Constraints in implementing biological weed control: A review

Weed Biology and Management

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 83-92

  Ghosheh, Hani Z ^a  

^a JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Jordan)

Author keywords

Biocontrol; Bioherbicide; Herbivores; Host specificity; Pathogens

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644831527     PISSN: 14446162     EISSN: 14456664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00163.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abbas H.K. Barrentine W.L. 1995. Alternaria helianthi and imazaquin for control of imazaquin susceptible and resistant cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes. Weed Sci. 43, 425 428.
2. Altman J. Neate S. Rovira A.D. 1990. Herbicide pathogens interaction and mycoherbicides as alternative strategies for weed control. In: Microbes and Microbial Products as Herbicides (ed. by Hoagland R.E.). ACS Symposium Series 439. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 240 259.
3. Amsellem L. Le Bourgeois T. Noyer J.L. Hossaert-Mckey M. 1999. Comparisons of genetic diversity of the weed Rubus alceifolius in its introduced and native areas. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 33.
4. Anderson W.P. 1983. Weed Science Principles and Applications, 3rd edn. West Publishing, St Paul, MN, USA.
5. Auld B.A. Morin L. 1995. Constraints in the development of bioherbicides. Weed Technol. 9, 638 652.
6. Baars J.R. 1999. Emphasizing behavioural host range the key to resolving ambiguous host specificity results on Lantana camara L. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 57.
7. Babu R.M. Sajeena A. Seetharaman K. Vidhyasekaran P. Rangasamy P. Prakash M.S. et al. 2003. Advances in bioherbicides development-an overview. Crop Prot. 22, 253 260.
8. Bailey B.A. Hebbar P.K. Strem M. Lumsden R.D. Darlington L.C. Connick W.J. Jr. et al. 1998. Formulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. erythroxyli for biocontrol of Erythroxylum coca var. coca. Weed Sci. 46, 682 689.
9. Barreto R. Charudattan R. Pomella A. Hanada R. 2000. Biological control of neotropical aquatic weeds with fungi. Crop Prot. 19, 697 703.
10. Barton J. 2004. How good are we at predicting the field host-range of fungal pathogens used for classical biological control of weeds? Biol. Control 31, 99 122.
11. Bayer K.N. Wolf T.M. Caldwell B.C. Baiely K.L. 1999. Assays for predicting mycoherbicide formulation compatibility. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 65.
12. Bewick T.A. 1996. Technological advancements in biological weed control with microorganisms: an introduction. Weed Technol. 10, 600.
13. Blossey B. Schroeder D. Hight S.D. Malecki R.A. 1994. Host specificity and environmental impact of the weevil Hylobius tranversovittatus, a biological control agent of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Weed Sci. 42, 128 133.
14. Bowes G.G. Thomas A.G. 1978. Longevity of leafy spurge seeds in the soil following various control programs. J. Range Manage. 31, 137 140.
15. Boyette C.D. Abbas H.K. Connick W.J. Jr. 1993. Evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum as a potential bioherbicide for sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), coffe senna (C. occidentalis), and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata). Weed Sci. 41, 678 681.
16. Boyette C.D. Jackson M.A. Quimby P.C. Jr., Connick W.J. Jr., Zidak N.K. Abbas H.K. et al. 1999. Biological control of the weed hemp sesbania with Colletotrichum truncatum. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 64.
17. Briese D.T. Walker A. 2002. A new perspective on the selection of test plants for evaluating the host-specificity of weed biological control agents: the case of Deuterocampta quadrijuga, a potential insect control agent of Heliotropium amplexicaule. Biol. Control 25, 273 287.
18. Caesar A.J. 2003. Synergistic interaction of soilborne plant pathogens and root-attacking insects in classical biological control of an exotic rangeland weed. Biol. Control 28, 144 153.
19. Charudattan R. 2001. Biological control of weeds by means of plant pathogens: significance for integrated weed management in modern agro-ecology. Biol. Control 46, 229 260.
