political (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 67-94.
    • (1996) Democracy and Difference: Changing Boundaries of the Political , pp. 67-94
    • Benhabib, S.1
  • 14
    • 0004146490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formal means of inclusion range from the legal right to vote to 'campaign finance regulation, lobbying regulation, corruption investigation, mandates for hearings, procedures for public comment, commission membership voting procedures, and so on', designed to protect voters' preferences
    • Formal means of inclusion range from the legal right to vote to 'campaign finance regulation, lobbying regulation, corruption investigation, mandates for hearings, procedures for public comment, commission membership voting procedures, and so on', designed to protect voters' preferences. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, p. 55.
    • Inclusion and Democracy , pp. 55
    • Young1
  • 15
    • 33644850843 scopus 로고
    • 'Sex, Lies and the Public Sphere'
    • Publicity is not embraced as an 'unambiguous', direct means of attaining justice, but as a necessary condition for problematising hegemonic ideas and for communicating new interpretations. It is a tool for engaging in contestation. For a discussion of the limits of publicity Spring
    • Publicity is not embraced as an 'unambiguous', direct means of attaining justice, but as a necessary condition for problematising hegemonic ideas and for communicating new interpretations. It is a tool for engaging in contestation. For a discussion of the limits of publicity, see N. Fraser, 'Sex, Lies and the Public Sphere', Critical Inquiry, 18 (Spring 1992), pp. 610-11.
    • (1992) Critical Inquiry , vol.18 , pp. 610-611
    • Fraser, N.1
  • 16
    • 0004146490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young examines three diverse forms of communication - greeting, rhetoric and narrative - and explains the significance of each
    • Young examines three diverse forms of communication - greeting, rhetoric and narrative - and explains the significance of each. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, pp. 52-80.
    • Inclusion and Democracy , pp. 52-80
    • Young1
  • 17
    • 0010833992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'
    • Fraser, 'Rethinking the Public Sphere', p. 124.
    • Fraser1
  • 18
    • 33644871984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • These arenas are ideal types and function as heuristic guidelines. In actuality, there is much overlap and interaction among them.
  • 19
    • 0034504212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Democratisation and Politics in South African Townships'
    • During this period in South Africa civic associations, political movements and parties were frequently interconnected. See December
    • During this period in South Africa civic associations, political movements and parties were frequently interconnected. See J. Cherry, K. Jones and J. Seekings, 'Democratisation and Politics in South African Townships', International Journal of Urban & Regional Research, 24, 4 (December 2000), pp. 889-906.
    • (2000) International Journal of Urban & Regional Research , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 889-906
    • Cherry, J.1    Jones, K.2    Seekings, J.3
  • 20
    • 33644859334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black, coloured, Indian and white racial categories inherited from the apartheid era remain salient markers of economic and social status in South Africa. In 1995, 95 per cent of the impoverished population was black African, and rural areas accounted for 75 per cent of this total. (Pretoria, Sida and Bridge, IDS)
    • Black, coloured, Indian and white racial categories inherited from the apartheid era remain salient markers of economic and social status in South Africa. In 1995, 95 per cent of the impoverished population was black African, and rural areas accounted for 75 per cent of this total. S. Baden, S. Hassim and S. Meintjes, Country Gender Profile: South Africa 1998 (Pretoria, Sida and Bridge, IDS, 1998), p. 38.
    • (1998) Country Gender Profile: South Africa 1998 , pp. 38
    • Baden, S.1    Hassim, S.2    Meintjes, S.3
  • 21
    • 0010833992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rethinking the Public Sphere'
    • Fraser, 'Rethinking the Public Sphere', pp. 123-6.
    • Fraser1
  • 22
    • 33644871983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Ryan's description of women in the public sphere in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century falls into this category on the spectrum.
  • 23
    • 0347715913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Dual Politics of Representation: Women and Electoral Politics in South Africa'
    • After the 1994 election, women held 15 per cent of Cabinet ministry positions and 56 per cent of Deputy Ministers were women
    • After the 1994 election, women held 15 per cent of Cabinet ministry positions and 56 per cent of Deputy Ministers were women. S. Hassim, 'The Dual Politics of Representation: Women and Electoral Politics in South Africa', Politikon, 26, 2 (1999), pp. 206-7.
