Utilisation of C2-C4 gaseous hydrocarbons and isoprene by microorganisms

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 237-256

  Shennan, Jean L ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bioremediation; Butylene; Enantioselectivity; Epoxidation; Ethane; Ethylene; Isoprene; Monooxygenase; n butane; Petroleum exploration; Propane; Propylene; Single cell protein

Indexed keywords

BIOREMEDIATION; ETHANE; ETHYLENE; METABOLISM; MICROORGANISMS; OXIDATION; PROPYLENE;

ENANTIOSELECTIVITY; EPOXIDATION; ISOPRENE; MONOOXYGENASE; SINGLE CELL PROTEIN;

BIOTECHNOLOGY;

1,1,1 TRICHLOROETHANE; ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON; ALKADIENE; ALKANE DERIVATIVE; ALKENE DERIVATIVE; BUTANE; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON; EPOXIDE; ETHANE; ETHYLENE; GASOLINE; ISOPRENE; METHANE; PETROLEUM; PROPANE; PROPYLENE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; UNSPECIFIC MONOOXYGENASE; VINYL CHLORIDE;

BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ETHANE; ETHYLENE; METABOLISM; MICROORGANISMS; OXIDATION; PROPYLENE;

BACTERIAL STRAIN; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CATALYST; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHIRALITY; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; ENANTIOSELECTIVITY; EPOXIDATION; MICROBIAL GROWTH; MICROBIAL IDENTIFICATION; MICROBIAL METABOLISM; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 33644778038     PISSN: 02682575     EISSN: 10974660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1388     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. Reed WE and Kaplan JR, The chemistry of marine petroleum seeps. J Geochem Explor 7:255-293 (1977).
2. Hunt JM, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco (1996).
3. Solano-Serena F, Marchal R, Huet T, Lebeault JM and Vandecasteele JP, Biodegradability of volatile hydrocarbons of gasoline. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54:121-125 (2000).
4. Martin DL and Kerfoot HB, Soil-gas surveying techniques. Environ Sci Technol 22:740-745 (1988).
5. 3 hydrocarbon gases associated with highly reducing conditions in groundwater. Biogeochemistry 47:15-23 (1999).
6. Van Cleemput O and El-Sebaay AS, Gaseous hydrocarbons in soil. Adv Agro 38:159-180 (1985).
7. Malik R and Tauro P, Ethane and propane instead of methane from biogas digestors? Trends in Biotechnol 4:305-307 (1986).
8. Belay N and Daniels L, Production of ethane, ethylene and acetylene from halogenated hydrocarbons by methanogenic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:1604-1610 (1987).
9. Oremland RS, Miller LG, Colbertson CW, Robinson SW, Smith RI, Lovley D, Whiticar MJ, King GM, Kiene RP, Iversen N and Sargent M, Aspects of the biogeochemistry of methane in Mono Lake and the Mono Basin of California, in Biogeochemistry of Global Change, ed by Oremland RS. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 704-741 (1993).
10. Smith GW and Ellis MM, Chromatographic analysis of gases from soils and vegetation, related to geochemical prospecting for petroleum. Bull Am Assoc Pet Geol 47:1897-1903 (1963).
11. Fukuda H, Ogawa T and Tanase S, Ethylene production by microorganisms. Adv Microb Physiol 35:275-304 (1993).
12. Abeles FB and Heggestad HE, Ethylene: an urban air pollutant. J Air Pollution Control Assoc 23:517-521 (1973).
13. Purves DW, Casperson JP, Moorcroft PR, Hurtt GC and Pacala SW, Human-induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: evidence from long-term forest inventory data. Global Change Biol 10:1737-1755 (2004).
14. Wilkins K, Volatile metabolites from actinomycetes. Chemosphere 32:1427-1434 (1996).
15. Guenther A, Hewitt CN, Erickson D, Fall R, Geron C, Graedel T, Harley P, Klinger L, Lerdau M, McKay WA, Pierce T, Scholes R, Steinbrecher R, Tallamraju R, Taylor J and Zimmerman P, A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J Geophys Res 100:8873-8892 (1995).
16. Abeles FB, Craker LE, Forrence LE and Leather GR, Fate of air pollutants: removal of ethylene, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide by soil. Science 173:914-916 (1971).
17. Fall R and Copley SD, Bacterial sources and sinks of isoprene: a reactive atmospheric hydrocarbon. Environ Microbiol 2:123-130 (2000).
18. 4 n-alkane-grown bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:178-184 (1983).
19. Iizuka H, Seto N and Kawasaki SS, Process for recovering protein-containing microbial cells. USA Patent 3 762 997 (1973).
20. McLee AG, Kormendy AC and Wayman M, Isolation of n-butane-utilizing organisms. Can J Microbiol 18:1191-1195 (1972).
21. Stephens GM and Dalton H, The role of the terminal and subterminal oxidation pathways in propane metabolism by bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 132:2453-2462 (1986).
22. Tanaka K, Kimura K and Yamamoto M, Process for producing cells of microorganisms. USA Patent 2 751 337 (1971).