20. Charudattan R. Dinoor A. 2000. Biological control of weeds using plant pathogens: accomplishments and limitations. Crop Prot. 19, 691 695.
21. Charudattan R. Heron D.S. 1982. Araujia mosaic virus, potential biological control agent for milkweed vines. In: Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (ed. by Charudattan R. and Walker H.L.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 245.
22. Cock M.J.W. Ellison C.A. Evans H.C. Ooi P.A.C. 1999. Can failure be turned into success for biological control of mile-a-minute weed (Mikania micrantha)? In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 29.
23. Coombs E.M. McEvoy P.B. Piper G.L. Villegas B. 1999. Why do weed biocontrol agents fail to establish or control their hosts? In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 27.
24. DeJong M.D. Bourdôt G.W. Hurrell G.A. Saville D.J. Erbrink H.J. Zadoks J.C. 2002. Risk analysis for biological weed control-simulating dispersal of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary ascospores from a pasture after biological control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scope. Aerobiologia 18, 211 222.
25. Dennill G.B. Donnelly D. 1991. Biological control of Acacia longifolia and related weed species (Fabaceae) in South Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 37, 115 135.
26. Dunn P.H. Campobasso G. 1993. Field test of the weevil Hadroplonthus trimaculatus and the fleabeetle Psylliodes chalcomera against musk thistle (Carduus nutans). Weed Sci. 41, 656 663.
27. Emberson R.M. 1999. Endemic biodiversity, natural enemies and the future of biological control. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 57.
28. Epstein A.H. Hill J.H. 1995. The biology of rose rosette disease: a mite-associated disease of uncertain etiology. J. Phytopathol. 143, 353 360.
29. Epstein A.H. Hill J.H. Nutter F.W. Jr. 1997. Augmentation of rose rosette disease for biocontrol of multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Weed Sci. 45, 172 178.
30. Flanagan G.J. Hills L.A. Wilson C.G. 1999. The successful biological control of spinyhead sida, Sida acuta[Malvaceae] by Calligrapha pantherina (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in Australia's Northern Territory. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 26.
31. Forno W. Heard T. 1997. Compiling a plant list for testing the host range of agents. In: Biological Control of Weeds: Theory and Application (ed. by Julien M. White G.). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, 71 76.
32. Fowler S.V. Syrett P. Jarvis P. 1999. Will the new environmental risk management authority, together with some expected and unexpected non-target effects, cause biological control of broom to fail in New Zealand? In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 28.
33. Frantzen J. Rossi F. Müller-Schärer H. 2002. Integration of biological control of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) and chemical control. Weed Sci. 50, 787 793.
34. Futuyma D. 1999. Potential evolution of host range in herbivorous insects. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 48.
35. Gangstad E.O. 1980. Weed Control Methods for Public Health Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
36. Gealy D.R. Gurusiddaiah S. Ogg A.G. Jr. 1996. Isolation and characterization of metabolites from Pseudomonas syringae-strain 3366 and their phytotoxicity against certain weed and crop species. Weed Sci. 44, 383 392.
37. Goeden R.D. 1999. Projects on biological control of Russian thistle and milk thistle in California: Failures that contributed to the science of biological weed control. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 27.
38. Gordon A.J. 1999. The importance of insect 'reserves' in the biological control of Hakea sericea in South Africa. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 60.
39. Greaves M.P. Lawrie J. Western N.M. 1999. Disparity between laboratory and field spraying systems - a cause of practical failure of mychoherbicides? In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 30.
40. Gronwald J.W. Plaisance K.L. Johnson D.R. 1999. Controlling Canada thistle with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis: Factors influencing efficacy. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 69.
41. Hanlin R.T. 1982. Identification of plant pathogenic fungi. In: Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (ed. by Charudattan R. Walker H.L.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 237 238.