    • (1999) Politikon , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 206-207
    • Hassim, S.1
  • 24
    • 33644867478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa'
    • For a detailed discussion of women's representation in electoral politics in South Africa see G. Fick, S. Meintjes, M. Simons (eds), Johannesburg, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, South Africa moved in a single year from being one of the most sexist parliaments in the world to ranking among one of the most representative
    • For a detailed discussion of women's representation in electoral politics in South Africa see J. Ballington, 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa', in G. Fick, S. Meintjes, M. Simons (eds), One Woman, One Vote: The Gender Politics of South African Elections (Johannesburg, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, 2002), pp. 75-101. South Africa moved in a single year from being one of the most sexist parliaments in the world to ranking among one of the most representative.
    • (2002) One Woman, One Vote: The Gender Politics of South African Elections , pp. 75-101
    • Ballington, J.1
  • 25
    • 33644864606 scopus 로고
    • 'Women MPs Report Progress... of a Kind'
    • May
    • G. Davis, 'Women MPs Report Progress... of a Kind', Sash (May 1995), pp. 17-20.
    • (1995) Sash , pp. 17-20
    • Davis, G.1
  • 26
    • 33644863979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Women Want More Change'
    • April
    • 'Women Want More Change', Parliamentary Whip, 4 April 1996, p. 2.
    • (1996) Parliamentary Whip , vol.4 , pp. 2
  • 27
    • 33644863978 scopus 로고
    • 'Where have All the Women Gone?'
    • 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk: A Case Study in Breaking Barriers' Democracy in Action, 15 July 1996
    • 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk: A Case Study in Breaking Barriers', Democracy in Action, 15 July 1996. 'Where have All the Women Gone?', Agenda, 24 (1995), p. 22.
    • (1995) Agenda , vol.24 , pp. 22
  • 28
    • 33644854507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Women MPs Report Progress... of a Kind'
    • Davis, 'Women MPs Report Progress... of a Kind', p. 18.
    • Davis1
  • 29
    • 33644861123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women MPs publicly cited race, class and party divisions as obstacles to women's unity
    • Women MPs publicly cited race, class and party divisions as obstacles to women's unity. Ibid.,
    • Davis1
  • 30
    • 33644858484 scopus 로고
    • 'Race, Class Easier Issues than Gender'
    • 31 March
    • 'Race, Class Easier Issues than Gender', The Star, 31 March 1995
    • (1995) The Star
  • 31
    • 0034464272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '"Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle": Women, Men and Politics in South Africa'
    • (December)
    • and G. Geisler,'"Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle": Women, Men and Politics in South Africa', Journal of Modern African Studies, 38, 4 (December 2000), p. 622.
    • (2000) Journal of Modern African Studies , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 622
    • Geisler, G.1
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    • 33644871982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle'
    • Geisler, 'Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle', p. 618.
    • Geisler1
  • 33
    • 18344394234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women Speak: Reflections on Our Struggles 1982-1997
    • Cape Town, Kwela Books and Oxfam Great Britain in association with SPEAK
    • S. Meer, Women Speak: Reflections on Our Struggles 1982-1997 (Cape Town, Kwela Books and Oxfam Great Britain in association with SPEAK, 1998), p. 163.
