The need for informed consent: Lessons from the ancient greeks

Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 152-160

  Miola, José ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ETHICS; HISTORY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFORMED CONSENT; MEDICAL ETHICS; NUREMBERG CODE; PATIENT RIGHT; PHYSICIAN; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESEARCH ETHICS; REVIEW; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; NUREMBERG CODE; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP;

CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ETHICS, MEDICAL; ETHICS, RESEARCH; HELSINKI DECLARATION; HIPPOCRATIC OATH; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; INFORMED CONSENT; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; PATIENT RIGHTS; PHYSICIANS; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

EID: 33644854563     PISSN: 09631801     EISSN: 14692147     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S096318010606018X     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Kennedy I. Consent to treatment: The capable person. In: Dyer C, ed. Doctors, Patients and the Law. Oxford: Blackwell; 1992:44-72.
2. Cassell J, Young A. Why we should not seek individual informed consent for participation in health service research. Journal of Medical Ethics 2002;28:313. The full text of this article can be found at: http://jme. bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/28/5/313-17.
3. See, for example, O'Neill O. Some limits of informed consent. Journal of Medical Ethics 2003; 29:4-7;
4. Tobias J. B.M.J.'s present policy (sometimes approving research in which patients have not given fully informed consent) is wholly correct. British Medical Journal 1997;314:1111-13;
5. Bhagwanjee S, Muckart D, Jeena PM, Moodley P. Commentary: Why we did not seek informed consent before testing patients for HIV. British Medical Journal 1997;314:1082.
6. Indeed, in 1998 the British Medical Journal hosted a debate on the issue with various authors giving their views; Informed Consent In Medical Research. British Medical Journal 1998;316:1000-05.
7. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. Nuremberg, October 1946-April 1949. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O, 1949-1953.
8. See note 4, Trials of War Criminals 1949-1953.
9. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the WMA's General Assembly in Helsinki in 1964, then amended in 1975, 1983, 1989, 1996 and finally in October 2000, the full text can be found on the WMA's Web site at: http://www.wma.net.
10. See note 6, World Medical Association 1964.
11. Nicosia F, Huener J, eds. Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practices, Legacies. New York: Berghahn Books; 2002;
12. Annas G. Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights and Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.
13. See, generally, Caplan A, ed. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1992.
14. Seedhouse D, Gallagher A. Undignifying institutions. Journal of Medical Ethics 2002;28:368, available at: http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/ 28/6/368-72.
15. For an excellent analysis of the different origins of dignity, and the consequences of this, see Häyry M. Another look at dignity. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13:7-14. The definition of dignity used in this article most closely conforms to the Kantian model described in pp. 8-9, but is a personal one.
16. Häyry M, Takala T. Genetic information, rights, and autonomy. Theoretical Medicine 2001;22:403-14.
17. See note 12, Häyry, Takala 2001:406-7.
18. See note 12, Häyry, Takala 2001:407.
19. See, in particular, Tobias JS. Changing the BMJ's position on informed consent would be counterproductive. British Medical Journal 1998;316:1001 for a brief précis of the views expressed within the debate on the issue.
20. See Vaux K. Biomedical Ethics - Morality for the New Medicine. New York: Harper and Row; 1968.
21. Jones WHS. Hippocrates, vol. II. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; 1923:297.
22. Gelfand M. The Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone Ltd.; 1968:107.
23. Pellegrino E. Toward an expanded medical ethics: The Hippocratic ethic revisited. In: Veatch R, ed. Cross Cultural Perspectives in Medical Ethics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 1989: 27. Emphasis added.
24. See note 16, Vaux 1968:4.
25. Szasz T. The Theology of Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1979.
26. The Republic of Plato, Cornford FM, trans. New York: Oxford University Press; 1945:23.
27. See note 22, The Republic of Plato 1945:23-4.
28. See note 21, Szasz 1979:9. Emphasis added.
29. See note 21, Szasz 1979:9.
30. See note 21, Szasz 1979:12.
31. See note 21, Szasz 1979:13.
32. See note 21, Szasz 1979:13.
33. The most famous being the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Swedish Sterilisation Programme. Both lasted into the 1970s. See Jones JH. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press; 1993;
34. Armstrong C. Thousands of women sterilised in Sweden without consent. British Medical Journal 1997;315:563, respectively.
35. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
36. Warnock M. Informed consent - A publisher's duty. In: Doyal L, Tobias JS, eds. Informed Consent in Medical Research. London: BMJ Books; 2001. In Cassell and Young, see note 2.
37. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
38. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
39. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
40. See Z v. Finland (1997) 25 EHRR 371 and MS v. Sweden (1997) 28 EHRR 313.
41. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
42. See note 2, Cassell, Young 2002.
43. Pellegrino E. Nazi doctors and Nuremberg: Some moral lessons revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127(4):307-08. The full text can be found at: http://www.acponline.org/journals/annals/15aug97/naziedit.htm.