The Troodos ophiolite and the upper ocean crust; A reciprocal traffic in scientific concepts

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 373, Issue , 2003, Pages 309-321

  Cann, J R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hydrothermal systems; Mid ocean ridge; Ocean crust; Ophiolite

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITS; HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES; ORE DEPOSITS; PLATES (STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS); SMOKE; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; TECTONICS;

HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MID-OCEAN RIDGES; OCEAN CRUST; OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS; OPHIOLITE; SHEETED DIKE COMPLEX; SUBDUCTION ZONES; THREE DIMENSIONS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

DIKE; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; OPHIOLITE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SULFIDE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; UPPER CRUST; UPPER OCEAN;

EID: 33644805998     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2373-6.309     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Adamides, N.G., 1980, The form and environment of formation of the Kalavasos ore deposits - Cyprus, in Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites: Proceedings International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus 1979: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 117-127.
2. Adamides, N.G., 1990, Hydrothermal circulation and ore deposition in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A. and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 685-704.
3. Agar, S.M., and Klitgord, K., 1995, A mechanism for decoupling within the oceanic lithosphere revealed in the Troodos ophiolite: Nature, v. 374, p. 232-238.
4. Adamson, A.C., 1985. Basement stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B, Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project 83: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 121-127.
5. Allerton, S., and Vine, F.J., 1987, Spreading structure of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Some paleomagnetic constraints: Geology, v. 15, p. 593-597.
6. Alt, J.C., A sulfur isotopic profile through the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, 1994, Primary composition and the effects of seawater hydrothermal alteration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1825-1840.
7. Aumento, F., Melson, W.G., et al., 1977, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 37: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 423 p.
8. Aubouin, J., 1965, Geosynclines: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 335 p.
9. Banerjee, N.R., Gillis, K.M., and Muelenbachs, K., 2000, Discovery of epidosites in a modern oceanic setting, the Tonga forearc: Geology, v. 28, p. 151-154.
10. Baragar, W.R.A., Lambert, M.B., Baglow, N. and Gibson, I.L., 1990, The sheeted dike zone in the Troodos ophiolite, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: Oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 37-52.
11. Bear, L.M., 1960, The geology and mineral resources of the Akaki-Lythrodondha area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, Memoir 3, 122 p.
12. Bear, L.M., 1963, The mineral resources and mining industry of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, 208 p.
13. Bednarz, U., and Schmincke, H.-U., 1994, Composition and origin of volcaniclastic sediments in the Lau Basin (southwest Pacific), Leg 135 (Sites 834-839), in Hawkins, J., Parson, L.M., Allan, J. et al., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, v. 135, p. 51-74.
14. Bettison-Varga, L., Schiffman, P., and Janecky, D., 1995, Fluid-rock interaction in the hydrothermal upflow zone of the Solea Graben, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, in Schiffman, P., and Day H., eds., Low grade metamorphism of mafic rocks: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 296, p. 81-100.
15. Bishopp, D.W., 1952, The Troodos massif, Cyprus: Nature, v. 169, p. 489.
16. Bodvarsson, G., and Walker, G.P.L., 1964, Crustal drift in Iceland: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 9, p. 285-300.
17. Bonatti, E., and Joensuu, O., 1966, Deep sea iron deposits from the South Pacific: Science, v. 154, p. 643-645.
18. Boström, K., and Peterson, M.N.A., 1966, Precipitates from hydrothermal exhalations on the East Pacific Rise: Economic Geology, v. 61, p. 1258-1265.
19. Boyle, J.F., and Robertson, A.H.F., 1984, Evolving metallogenesis at the Troodos spreading axis, in Gass, I.G., Lippard, S.J., and Shelton, A.W., eds., Ophiolites and oceanic lithosphere: Geological Society of London Special Publication 13, p. 169-181.
20. Boyle, J.F., 1990 The composition and origin of oxide metalliferous sediments from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: Oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 705-717.
21. Cann, J.R., 1968, Geological processes at mid-ocean ridge crests: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 15, p. 331-341.
22. Cann, J.R., 1974, A model for oceanic crustal structure developed: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 39, p. 169-187.
23. Cann, J.R., Prichard, H.M., Malpas, J.G., and Xenophontos, C., 2001, Oceanic inside corner detachments of the Limassol Forest area, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 158, p. 757-767.