    • (1998) , pp. 163
    • Meer, S.1
  • 34
    • 0004140678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the Women's Budget see (ed.), (Cape Town, Idasa) The Office on the Status of Women (OSW) and Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) began functioning in 1997. Until 1998 the Ad-Hoc Joint Committee on Improvement of Quality of Life and Status of Women was not recognised as a full-fledged committee, had no budget, no official recognition in parliament, and no administrative staff despite its sweeping mandate to monitor the government's adherence to the Beijing Platform for Action and CEDAW. Nevertheless, under the skilful leadership of ANC MP Pregs Govender the Joint Committee spearheaded the Women's Budget and would continue to promote women's issues in parliament for the remainder of the decade
    • For a discussion of the Women's Budget see D. Budlender (ed.), The Women's Budget (Cape Town, Idasa, 1996). The Office on the Status of Women (OSW) and Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) began functioning in 1997. Until 1998 the Ad-Hoc Joint Committee on Improvement of Quality of Life and Status of Women was not recognised as a full-fledged committee, had no budget, no official recognition in parliament, and no administrative staff despite its sweeping mandate to monitor the government's adherence to the Beijing Platform for Action and CEDAW. Nevertheless, under the skilful leadership of ANC MP Pregs Govender the Joint Committee spearheaded the Women's Budget and would continue to promote women's issues in parliament for the remainder of the decade.
    • (1996) The Women's Budget
    • Budlender, D.1
  • 35
    • 33644850844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Synthesis Report on the Participation of Women in Parliament'
    • Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE) May
    • Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE), 'Synthesis Report on the Participation of Women in Parliament', May 1999, p. 12.
    • (1999) , pp. 12
  • 36
    • 33644864611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Women in Parliament: A Double-Edged Sword'
    • 28 November
    • T. Songo, 'Women in Parliament: A Double-Edged Sword', Provincial Whip, 28 November 1996, p. 2.
    • (1996) Provincial Whip , pp. 2
    • Songo, T.1
  • 37
    • 0346754122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Gender Equality in the Provinces: The Question of Structures'
    • C. Albertyn, 'Gender Equality in the Provinces: The Question of Structures', Agenda, 31 (1996), pp. 6-17.
    • (1996) Agenda , vol.31 , pp. 6-17
    • Albertyn, C.1
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    • 'Women in Parliament: A Double-Edged Sword'
    • Songo, 'Women in Parliament: A Double-Edged Sword', p. 2
    • Songo1
  • 39
    • 33644863977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Local Government'
    • G. Fick, S. Meintjes, M. Simons (eds) (Johannesburg, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa)
    • A. Coetzee and S. Naidoo, 'Local Government', in G. Fick, S. Meintjes, M. Simons (eds), One Woman, One Vote: The Gender Politics of South African Elections (Johannesburg, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, 2002), p. 179
    • (2002) One Woman, One Vote: The Gender Politics of South African Elections , pp. 179
    • Coetzee, A.1    Naidoo, S.2
  • 40
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    • 'High Risk for Council Women'
    • 9 August
    • 'High Risk for Council Women', The Argus, 9 August 1995.
    • (1995) The Argus
  • 41
    • 33644852821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Real Gender Equality Essential'
    • 28 August
    • A. Karras, 'Real Gender Equality Essential', The Star, 28 August 1996.
    • (1996) The Star
    • Karras, A.1
  • 42
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    • 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk: A Case Study in Breaking Barriers'
    • 15 July
    • A. Coetzee, 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk: A Case Study in Breaking Barriers', Democracy in Action, 15 July 1996.
    • (1996) Democracy in Action
    • Coetzee, A.1
  • 43
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    • 'Shattering the Gender Barrier'
    • 21 June
    • 'Shattering the Gender Barrier', Daily News (Durban), 21 June 1996.
    • (1996) Daily News (Durban)
  • 44
    • 33644856901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Land Reform Pilot Programme: Capturing Opportunities for Rural Women'
    • S. Hargreaves, 'The Land Reform Pilot Programme: Capturing Opportunities for Rural Women', Agenda, 31 (1996), pp. 20-21.
    • (1996) Agenda , vol.31 , pp. 20-21
    • Hargreaves, S.1
  • 45
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    • 'Rural Women Pessimistic'
    • Quoted in
    • Quoted in N. Zondo, 'Rural Women Pessimistic', Agenda, 26 (1995), p. 24.