23. Hou CT, Laskin A and Patel RN, A microbiological process for the oxidation of alkanes, vinyl compounds and secondary alcohols. European Patent 98 137 (1984).
24. Smirnova ZS and Taptykova SD, Utilization of propane and its derivatives by certain proactinomyces species. Microbiology (NY) 36:311-314 (1967).
25. American Type Culture Collection, Catalogue of Strains, 15th edn. ATCC, Rockville, MD (1982).
26. The National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Catalogue of Strains NCIMB, Aberdeen, UK (1994).
27. Kotani T, Yamamoto T, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y and Kato N, Propane monooxygenase and NAD+-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase in propane metabolism by Gordonia sp strain TY-5. J Bacteriol 185:7120-7128 (2003).
28. Blevins WT and Perry JJ, Metabolism of propane, n-propylamine and its derivatives by a certain proactinomyces species. J Bacteriol 112:513-518 (1972).
29. Perry JJ, Substrate specificity in hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 34:27-36 (1968).
30. Telegina ZP, Species composition of butane-utilizing microorganisms. Microbiology (NY) 35:880-883 (1966).
31. Pabst GS and Brown LR, The role of isopropyl alcohol in the microbial metabolism of propane. Dev Ind Microbiol 9:394-400 (1968).
32. Davis JB, Chase HH and Raymond RL, Mycobacterium paraffinicum n. sp., a bacterium isolated from soil. Appl Microbiol 4:310-315 (1956).
33. Telegina ZP, Utilization of hydrocarbons by microorganisms isolated in aliphatic alcohol media. Microbiology (NY) 37:741-744 (1968).
34. O'Brien WE and Brown LR, The catabolism of isobutene and other alkanes by a member of the Genus Mycobacterium. Dev Ind Microbiol 9:389-393 (1968).
35. Pabst GS and Brown LR, Virulence of Mycobacterium smegmatis grown on n-propane. Dev Ind Microbiol 23:527-534 (1982).
36. Lukins HB and Foster JW, Utilization of hydrocarbons and hydrogen by mycobacteria. Z Allg Mikrobiol 3:251-264 (1963).
37. Linton JD, Godley AR, Bailey ML and Barnes LJ, Growth of an ethane-utilizing mixed culture in a chemostat. J Appl Bacteriol 48:341-347 (1980).
38. Hou CT, Patel RN, Laskin AI, Barist I and Barnabe N, Thermostable NAD-linked secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from propane-grown Pseudomonas fluorescens NRRL B-1244. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:98-105 (1983).
39. de Bont JAM, Oxidation of ethylene by soil bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 42:59-71 (1976).
40. Ashraf W and Murrell JC, Genetic, biochemical and immunological evidence for the involvement of two alcohol dehydrogenases in the metabolism of propane by Rhodococcus rhodochrous PNKb1. Arch Microbiol 157:488-492 (1992).
41. Yagi O, Hashimoto A, Iwasaki K and Nakajima M, Aerobic degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by Mycobacterium spp. isolated from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4693-4696 (1999).
42. Dworkin M and Foster JW, Experiments with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J Bacteriol 75:592-603 (1958).
43. Vestal JR and Perry JJ, Effect of substrate on the lipids of the hydrocarbon-utilizing Mycobacterium vaccae. Can J Microbiol 17:445-449 (1971).
44. Seto N and Iizuka H, Microbiological studies on petroleum and natural gas. XI. A new hydrocarbon-utilizing actinomycete. J Gen Microbiol 16:127-135 (1970).
45. Steffan RJ, McClay K, Vainberg S, Condee CW and Zhang D, Biodegradation of the gasoline oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether and tert-amyl methyl ether by propane-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4216-4222 (1997).
46. Davis JB, Cellular lipids of a Nocardia grown on propane and n-butane. Appl Microbiol 12:301-304 (1964).
47. van Ginkel CG, Welten HQJ and de Bout JAM, Oxidation of gaseous and volatile hydrocarbons by selected alkene-utilizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:2903-2907 (1987).
48. Kulikova AK and Bezborodov AM, Assimilation of propane and characterization of propane monooxygenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis 3/89. Appl Biochem Microbiol 37:164-167 (2001).
49. Hamamura N and Arp DJ, Isolation and characterization of alkane-utilizing Nocardiodes sp strain CF8. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186:21-26 (2000).
50. Woods NR, The bacterial metabolism of propane. PhD thesis, University of Warwick (1988).
51. Kovalenko GA and Sokolovskii VD, Epoxidation of propene by microbial cells immobilized on inorganic supports. Biotechnol Bioeng 39:522-528 (1992).
52. Ivshina IB, Berdichevskaya MV, Zvereva LV, Rybalka LV and Elovikova EA, Phenotypic characterization of alkanotrophic rhodococci from various ecosystems. Microbiology (NY) 64:507-513 (1995).
53. Jurtshuk P and Cardini GE, The mechanism of hydrocarbon oxidation by a Corynebacterium species. Crit Rev Microbiol 1:239-289 (1971).