24. Cannat, M., Mevel, C., Maia, M., Deplus, C., Durand, C., Gente, P., Agrinier, P., Belarouchi, A., Dubuisson, G., Humler, E. & Reynolds, J., 1995. Thin crust, ultramafic exposures, and rugged faulting patterns at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (22°-24°N): Geology, v. 23, p. 49-52.
25. Carbotte, S.M., and Macdonald, K.C., 1990, Causes of variation in fault-facing direction on the ocean floor: Geology, v. 18, p. 749-752.
26. Carr, J.M., and Bear, L.M., 1960, The geology and mineral resources of the Peristerona-Laghoudhera area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, Memoir 2.
27. Carstens, C.W., 1919, Oversight over Trondhjemsfeltets bergbygning (Review of mountain building in the Trondheim district): Det Kongelig Norske Videnskabelig Selskabets Skrifter 1919-1, 152 p.
28. Constantinou, G., and Govett, G.J.S., 1972, Genesis of sulfide deposits, ochre and umber of Cyprus: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, v. 81, p. B34-B46.
29. Constantinou, G., and Govett, G.J.S., 1973, Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of Cyprus sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 843-858.
30. Constantinou, G., 1980, Metallogenesis associated with the Troodos ophiolite, in Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites: Proceedings, International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus 1979: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department, p. 663-674.
31. Crane, K., 1987, Structural evolution of the East Pacific Rise axis from 13°10′N to 10°35′N: interpretations from SeaMARC 1 data: Tectonophysics, v. 136, p. 65-124.
32. Davies, H.L., 1968, Papuan Ultramafic Belt: Proceedings of the 23rd International Geological Congress, v. 1, p. 209-220.
33. Davies, H.L., 1971, Peridotite-gabbro-basalt complex in Eastern Papua: an overthrust plate of oceanic mantle and crust: Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, Bulletin 128, 48 p.
34. Dilek, Y., Thy, P., Moores, E., and Ramsden, T., 1990, Tectonic evolution of the Troodos ophiolite within the Tethyan framework: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 811-823.
35. Dilek, Y., and Eddy, C.A., 1992, The Troodos (Cyprus) and Kizildag (S. Turkey) ophiolites as structural models for slow-spreading ridge segments: Journal of Geology, v. 100, p. 305-322.
36. Du Toit, A.L., 1937, Our wandering continents: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 366 p.
37. Eddy, C.A., Dilek, Y., Hurst, S., and Moores, E., Seamount formation and associated caldera complex and hydrothermal mineralization in ancient oceanic crust, Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus): Tectonophysics, v. 292, p. 189-210
38. Embley, R.W., Jonasson, I.R., Perfit, M.R., Franklin, J.M., Tivey, M.A., Malahoff, A., Smith, M.F., and Francis, T.G.J., 1988, Submersible investigation of an extinct hydrothermal system on the Galapagos Ridge; sulfide mounds, stockwork zone and differentiated lavas: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 26, p. 517-539.
39. Ewart, A., Bryan, W.B., Chappell, B.W., and Rudnick, R.L., 1994, Regional geochemistry of the Lau-Tonga arc and back-arc systems, in Hawkins, J., Parson, L.M., Allan, J., et al., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, v. 135, p. 385-425.
40. Fujioka, K., Okino, K., Kanamatsu, T., Ohara, Y., Ishizuka, O., Haraguchi, S., and Ishii, T., 1999, Enigmatic extinct spreading center in the West Philippine backarc basin unveiled: Geology, v. 27, p. 1135-1138.
41. Gallahan, W.E., and Duncan, R.A., 1994, Spatial and temporal variability in crystallization of celadonites within the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: implications for low-temperature alteration of the oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 3147-3161.
42. Gass, I.G., 1960, The geology and mineral resources of the Dhali area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Cyprus Geological Survey Department Memoir 4.
43. Gass, I.G., 1968, Is the Troodos massif of Cyprus a fragment of Mesozoic ocean floor?: Nature, v. 220, p. 39-42
44. Gass, I.G., Neary, C.R., Plant, J., Robertson, A.H.F., Simonian, K.O., Smewing, J.D., Spooner, E.T.C., and Wilson, R.A.M., 1975, Comments on "The Troodos ophiolite complex was probably formed in a volcanic arc" by A. Miyashiro: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 25, p. 236-238.
45. Gass, I.G., MacLeod, C.J., Murton, B.J., Panayiotou, A., Simonian, K., and Xenophontos, C., 1994, The geology of the Southern Troodos Transform Fault Zone: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department Memoir 9, 218 p.