    • (1995) Agenda , vol.26 , pp. 24
    • Zondo, N.1
  • 46
    • 33644859332 scopus 로고
    • 'Women's Land Rights - Case Study in Lebowa'
    • Variation in labour systems and access to land in rural areas was substantial. Nevertheless, female economic dependence and lack of political participation were the norm. For example, see (Johannesburg, Transvaal Rural Action Committee)
    • Variation in labour systems and access to land in rural areas was substantial. Nevertheless, female economic dependence and lack of political participation were the norm. For example, see J. Small, 'Women's Land Rights - Case Study in Lebowa' (Johannesburg, Transvaal Rural Action Committee, 1994)
    • (1994)
    • Small, J.1
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    • 'Women's Activists Chart New Course'
    • 21 June
    • 'Women's Activists Chart New Course', The Citizen, 21 June 1994
    • (1994) The Citizen
  • 49
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    • 'Resource Centre Aims to Bring Women's Charter to the People'
    • 7 April
    • and B. Spratt, 'Resource Centre Aims to Bring Women's Charter to the People', The Sunday Independent, 7 April 1996.
    • (1996) The Sunday Independent
    • Spratt, B.1
  • 50
    • 33644866397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'In and Against the Party: Women's Representation and Constituency-Building in Uganda and South Africa'
    • (conference paper for UNRISD's Beijing +5 Review, June)
    • A.M. Goetz and S. Hassim, 'In and Against the Party: Women's Representation and Constituency-Building in Uganda and South Africa', (conference paper for UNRISD's Beijing +5 Review, June 2000), p. 17.
    • (2000) , pp. 17
    • Goetz, A.M.1    Hassim, S.2
  • 51
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    • Human Sciences Research Council Press Release, 28 November
    • Human Sciences Research Council Press Release, 28 November 1999.
    • (1999)
  • 52
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    • The WNC estimated that approximately 2,000 women's organisations existed in the country during this period n. 140
    • The WNC estimated that approximately 2,000 women's organisations existed in the country during this period. Baden, et al., Country Gender Profile, p. 110, n. 140.
    • Country Gender Profile , pp. 110
    • Baden1
  • 53
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    • 'Filling the Gaps'
    • Public discussion of women's activism in civil society filled the pages of Agenda and appeared in newspapers throughout the country. For example, see
    • Public discussion of women's activism in civil society filled the pages of Agenda and appeared in newspapers throughout the country. For example, see S. Hassim, 'Filling the Gaps', Agenda, 29 (1996), pp. 62-5
    • (1996) Agenda , vol.29 , pp. 62-65
    • Hassim, S.1
  • 54
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    • 'Fighting an Agenda of Sexism'
    • 28 November
    • S. Hendricks, 'Fighting an Agenda of Sexism', The Star, 28 November 1994
    • (1994) The Star
    • Hendricks, S.1
  • 55
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    • 'Giving the People a Platform for Action'
    • 14 December
    • and B. Spratt 'Giving the People a Platform for Action', Sowetan, 14 December 1995.
    • (1995) Sowetan
    • Spratt, B.1
  • 56
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    • 'Act of Omission: Gender and Local Government in the Transition'
    • J. Robinson, 'Act of Omission: Gender and Local Government in the Transition', Agenda, 26 (1995), p. 17
    • (1995) Agenda , vol.26 , pp. 17
    • Robinson, J.1
  • 57
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    • 'Democratic Societies? Voluntary Association and Democratic Culture in a South African Township'
    • and C. White, 'Democratic Societies? Voluntary Association and Democratic Culture in a South African Township', Transformation, 36 (1998), p. 8.
    • (1998) Transformation , vol.36 , pp. 8
    • White, C.1
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    • 'Democratic Societies?'
    • White, 'Democratic Societies?', pp. 30-31.
    • White1
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    • 'Race, Class Easier Issues than Gender'
    • 31 March
    • Ibid., p. 29. 'Race, Class Easier Issues than Gender', The Star, 31 March 1995
    • (1995) The Star
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    • Country Gender Profile
    • Baden et al., Country Gender Profile, p. 23
    • Baden1
  • 61
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    • 'Focus on Women'
    • 14 November 1994
    • 'Focus on Women', Sowetan, 14 November 1994.
