Globalization and nationalism: The Nationalist Action Party of Turkey

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 83-105

  Başkan, Filiz ^a  

^a IZMIR UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBALIZATION; NATIONALISM; POLITICS;

EURASIA; TURKEY;

EID: 33644796864     PISSN: 13537113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13537110500503877     Document Type: Article

References (92)

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2. Michael Mann, "Nation-states in Europe and Other Continents: Diversifying, Developing, Not Dying," in Gopal Balakrishnan (ed.), Mapping the Nation (London and New York: Verso, 1996), p. 298.
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4. Stephane Paquin, "Globalization, European Integration and the Rise of Neonationalism in Scotland," Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.8, No.1 (Spring 2002), p. 56.
5. Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 32.
6. Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), p. 159.
7. Mary Kaldor, "Nationalism and Globalisation," Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (2004), p. 162.
8. Ziya Öniş, "Globalization, Democratization and the Far Right: Turkey's Nationalist Action Party in Critical Perspective," Democratization, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Spring 2003), p. 29.
9. David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (London: Polity Press, 1999),
10. David Held and Anthony McGrew (eds.) The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate (London: Polity Press, 2000).
11. Held, McGrew, Goldblatt and Perraton, pp. 3-5.
12. Ibid., p. 6.
13. Ibid., p. 5
14. Ibid., p. 7.
15. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
16. Tanil Bora and Kemal Can, Devlet, Ocak, Dergah: 12 Eylül'den 1990'lara Ülkücü Hareket (Ankara: ̇ Iletişim Yayinlari, 2000), 6th edition, p. 54.
17. Jacob M. Landau, "Alparslan Türkeş: A Colonel Turned Politician," in Metin Heper and Sabri Sayari (eds.), Political Leaders and Democracy in Turkey (Lanham and Boulder: Lexington Books, 2002), p. 151.
18. Feroz Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 169-71.
19. C.H. Dodd, The Crisis of Turkish Democracy (Walkington, UK: The Eothen Press, 1983).
20. George S. Harris, "The Role of the Military in Turkey in the 1980s: Guardians or Decision-Makers?" in Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (eds.), State, Democracy and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), p. 193.
21. Suat Kinikoǧlu, "The Democratic Left Party: Kapikulu Politics Par Excellence," in Barry Rubin and Metin Heper (eds.), Political Parties in Turkey (London: Frank Cass, 2002), p. 21.
22. First, it has been argued that theMHPincreased its vote drastically due to failures of the center-right and center-left parties. Second, the MHP capitalized on the sensitive atmosphere of the 28 February Process and in its election campaign made an effort to distinguish itself from the Islamist political parties like the Virtue Party so it could gain the votes of conservative and nationalist people of central and eastern Anatolia. Another factor that played a signifi- cant role in the MHP's success was the Kurdish issue: The MHP, as one of the standard bearers of the fight against the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (Partiya Karkaren Kürdistan - PKK) for many years, successfully utilized the capture of the leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan, in February 1999. That's why it could draw the support of parents whose sons were killed by the PKK militants, while performing their military services. Fourth, Devlet Bah,celi successfully moved the party towards the center of the political spectrum by eliminating extremist tendencies from the party. In addition, Bahçeli's image of a politician devoting himself to serve the interests of the state played a crucial in MHP's rise to power. See Öniş, 2003, Merdan Yanardaǧ, "MHP'nin Geleceǧi: Sonuçlar ve Olasiliklar," in Seyfi Öngider (ed.), Milliyetçilik, Faşizm ve MHP (̇ Istanbul: Aykiri Yayincilik, 2002), pp. 15-39.
23. and Alev Çinar and Burak Arikan "Nationalist Action Party: Representing the State, the Nation or the Nationalist?" in Barry Rubin and Metin Heper (eds.), Political Parties in Turkey (London: Frank Cass, 2002) for a detailed analysis of the reasons for the MHP's success in these elections.
24. Yanardaǧ, p. 27.
25. Bora and Can, 2004, p. 465-6.
26. Öniş, p. 33.
27. Ruşen Çakir, Nereye Gitti Bu Ülkücüler? (̇ Istanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 2003).
28. Çakir, 2003.
29. Yanardaǧ, p. 35.
30. Öniş, p. 35.
31. Susan Strange, "The Limits of Politics," Government and Opposition, Vol. 30 (Summer 1995), p. 310.
32. Tanil Bora and Kemal Can, "Alparslan Türkeş: Başbuǧ," in Seyfi Öngider (ed.), Homopolitikus: Lider Biyografilerindeki Türkiye (̇ Istanbul: Aykiri Yayincilik, 2001), p. 253.
33. Alparslan Türkeş, 9 Işik ve Türkiye (Ankara: Emel Matbaacilik Sanayi, 1979), p. 126.
34. Hakan Yavuz, "The Politics of Fear: The Rise of the Nationalist Action Party (MHP) in Turkey," Middle East Journal, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Spring 2002), p. 206.