42. Hanson T. Kriby D. Sieg C. Potts L. 1994. Botanical and nutritive composition of Angora goat diets grazing leafy spurge infested rangelands. In: Jackson R.D., Spencer M., eds. Abstracts of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management (Guadalajara, Mexico, 3-7 February 1994). Society for Range Management, Lakewood, CO, USA, 72.
43. Heard T. 1999. The theory of plant-insect interactions and its application to host specificity testing. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 46.
44. Hebbar K.P. Lumsden R.D. Lewis J.A. Poch S.M. Bailey B.A. 1998. Formulation of mycoherbicidal strain of Fusarium oxysporum. Weed Sci. 46, 501 507.
45. Herr J.C. 1999. Non-target impact of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on rare native California Cirsium spp. thistles. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 43.
46. Hess F.D. 1994. Research needs in weed science. Weed Technol. 8, 408 409.
47. Hill M.P., Center T.D., Stanley J. Cordo H.A. Goetzee J. 1999. The performance of the water hyacinth mirid, Eccritotarsus catarinesis, on water hyacinth and pickerel weed: a comparison of laboratory and field results. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 37.
48. Hoffmann J.H. Impson F.A.C. Moran V.C. Donnelly D. 2002. Biological control of invasive golden wattle trees (Acacia pycnantha) by a gall wasp, Trichilogaster sp. (Hymenopetera: Pteromalidae), in South Africa. Biol. Control 25, 64 73.
49. Holcomb G.E. 1982. Evaluation of Alternaria alternantherae as a control for alligatorweed. In: Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (ed. by Charudattan R. Walker H.L.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 239.
50. Johnson D.R. Wyse D.L. Jones K.J. 1996. Controlling weeds with phytopathogenic bacteria. Weed Technol. 10, 621 624.
51. Julien M.H. Orapa W. 1999. Successful biological control of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in Papua New Guinea by the weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae (Coleptera: Curculionidae). In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 23.
52. Kempenaar C. Scheepens P.C. 1999. Dutch case studies showing the success and limitations of biological weed control. In: Pallet K., ed. The 1999 Brighton Conference on Weeds (Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999). The British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, UK, 297 302.
53. Kennedy A.C. Johnson B.N. Stubbs T.L. 2001. Host range of a deleterious rhizobacterium for biological control of downy brome. Weed Sci. 49, 792 797.
54. Kirby D.R. Hanson T.P. Sieg C.H. 1997. Diets of angora goats grazing leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)-infested rangeland. Weed Technol. 11, 734 738.
55. Kluge R.L. Gordon A.J. 2004. The fixed plot survey method of determining the host range of the flowerbud-feeding weevil Dicomada rufa, a candidate for the biological control of Hakea sericea. South Africa. Biol. Control 49, 341 355.
56. Kovalev O.V. Vechernin V.V. 1986. Description of a new wave process in population with reference to introduction and spread of the leaf beetle Zygogramma suturalis F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomol. Rev. 65, 93 112.
57. Kremer R.J. Souissi T. 2001. Cyanide production by rhizobacteria and potential for suppression of weed seedling growth. Curr. Microbiol. 43, 182 186.
58. Lacey C.A. Knott R.W. Fay P.L. 1984. Ranchers control leafy spurge. Rangelands 6, 202 204.
59. Lindgren C.J. 1999. Performance of biological control agent Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife Lythrum salicara L. in southern Manitoba. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 36.
60. Louda S.M. Arnett A.E. 1999. Predicting non-target ecological effects: evidence from Rhinocyllus conicus. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 46.
61. Lym R.G. 1998. The biology and integrated management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on North Dakota rangeland. Weed Technol. 12, 367 373.
62. Lym R.G. Nissen S.J. Rowe M.L. Lee D.J. Masters R.A. 1996. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) genotype affects gall midge (Spurgia esula) establishment. Weed Sci. 44, 629 633.
63. Lym R.G. Tober D.A. 1997. Competitive grasses for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) reduction. Weed Technol. 11, 787 792.