    • Sowetan
  • 62
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    • 'Reconstructing Tradition: Women and Land Reform'
    • P.B. Rich (ed.), (London, Macmillan)
    • C. Walker, 'Reconstructing Tradition: Women and Land Reform', in P.B. Rich (ed.), Reaction and Renewal in South Africa (London, Macmillan, 1996), pp. 146-7.
    • (1996) Reaction and Renewal in South Africa , pp. 146-147
    • Walker, C.1
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    • 'Moving Slowly Up the Gender Ladder'
    • However, only one woman - Albertina Sisulu - was in the top ten, and only ten women were in the top 50. 14 May
    • However, only one woman - Albertina Sisulu - was in the top ten, and only ten women were in the top 50. C. Powers, 'Moving Slowly Up the Gender Ladder', The Star, 14 May 1999.
    • (1999) The Star
    • Powers, C.1
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    • 'Women and Electoral Politics'
    • For the number of female MPs in 1994 and 1999 by party, see
    • For the number of female MPs in 1994 and 1999 by party, see Hassim, 'Women and Electoral Politics', p. 205.
    • Hassim1
  • 65
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    • 'Local Government'
    • The exceptions were Durban and the Cape Town areas. Coetzee and Naidoo
    • The exceptions were Durban and the Cape Town areas. Coetzee and Naidoo, 'Local Government', p. 192.
  • 66
    • 33644863100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minister of Constitutional Development Valli Moosa publicly endorsed change. Commission on Gender Equality, 'Submission to Department of Constitutional Affairs in terms of section 11(1) of the Commission on Gender Equality Act 39 of 1996'
    • Minister of Constitutional Development Valli Moosa publicly endorsed change. Commission on Gender Equality, 'Submission to Department of Constitutional Affairs in terms of section 11(1) of the Commission on Gender Equality Act 39 of 1996', p. 7.
  • 67
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    • 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa'
    • Ballington, 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa', p. 89.
    • Ballington1
  • 68
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    • Interview with NNP MP Martha Olckers, Cape Town 22 July
    • Interview with NNP MP Martha Olckers, Cape Town, 22 July 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 69
    • 33644860195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk'
    • Coetzee, 'From Standing Committee to Empty Desk'.
    • Coetzee1
  • 70
    • 84930560137 scopus 로고
    • 'Equality Versus Authority: Inkatha and the Politics of Gender in Natal'
    • (December)
    • S. Hassim, 'Equality Versus Authority: Inkatha and the Politics of Gender in Natal', Politikon, 17, 2 (December 1990), pp. 99-114.
    • (1990) Politikon , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-114
    • Hassim, S.1
  • 71
    • 33644849121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa'
    • Ballington, 'Political Parties, Gender Equality, and Elections in South Africa', p. 90.
    • Ballington1
  • 72
    • 33644851728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with IFP MP Suzanne Vos, Cape Town 23 July
    • Interview with IFP MP Suzanne Vos, Cape Town, 23 July 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 73
  • 74
    • 33644871094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Comments: On Where Rural Women ARE in Local Government'
    • 15 July
    • and L. Ndlela, 'Comments: On Where Rural Women ARE in Local Government', Democracy in Action, 15 July 1996.
    • (1996) Democracy in Action
    • Ndlela, L.1
  • 75
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    • 'Debates of the Constitutional Assembly 24 May to 5 September 1994'
    • Cape Town, The Government Printer
    • 'Debates of the Constitutional Assembly 24 May to 5 September 1994', Hansards, 1 (Cape Town, The Government Printer, 1994), pp. 120-22.
    • (1994) Hansards , vol.1 , pp. 120-122
  • 76
    • 0004198396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a history of the public participation campaign see (Cape Town, Oxford University Press)
    • For a history of the public participation campaign see H. Ebrahim, The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-Making in South Africa (Cape Town, Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 239-50.