35. Türkeş, p. 62.
36. Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi Programi, Ankara, 2000, p. 5.
37. University students began to establish the Ülkü Ocaklari with the aim of fighting with Communism in 1968. Then, they become places where the MHP leaders began their political careers.
38. Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi Programi, p. 5.
39. Öniş, p. 39,
40. Yavuz, p. 206.
41. Yavuz, p. 206.
42. Burak Arikan, "Turkish Ultra-nationalists Under Review: A Study of the Nationalist Action Party", Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2002), p. 372.
43. Çinar and Arikan, p. 28.
44. Bora and Can, 2000.
45. Öniş, p. 40.
46. Bora and Can, 2000, p. 54.
47. Devlet Bahçeli, AKP ̇ Iktidarinin Bir Yillik ̇ Icraati: ̇ Içve Diş Gelişmeler, Ankara.
48. Strange, p. 291.
49. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
50. Devlet Bah,celi, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 13 March 2001. All of the below-mentioned speeches delivered by Devlet Bahçeli can be found on the official website of the MHP, www.mhp.org.tr.
51. Devlet Bahçeli, ̇ Izmir Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odasi Konuşmasi, 08 March 2002.
52. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 11 April 2000.
53. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Genel Kurulu'nda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 2 November 1999; Devlet Bahçeli, TOBB'un 55. Genel Kurul Toplantisinda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 27 May 2000.
54. The "Turkish-Islamic world," frequently mentioned by the MHP leaders, covers a broad region from the Balkans to Caucasia, and from the Middle East to Central Asia.
55. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Genel Kurulu'nda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 2 November 1999.
56. Devlet Bahçeli, TOBB'un 55. Genel Kurul Toplantisinda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 27 May 2000.
57. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 23 November 1999.
58. Devlet Bahçeli, TOBB'un 55. Genel Kurul Toplantisinda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 27 May 2000;
59. Devlet Bahçeli, "Büyük ̇ Istanbul Buluşmasi" Konuşmasi, 11 May 2002
60. Devlet Bahçeli, Fransa Gezisinde Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 3 June 2001.;
61. Devlet Bahçeli, MYK Toplantisi Konuşmasi, 20 April 2002.
62. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 20 November 2001.
63. Devlet Bah,celi, TBMM Grup Konu,smasi, 12 February 2002.
64. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 3 January 2002.;
65. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 12 February 2002.
66. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 9 October 2001.
67. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 12 February 2002.
68. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 20 November 2001.;
69. Devlet Bahçeli, Almanya Gezisinde Yaptiǧi Konşma, 2 June 2001;
70. Devlet Bahçeli, ̇ Izmir Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odaşs Konuşmasi, 8 March 2002;
71. Devlet Bahçeli, 11. Kocayayla Türkmen Kurultayş Konuşmasi, 7 July 2002.
72. Devlet Bahçeli, "2001 Yilini Tamamlarken Türkiye ve MHP," Türkiye ve Siyaset, No. 4, (2001), p. 5.
73. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 10 October 2000;
74. Devlet Bahçeli, ̇ Izmir Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odasi Konuşmasi, 8 March 2002.
75. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 23 November 1999.
76. Devlet Bahçeli, MHP 6. Olaǧan Kongre Konuşmasi, 5 November 2000.
77. Devlet Bahçeli, Fransa Gezisinde Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 3 June 2001.
78. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM'nin 81. Kuruluş Yildönümü Konuşmasi, 23 April 2001.
79. Ibid.
80. Devlet Bahçeli, Fransa Gezisinde Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 3 June 2001.
81. Devlet Bahceli, TBMM'nin 81. Kuruluş Yildönümü Konuşmasi, 23 April 2001.
82. Devlet Bahçeli, 11. Kocayayla Türkmen Kurultayi Konuşmasi, 7 July 2002.
83. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 15 January 2002.
84. Ibid.
85. Devlet Bahçeli, Karaman'da Yaptiǧi Konu,sma, 1 June 2000.
86. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 20 November 2001;
87. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Grup Konuşmasi, 13 March 2001.
88. Devlet Bahçeli, TOBB'un 55. Genel Kurul Toplantisinda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 27 May 2000.
89. Devlet Bahçeli, TBMM Genel Kurulu'nda Yaptiǧi Konuşma, 2 November 1999.
90. Ziya Öniş, "Neoliberal Globalization and the Democracy Paradox: The Turkish General Elections of 1999," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 1 (Fall 2000), pp. 295-9.
91. Andrej Zaslove, "The Dark Side of European Politics: Unmasking the Radical Right," European Integration, Vol. 26, No. 1 (March 2004), p. 70. For an antiglobal approach of radical right-wing parties of Western Europe
92. see Hans-Georg Betz and Carol Johnson, "Against the Current-Stemming the Tide: The Nostalgic Ideology of the Contemporary Radical Populist Right," Journal of Political Ideologies, Vol. 9, No. 3 (October 2004).