64. McClay A.S. Butts R.A. Bourchier R.S. 1999. Assessing target and non-target effects of Lema cynaella released for control of Canada thistle. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 51.
65. McConnachie A.J. Byrne M.J. Hill M.P. 1999. The successful biological control of the water fern, Azolla filiculoides, in South Africa. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 39.
66. McConnachie A.J. de Wit M.P. Hill M.P. Byrne M.J. 2003. Economic evaluation of the successful biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol. Control 28, 25 32.
67. McFadyen R.E.C. 1999. Successes in biological control of weeds. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 23.
68. Medal J.C. Sudbrink D. Gandolfo D. Ohashi D. Cuda J.P. 2002. Gratiana boliviana, a potential biocontrol agent of Solanum viarum: quarantine host-specificity testing in Florida and field surveys in South America. Biol. Control 47, 445 461.
69. Messersmith C.G. Adkins S.W. 1995. Integrating weed-feeding insects and herbicides for weed control. Weed Technol. 9, 199 208.
70. Monaco T.J. Weller S.C. Ashton F.M. 2002. Weed Science. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
71. Moran V.C. Hoffmann J.H. Zimmermann H.G. 1993. Commentary objectives, constraints, and tactics in the biological control of mesquite weeds (Prosopis) in South Africa. Biol. Control 3, 80 83.
72. Myers J.H. 1999. Plant life history, ecology and environment: three constraints on biological control success. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 45.
73. Newman R.M. Ragsdale D.W. Loos A. Foley J.L. 1999. Factors limiting populations of the native milfoil weevil, a control agent of Eurasian watermilfoil. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 35.
74. Nissen S.J. Masters R.A. Lee D.J. Rowe M.L. 1995. DNA-based marker systems to determine genetic diversity of weedy species and their application to biocontrol. Weed Sci. 43, 504 513.
75. Patzoldt W.L. Tranel P.J. Alexander A.L. Schmizer P.R. 2001. A common ragweed population resistant to cloransulam-methyl. Weed Sci. 49, 485 490.
76. Paynter Q. 2003. Integrated weed management: effect of herbicide choice and timing of application on the survival of a biological control agent of the tropical wetland weed, Mimosa pigra. Biol. Control 26, 162 167.
77. Pemberton R.W. 2000. Predictable risk to native plants in weed biological control. Oecologia 125, 489 494.
78. Pitcarin M.J. Woods D.M. Joley D.B. Turner C.E. Blaciunas J.K. 1999. Population buildup and combined impact of introduced insects of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis, in California. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 51.
79. Pleban S. Strobel G.A. 1998. Rapid evaluation of Fusarium spp. as a potential biocontrol agent for weeds. Weed Sci. 46, 703 706.
80. Pratt P.D. Coombs E.M. Croft B.A. 1999. Predation and interference by phytoseiid mites on the spider mite Tetranychus linteariuse (Acari: Tetranychidae), an established biological control agent of gorse (Ulex europaeus). In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 30.
81. Radosevich S. Holt J. Ghersa G. 1997. Weed Ecology: Implications for Management. John Wily & Sons, New York.
82. Randall J.M. 1999. A conservation biologist's perspective on biocontrol of weeds. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 56.
83. Reznik S.Y. 1999. What we learned from the failure of the ragweed leaf beetle in Russia. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 32.
84. Rieder J.P. Evans E.W. Durham S.L. 2001. Distribution of insect attacks in biological control of weeds: Infestation of Centaurea virgata flowerheads by a gall fly. Biol. Control 20, 254 260.
85. Roland J. 1999. Patch size, herbivore dispersal, and spatial scale: Landscape effects promoting herbivore outbreak. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 45.
86. Rosenthal S.S. Maddox D.M. Brunetti K. 1989. Principles of Weed Control in California, 2nd edn. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA, USA.
87. Scheepens P.C. Müller-Schärer H. Kempenaar C. 2001. Opportunities for biological weed control in Europe. Biol. Control 46, 127 138.