46. Gillis, K.M., and Robinson, P.T., 1985, Low-temperature alteration of the extrusive sequence, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 23, p. 431-441.
47. Gillis, K.M., 2002. The rootzone of an ancient hydrothermal system exposed in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Journal of Geology, v. 110, p. 57-74.
48. Hall, J.M., and Yang, J.S., 1995, Constructional features of Troodos type oceanic crust; relationships between dike density, alteration, magnetization, and ore body distribution and their implications for in situ oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets, v. 100, p. 19,973-19,989.
49. Hess, H.H., 1962, History of ocean basins, in Engel, A.E.J., James, H.L., and Leonard, B.F., eds., Petrologic studies: A volume in Honor of A.F. Buddington: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, p. 599-620.
50. Hooft, E.E.E., Schouten, H., and Detrick, R.S., 1996, Constraining crustal emplacement processes from the variation in seismic layer 2A thickness at the East Pacific Rise: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 142, p. 289-309.
51. Humphris, S.E., Herzig, P.M., Miller, D.J., Alt, J.C., Becker, K., Brown., D., Bruegmann, G., Chiba, H., Fouquet, Y., Gemmell, J.B., Guerin, G., Hannington, M.D., Holm, N.G., Honnorez, J.J., Iturrino, G.J., Knott, R., Ludwig, R., Nakamura, K., Petersen, S., Reysenbach, A.L., Rona, P.A., Smith, S., Sturz, A.A., Tivey, M.K., and Zhao, X., 1995, The internal structure of an active seafloor massive sulfide deposit: Nature, v. 377, p. 713-716.
52. Humphris, S.E., and Cann, J.R., 2000, Constraints on the energy and chemical balances of the modern TAG and ancient Cyprus seafloor sulfide deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 28,477-28,488.
53. Hurst, S.D., Moores, E.M., and Varga, R.J., 1994, Structural and geophysical expression of the Solea Graben, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 139-156.
54. Jenner, G.A., Cawood, P.A., Rautenschlein, M., and White, W.M., 1987, Composition of back-arc basin volcanics, Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin - evidence for a slab-derived component in their mantle source: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 32, p. 209-222
55. Karson, J.A., 1998, Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: a perspective from tectonic windows, in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, Y., eds., Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 106, p. 177-218.
56. Kennedy, W.Q., 1946, The Great Glen Fault: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 102, p. 41-76.
57. Kidd, R.G.W., 1977, A model for the process of formation of the upper oceanic crust: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 50, p. 149-183.
58. Lindgren, W., 1933, Mineral deposits (4th Ed): New York, McGraw Hill, 930 p.
59. Little, C.T.S., Cann, J.R., and Morriseau, M., 1999, Late Cretaceous hydrothermal vent communities from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 27, p. 1027-1030.
60. Livermore, R., Balanya, J.C., Maldonado, A., Martinez, J.M., Rodriguez-Fernandez, J., de Galdeano, C.S., Zalzivar, J.G., Jabaloy, A., Barnolas, A., Somoza, L., Hernandez-Molina, J., Surinach, E., and Viseras, C., 2000, Autopsy on a dead spreading center: The Phoenix Ridge, Drake Passage, Antarctica: Geology, v. 28, p. 607-610.
61. Lydon, J.W., and Galley, A., 1986, The chemical and mineralogical zonation of Mathiati alteration pipe, Cyprus, and its genetic significance, in Gallagher, M.J., Ixer, R.A., Neary, C.R., and Prichard, H.M., eds., Metallogeny of basic and ultrabasic rocks: London, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 49-71.
62. MacLeod, C.J., and Murton, B.J., 1993, Structure and tectonic evolution of the Southern Troodos Transform Fault Zone, Cyprus, in Prichard, H.M., Alabaster, T., Harris N.B.W., and Neary, C.R., eds., Magmatic processes and plate tectonics: London, Geological Society of London Special Publication 76, p. 141-176.
63. Malpas, J.G., 1990, Crustal accretionary processes in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: evidence from field mapping and deep crustal drilling, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 65-74.
64. Mammerickx, J, Naar, D.F., and Tyce, R.L., 1988, The Mathematician paleoplate: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 3025-3040.
65. Mills, R.A., and Elderfield, H., 1995, Hydrothermal activity and the geochemistry of metalliferous sediments, in Humphris, S.E., Zierenberg, R.A., Mullineaux, L.S., and Thomson, R.E., eds., Seafloor hydrothermal systems: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 91, p. 392-407.