    • (1998) The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-Making in South Africa , pp. 239-250
    • Ebrahim, H.1
  • 78
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    • 'A Critical Examination of the Democratic Transition in South Africa: The Question of Public Participation'
    • While submissions were invited, referred to in the Hansards and publicised, their substantive influence on the Constitution is open to doubt. For one account see (March)
    • While submissions were invited, referred to in the Hansards and publicised, their substantive influence on the Constitution is open to doubt. For one account see H. Deegan, 'A Critical Examination of the Democratic Transition in South Africa: The Question of Public Participation', Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 40, 1 (March 2002), pp. 43-60.
    • (2002) Commonwealth & Comparative Politics , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-60
    • Deegan, H.1
  • 79
    • 33644854506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Civil Society had Impact on CA Process'
    • At least one ANC negotiator has argued that they did enrich several sections of the Bill of Rights, although time pressures made 'referral back to the public' impossible. See 17 May
    • At least one ANC negotiator has argued that they did enrich several sections of the Bill of Rights, although time pressures made 'referral back to the public' impossible. See 'Civil Society had Impact on CA Process', Parliamentary Whip, 17 May 1996, p. 7.
    • (1996) Parliamentary Whip , pp. 7
  • 81
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    • 'Educational Programme Empowers the People'
    • June-10 August
    • 'Educational Programme Empowers the People', Constitutional Talk, 9, 30 June-10 August 1995.
    • (1995) Constitutional Talk , vol.9 , Issue.30
  • 82
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    • 'Public Participation Kicks Off'
    • 10-23 February
    • 'Public Participation Kicks Off', Constitutional Talk, 3, 10-23 February 1995.
    • (1995) Constitutional Talk , vol.3
  • 83
    • 33644863099 scopus 로고
    • 'The People of Paarl Speak'
    • 24 February-3 March
    • 'The People of Paarl Speak', Constitutional Talk, 4, 24 February-3 March 1995.
    • (1995) Constitutional Talk , vol.4
  • 84
    • 33644852820 scopus 로고
    • 'First Phase of PPP Draws to a Close'
    • The average number of people attending CPMs was estimated at 500 19-29 June
    • The average number of people attending CPMs was estimated at 500. 'First Phase of PPP Draws to a Close', Constitutional Talk, 8, 19-29 June 1995.
    • (1995) Constitutional Talk , vol.8
  • 85
    • 33644866398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (ed.) To view a complete listing of the submissions see
    • Bell (ed.), The Making of the Constitution, p. 22. To view a complete listing of the submissions see: http://www.constitution.za.
    • The Making of the Constitution , pp. 22
    • Bell1
  • 86
    • 33644863097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa: Evaluating the Public Participation, Media, Education and Plain Language Campaigns of the Constitutional Assembly'
    • (Cape Town, CASE, April)
    • D. Everatt, K. Fenyves and S. Davies, 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa: Evaluating the Public Participation, Media, Education and Plain Language Campaigns of the Constitutional Assembly' (Cape Town, CASE, April 1996), p. 25.
    • (1996) , pp. 25
    • Everatt, D.1    Fenyves, K.2    Davies, S.3
  • 87
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    • 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa: Evaluating the Public Participation, Media, Education and Plain Language Campaigns of the Constitutional Assembly'
    • (Cape Town, CASE, April)
    • Ibid., p. 19.
    • Everatt, D.1    Fenyves, K.2    Davies, S.3
  • 88
    • 84937265019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa'
    • (Spring)
    • L. Zulu, 'Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa', Feminist Studies, 24, 1 (Spring 1998), pp. 147-57.
    • (1998) Feminist Studies , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-157
    • Zulu, L.1
  • 89
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    • 'Developing the Commission for Gender Equality'
    • Also see
    • Also see V.L. Neophytou, 'Developing the Commission for Gender Equality', Agenda, 26 (1995), pp. 60-65
    • (1995) Agenda , vol.26 , pp. 60-65
    • Neophytou, V.L.1
  • 90
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    • 'Custom, Religion and Women's Rights'
    • and V. Soobrayan, 'Custom, Religion and Women's Rights', Agenda, 25 (1995), pp. 47-50.