88. Schroeder J. Thomas S.H. Murray L.W. 1999. Yellow (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) are not injured by increasing root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) population density. Weed Sci. 47, 201 207.
89. Schroeder J. Thomas S.H. Murray L.W. 2004. Root knot nematodes affect annual and perennial weed interaction with chile pepper. Weed Sci. 52, 28 46.
90. Sedivec K.K. Barker W.T. Prosser C.W. 1995. Intensive grazing of angora goats on leafy spurge infested land. In: Lym R., ed. Proceedings of the Leafy Spurge Symposium (Bozeman, MT, USA, 12-14 July 1995). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 34 36.
91. Sheley R.L. Jacobs J.S. Carpinell M.F. 1998. Distribution, biology, and management of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technol. 12, 353 362.
92. Souissi T. Kremer R.J. 1994. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) cell cultures for screening deleterious rhizobacteria. Weed Sci. 42, 310 315.
93. Spurr H.W. Van Dyke C.G. 1982. Biocontrol of weeds with fungal plant pathogens: four decisions mark the research progression. In: Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (ed. by Charudattan R. Walker H.L.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 238 239.
94. Strand J.F. 2000. Some agrometeorological aspects of pest and disease management for the 21st century. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 103, 73 82.
95. Tipping P.W. Campobasso G. 1997. Impact of Tyta luctuosa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 11, 731 733.
96. Van T. Center T.D. 1994. Effect of paclobutrazol and waterhyacinth weevil (Neochentina eichhorniae) on plant growth and leafy dynamics of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Weed Sci. 42, 665 672.
97. Van Zon J.C.J. 1984. Economic weed control with grass crop. Trop. Pest Manage. 30, 179 185.
98. Volenberg D.S. Hopen H.J. Campobasso G. 1999. Biological control of yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) by Eteobalea serratella in peppermint (Mentha piperita). Weed Sci. 47, 226 232.
99. Volenberg D.S. Kruath S. 1996. First record of Ptermalus microps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the New World. Entomol. News 107, 272 274.
100. Walker H.L. 1982. Biological control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) with Alternaria macrospora. In: Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (ed. by Charudattan R. Walker H.L.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 242 243.
101. Watson A.K. Wymore X. 1990. Identifying limiting factors in the biocontrol of weeds. In: New Direction in Biological Control: Alternatives for Suppressing Agricultural Pests and Diseases (ed. by Baker R.R. Dunn P.E.). Alan R. Liss, New York, 305 316.
102. Weston V.C.M. 1999. The commercial realization of biological herbicides. In: Pallet K., ed. The 1999 Brighton Conference on Weeds (Brighton, UK, 15-18 November 1999). The British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, UK, 281 288.
103. Wheeler G.S. Center T.D. 2001. Impact of the biological control agent Hydrellia pakistanae (Dipetra: Ephydridae) on the submersed aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae). Biol. Control 21, 168 181.
104. Williams K.E. Lacey J.R. Olson B.E. 1996. Economic feasibility of grazing sheep on leafy spurge infested rangelands in Montana. J. Range Manage. 49, 372 374.
105. Willis A.J. McMaster K. Cullen J.M. Groves R.H. 1999. Predictability, acceptability and potential for non-target damage by agents released for biological control of weeds. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 40.
106. Wilson C.G. McFadyen R.E. 1999. Biological control in the developing world: safety and legal issues. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 39.
107. Withers T. 1999. Time-dependent changes in responsiveness can influence the outcome of both no-choice and choice assays. In: Spencer N., Noweierski R., eds. Abstracts of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Bozeman, MT, USA, 4-9 July 1999). Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 47.
108. Zhou T. Neal J.C. 1995. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control with Xanthomonas compestris pv. ponnua in New York State. Weed Technol. 9, 173 177.
109. Zimdahl R.L. 1993. Fundamentals of Weed Science. Academic Press, San Diego.