66. Miyashiro, A., 1973, The Troodos ophiolite complex was probably formed in a volcanic arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 19, p. 218-224.
67. Moores, E.M., and Vine, F.J., 1971, The Troodos Massif, Cyprus and other ophiolites as oceanic crust: evaluation and implications: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 268A, p. 443-466.
68. Moores, E.M., Varga, R.J., Verosub, K.L., and Ramsden, T., 1990, Regional structure of the Troodos dyke complex, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 27-35.
69. Oftedahl, Chr., 1958, A theory of exhalative-sedimentary ores. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholms Förhandlingar, v. 80, p. 1-19.
70. Oudin, E. and Constantinou, G., 1984. Black smoker chimney fragments in Cyprus sulfide deposits: Nature, v. 308, p. 349-353.
71. Palmason, G., 1973, Kinematics and heat flow in a volcanic rift zone, with application to Iceland: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society., v. 33, p. 451-481.
72. Palmason, G., 1980, A continuum model of crustal generation in Iceland: Kinematic aspects: Journal of Geophysics, v. 47, p. 7-18.
73. Pearce, J.A., 1975, Basalt geochemistry used to investigate past tectonic environments on Cyprus: Tectonophysics, v. 25, p. 41-67.
74. Pearce, J.A., 1980, Geochemical evidence for the genesis and eruptive setting of lavas from the Tethyan ophiolites, in Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites; Proceedings Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus 1979, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Cyprus, Nicosia, Geological Survey Department, p. 261-272.
75. Pearce, J.A., Lippard, S.J., and Roberts, S., 1984, Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction zone ophiolites, in Kokelaar, B.P., and Howells, M.F., eds., Marginal basin geology: London, Geological Society of London Special Publication 16, p. 77-93.
76. Quon, S.H., and Ehlers, E.G., 1963, Rocks of northern part of Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 74, p. 1-8.
77. Raitt, R., 1963, The crustal rocks, in Hill, M.N., ed., The Sea, Volume 3: New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 85-102.
78. Rautenschlein, M., Jenner, G.A., Hertogen, J., Hoffman, A.W., Kerrich, R., Schmincke, H.-U., and White, W.M., 1985, Isotopic and trace element composition of volcanic glasses from the Akaki Canyon, Cyprus: implications for the origin of the Troodos ophiolite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 75, p. 369-383.
79. Reinhardt, B.M., 1969, On the genesis and emplacement of ophiolites in the Oman mountains geosyncline: Schweizer Mineralogische und Petrologische Mitteilungen, v. 49, p. 1-30.
80. Richards, H.G., Cann, J.R., and Jensenius, J., 1989, Mineralogical zonation and metasomatism of the alteration pipes of Cyprus sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 91-115.
81. Richardson, C.J., Cann, J.R., Richards, H.G., and Cowan, J.G., 1987. Metaldepleted root zones of the Troodos ore-forming hydrothermal systems, Cyprus: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 84, p. 243-253.
82. Robertson, A.H.F., 1975, Cyprus umbers: basalt-sediment relationships on a Mesozoic ocean ridge: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 131, p. 511-531.
83. Robertson, A.H.F., 1977, The Kannaviou Formation, Cyprus: volcanic sedimentation of a probable late-Cretaceous volcanic arc: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 134, p. 269-292.
84. Robertson, A.H.F., and Xenophontos, C., 1993, Development of concepts concerning the Troodos ophiolite and adjacent units in Cyprus, in Prichard, H.M., Alabaster, T., Harris N.B.W., and Neary, C.R., eds. Magmatic processes and plate tectonics: London, Geological Society of London Special Publication 76, p. 85-119.
85. Robinson, P.T., Melson, W.G., O'Hearn, T., and Schmincke, H.-U., 1983, Volcanic glass composition of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 11, p. 400-404.
86. Runcorn, S.K., 1959, Rock magnetism: Science, v. 129, p. 1002-1011.
87. Sandwell, D.T., and Smith, W.H.F., 1997, Marine gravity anomaly from Geosat and ERS 1 satellite altimetry: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 10,039-10,054.
88. Schiffman, P., and Smith, B.M., 1988, Petrology and oxygen isotope geochemistry of a fossil seawater hydrothermal system within the Solea Graben, northern Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 4612-4624.