    • (1995) Agenda , vol.25 , pp. 47-50
    • Soobrayan, V.1
  • 91
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    • 'Low Turnout at CPM'
    • (8-21 September)
    • 'Low Turnout at CPM', Constitutional Talk, 12 (8-21 September 1995).
    • (1995) Constitutional Talk , vol.12
  • 92
    • 33644851727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'On the Outside'
    • See the same issue of Constitutional Talk for a discussion of the Inkatha Freedom Party's position by IFP Senator Ruth Rabinowitz
    • See the same issue of Constitutional Talk for a discussion of the Inkatha Freedom Party's position by IFP Senator Ruth Rabinowitz, 'On the Outside'.
  • 93
    • 33644869914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa'
    • Everatt et al., 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa', p. 20.
    • Everatt1
  • 94
    • 33644869914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'A New Constitution for a New South Africa'
    • pp. 27
    • Ibid., pp. 27 and 32.
    • Everatt1
  • 95
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    • 'The Sisterly Republic'
    • March
    • F. Haffajee, 'The Sisterly Republic', New Internationalist, March 1995, pp. 11-13.
    • (1995) New Internationalist , pp. 11-13
    • Haffajee, F.1
  • 96
    • 33644861118 scopus 로고
    • 'Senators Vote for National Women's Day'
    • 10 August
    • C. Sawyer, 'Senators Vote for National Women's Day', The Argus, 10 August 1994.
    • (1994) The Argus
    • Sawyer, C.1
  • 97
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    • "Patronising Concessions"'
    • 10 August
    • 'Thomas Slams "Patronising Concessions"', Eastern Province Herald, 10 August 1994.
    • (1994) Eastern Province Herald
    • Slams, T.1
  • 98
    • 33644863968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Reconstruction and Developing the Rainbow Nation: Popular Symbols and Culture in a New South Africa'
    • (unpublished article, HSRC archives)
    • C. Malan, 'Reconstruction and Developing the Rainbow Nation: Popular Symbols and Culture in a New South Africa', in 'Media, Politics and African Cultures in Development Perspectives' (unpublished article, HSRC archives, 1999), p. 3.
    • (1999) 'Media, Politics and African Cultures in Development Perspectives' , pp. 3
    • Malan, C.1
  • 99
    • 33644871090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Equality Questions'
    • As quoted in (September)
    • As quoted in S. Wren, 'Equality Questions', Democracy in Action (September 1996).
    • (1996) Democracy in Action
    • Wren, S.1
  • 100
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    • The Rural Women's Movement: Holding the Knife on the Sharp Edge
    • (Johannesburg, Transvaal Rural Action Committee and the National Land Committee)
    • L. Kompe, J. Small and B. Mkhize, The Rural Women's Movement: Holding the Knife on the Sharp Edge (Johannesburg, Transvaal Rural Action Committee and the National Land Committee, 1994), p. 31.
    • (1994) , pp. 31
    • Kompe, L.1    Small, J.2    Mkhize, B.3
  • 101
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    • 'With Our Own Hands: Women Write about Development and Health'
    • (Johannesburg, Women's Health Project, The Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand)
    • B. Klugman, 'With Our Own Hands: Women Write about Development and Health' (Johannesburg, Women's Health Project, The Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 1993), p. 18
    • (1993) , pp. 18
    • Klugman, B.1
  • 102
    • 33644869913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Kompe et al., p. 13.
    • Kompe1
  • 103
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    • 'Domestic Strategies of Rural Transkeian Women'
    • (Grahamstown, Institute of Social and Economic Research)
    • L. Cloete, 'Domestic Strategies of Rural Transkeian Women' (Grahamstown, Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1992).