89. Schiffman, P., Smith, B.M., Varga, R.J., and Moores, E.M., 1987, Geometry, conditions and timing of off-axis hydrothermal metamorphism and oredeposition in the Solea graben: Nature, v. 325, p. 423-425.
90. Schiffman, P., Bettison, L.A., and Smith, B.M., 1990, Mineralogy and geochemistry of epidosites from the Solea graben, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 673-684.
91. Schmincke, H.-U., and Bednarz, U., 1990, Pillow, sheet flows and breccia flow volcanoes and volcano-tectonic hydrothermal cycles in the extrusive series of the northeastern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A., and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites: oceanic crustal analogues: Nicosia, Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Geological Survey Department, p. 207-216.
92. Schouten, H., and Denham, C.R., 2000, Comparison of volcanic construction in the Troodos ophiolite and oceanic crust using paleomagnetic inclinations from Cyprus Crustal Study Project (CCSP) CY-1 and CY-1A and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 504B drill cores, in Dilek, Y., Moores, E., Elthon, D. and Nicolas, A., eds., Ophiolites and oceanic crust: New insights from field studies and the Ocean Drilling Program: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 349, p. 181-194.
93. Schouten, H., and Kelemen, P., 2002, Melt viscosity, temperature and transport processes, Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 201, p. 337-352.
94. Small, C., 1998, Global systematics of mid-ocean ridge morphology, in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, Y., eds., Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 106, p. 1-26.
95. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1956-1962.
96. Spiess, F.N., Macdonald, K.C., Atwater, T., Ballard, R., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V.M., Francheteau, J., Guerrero, J., Hawkins, J., Haymon, R., Hessler, R., Juteau, T., Kastner, M., Larson, R., Luyendyk, B., Macdougall, J.D., Miller, S., Normark, R., Orcutt, J., and Rangin, C., 1980, East Pacific Rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments: Science, v. 207, p. 1421-1433.
97. Spooner, E.T.C., and Bray, C.J., 1977, Hydrothermal fluids of seawater salinity in ophiolitic sulfide deposits in Cyprus: Nature, v. 266, p. 808-812.
98. Staudigel, H., Gillis, K., and Duncan, R., 1986, K/Ar and Rb/Sr ages of celadonites from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 14, p. 72-75.
99. Staudigel, H., Gee, J.S., Tauxe, L., and Varga, R.J., 1992, Shallow intrusive directions of sheeted dikes in the Troodos Ophiolite: Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and structural data: Geology, v. 20, p. 841-844.
100. Tauxe, L., Gee, J.S., and Staudigel, H., 1998, Flow directions in dikes from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data; the bootstrap way: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 17,775-17,790.
101. Tatsumi, T.,1970, Volcanism and ore genesis: Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 450 p.
102. Vanko, D.A., and Batiza, R., 1982, Gabbroic rocks from the Mathematician Ridge failed rift: Nature, v. 300, p. 742-744.
103. Varga, R.J., and Moores, E.M., 1985, Spreading structure of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: Geology, v. 13, p. 846-850.
104. Varga, R.J., Gee, J.S., Bettison-Varga, L., Anderson, R.S., and Johnson, C.L., 1999, Early establishment of seafloor hydrothermal systems during structural extension: paleomagnetic evidence from the Troodos Ophiolite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, p. 221-235.
105. Vera, E.E., Mutter, J.C., Buhl, P., Orcutt, J.A., Harding, A.J., Kappus, M.E., Detrick, R.S., and Brocher, T.M., 1990, The structure of 0 to 0.2 m.y.-old oceanic crust at 9°N on the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 15,529-15,556.
106. Vine, F.J., and Matthews, D.H., 1963, Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges: Nature, v. 199, p. 947-949.
107. Vogt, J.H.L., 1894, Über die Genesis der Kieslagerstätten vom typus Røros- Rammellsberg: Zeitzschrift für Praktalisches Geologie, v. 2, p. 173.
108. Vogt, J.H.L., 1899, Das Huelva kiesfeld: Zeitzschrift für Praktalisches Geologie, v. 7, p. 241-254.
109. Von Damm, K.L., Edmond, J.M., Grant, B., Measures, C.I., Walden, B. and Weiss, R.F., 1985, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2197-2220.
110. Wegener, A., 1915, Die Entstehung der Continente und Ozeane, Braunschweig, 94 p.
111. Wilson, R.A.M., 1959, The geology of the Xeros-Troodos area: Nicosia, Cyprus, Geological Survey Department Memoir 1, 184 p.