    • (1992)
    • Cloete, L.1
  • 104
    • 21244485984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Documenting Democratization: New Media Practices in Post-Apartheid South Africa'
    • The IBA was established to regulate broadcasting in South Africa and ensure its diversity. Television broadcasting in South Africa's official eleven languages was also stipulated. See (paper presented at the Media in Transition Conference at MIT, 8 October) (available at For an overview of media reform during the 1990s
    • The IBA was established to regulate broadcasting in South Africa and ensure its diversity. Television broadcasting in South Africa's official eleven languages was also stipulated. See A. Dawson, 'Documenting Democratization: New Media Practices in Post-Apartheid South Africa' (paper presented at the Media in Transition Conference at MIT, 8 October 1999) (available at http://web.mit.edu/m-i-t/articles/dawson.html). For an overview of media reform during the 1990s,
    • (1999)
    • Dawson, A.1
  • 105
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    • 'Towards an Analysis of the South African Media and Transformation, 1994-99'
    • see G. Berger, 'Towards an Analysis of the South African Media and Transformation, 1994-99', Transformation, 38 (1999), pp. 82-116,
    • (1999) Transformation , vol.38 , pp. 82-116
    • Berger, G.1
  • 107
    • 33644869909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Post-Beijing - The Media'
    • K. Throne, M. Pillay and N. Newman, 'Post-Beijing - the Media', Agenda, 31 (1996), p. 7.
    • (1996) Agenda , vol.31 , pp. 7
    • Throne, K.1    Pillay, M.2    Newman, N.3
  • 108
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    • 'Women Call for SABC Equality'
    • 7 December
    • 'Women Call for SABC Equality', The Citizen, 7 December 1995.
    • (1995) The Citizen
  • 110
    • 33644856011 scopus 로고
    • 'After Apartheid: The Struggle for Gender Equality'
    • For example, although more than half of the SABC's staff was female in 1995, only six out of 872 people in middle management were women. 18 June
    • For example, although more than half of the SABC's staff was female in 1995, only six out of 872 people in middle management were women. 'After Apartheid: The Struggle for Gender Equality', The Toronto Star, 18 June 1995.
    • (1995) The Toronto Star
  • 112
    • 33644864606 scopus 로고
    • 'Women MPs Report Progress... of a Kind'
    • (May)
    • Ibid., p. 24.
    • (1995) Sash , pp. 17-20
    • Davis, G.1
  • 113
    • 10944241359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Community Radio: A Voice for the Voiceless'
    • T. Naughton, 'Community Radio: A Voice for the Voiceless', Agenda, 31 (1996), p. 12.
    • (1996) Agenda , vol.31 , pp. 12
    • Naughton, T.1
  • 114
    • 33644849968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'NGOs Discover "Gender"'
    • Community media employee Lydia Masemola explained, 'women do the faxing and men attend the conferences'. It was also reported that out of the approximately 80 newly licensed community radio stations, 'only a handful can claim to have women in decision-making roles'. 26 September
    • Community media employee Lydia Masemola explained, 'women do the faxing and men attend the conferences'. It was also reported that out of the approximately 80 newly licensed community radio stations, 'only a handful can claim to have women in decision-making roles'. F. Lloyd, 'NGOs Discover "Gender"', Weekly Mail & Guardian, 26 September 1996.
    • (1996) Weekly Mail & Guardian
    • Lloyd, F.1
  • 116
    • 33644869196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Analysis of Gender and Media in South Africa'
    • (unpublished paper, The Gender and Media Symposium, 26 September)
    • 'Analysis of Gender and Media in South Africa' (unpublished paper, The Gender and Media Symposium, 26 September 1997), pp. 34-5.
    • (1997) , pp. 34-35
  • 117
    • 33644863968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Reconstruction and Developing the Rainbow Nation'
    • Malan, 'Reconstruction and Developing the Rainbow Nation', p. 3.
    • Malan1
  • 118
    • 33644859328 scopus 로고
    • 'Inside the ANC'
    • The ANC readily admitted its limited vision of gender equality early in the decade. For example, see (December)
    • The ANC readily admitted its limited vision of gender equality early in the decade. For example, see I. Suttner, 'Inside the ANC', Speak (December 1993), pp. 22-3.
    • (1993) Speak , pp. 22-23
    • Suttner, I.1


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