54. MacMichael GJ, Metabolism of gaseous alkanes by Nocardia paraffinicum. Dissertation Abstracts International 45:1118-B (1984).
55. 4 alkanes. J Appl Biochem 5:107-120 (1983).
56. Furuhashi K, Taoka A, Uchida S, Karube I and Suzuki S, Production of 1,2-epoxyalkanes from 1-alkenes by Nocardia corallina B-276. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 12:39-45 (1981).
57. Saeki H, Akira M, Furuhashi K, Averoff B and Gottschalk G, Degradation of trichloroethene by a linear-plasmid-encoded alkene monooxygenase in Rhodococcus corallinus (Nocardia corallina) B-276. Microbiology 145:1721-1730 (1999).
58. Woods NR and Murrell JC, The metabolism of propane in Rhodococcus rhodochrous PNKb1. J Gen Microbiol 135:2335-2344 (1989).
59. Ivshina IB, Oborin AA, Nesterenko OA and Kasumova SA, Rhodococcus bacteria in ground water from oil fields in the Perm Cisural region. Microbiology (NY) 50:531-538 (1981).
60. Habets-Crutzen AQH and de Bout JAM, Inactivation of alkene oxidation by epoxides in alkene and alkene-grown bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 22:428-433 (1985).
61. Romanovskaya VA, Malashenko YR, Sokolov IG and Kryshtab TP, The competitive inhibition of the microbial oxidation of methane by ethane, in Microbial Production and Utilisation of Gases, ed by Schlegel HG, Gottschalk G and Pfennig N. Academie der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, pp 345-351 (1976).
62. Sugimoto M, Yokoo S and Imada O, Biomass production from n-butane, in Proceedings Fourth International Fermentation Symposium: Fermentation Technology Today, ed by Terui G. Society of Fermentation Technology, Osaka, pp 503-507 (1972).
63. Tanaka K, Kimura K and Yamamoto M, Process for producing L-glutamic acid. USA Patent 3 616 210 (1968).
64. Wackett LP, Brusseau GA, Householder SR and Hanson RS, Survey of microbial oxygenases: trichloroethylene degradation by propane-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:2960-2964 (1989).
65. Cerniglia CE and Perry JJ, Metabolism of n-propylamine, isopropylamine and 1,3-propane diamine by Mycobacterium convolutum. J Bacteriol 124:285-289 (1975).
66. Malachowsky KJ, Phelps TJ, Teboli AB, Minnikin DE and White DC, Aerobic mineralization of trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and aromatic compounds by Rhodococcus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:542- 548 (1994).
67. Takahashi J, Ichikawa Y, Sagae H, Komura I, Kanou H and Yamada K, Isolation and identification of n-butane-assimilating bacterium. Agric Biol Chem 44:1835-1840 (1980).
68. Pandey KK, Mayilraj S and Chakrabarti T, Pseudomonas indica sp nov, a novel butane-utilizing species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1559-1567 (2002).
69. Hou CT, Patel R, Laskin AI, Barnabe N and Barist I, Epoxidation of short-chain alkenes by resting-cell suspensions of propane-grown bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:171-177 (1983).
70. Weijers CAGM, van Ginkel CG and de Bout JAM, Enantiomeric composition of lower epoxyalkanes produced by methane-, alkane- and alkene-utilizing bacteria. Enzyme Microb Technol 10:214-218 (1988).
71. Verce MF and Freeman DL, Modelling the kinetics of vinyl chloride cometabolism by an ethane-grown Pseudomonas sp. Biotechnol Bioeng 71:274-285 (2000/2001).
72. Cerniglia CE and Perry JJ, Crude oil degradation by microorganisms isolated from the marine environment. Z Allg Mikrobiol 13:299-306 (1973).
73. Davies JS, Wellman AM and Zajic JE, Hyphomycetes utilizing natural gas. Can J Microbiol 19:81-85 (1973).
74. Imada O, Hoshiai K and Tanaka M, Method for fermenting a liquefied hydrocarbon gas. USA Patent 3 635 796 (1972).
75. Kormendy AC and Wayman M, Characteristic cytoplasmic structures in microorganisms utilizing n-butane and 1-butanol. Can J Microbiol 20:225-230 (1974).
76. Perry JJ, Propane utilization by microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol 26:89-115 (1980).
77. Lowery CE, Foster JW and Jurtshuk P, The growth of various filamentous fungi and yeasts on n-alkanes and ketones. I. Studies on substrate specificity. Arch Mikrobiol 60:246-254 (1968).
78. Volesky B and Zajic JE, Ethane and natural gas oxidation by fungi. Dev Ind Microbiol 11:184-195 (1970).
79. Onodera M, Endo Y and Ogasawara N, Utilization of short-chain hydrocarbons and accumulation of methylketones by a gaseous hydrocarbon assimilating mold, Scedosporium sp A-4. Agric Biol Chem 53:1431-1432 (1989).
80. Leadbetter ER and Foster JW, Bacterial oxidation of gaseous alkanes. Arch Mikrobiol 35:92-104 (1960).
81. Ooyama J and Foster JW, Bacterial oxidation of cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 31:45-65 (1965).
82. Habets-Crutzen AQH, Brink LES, van Ginkel CG, de Bout JAM and Tramper J, Production of epoxides from gaseous alkenes by resting cell suspensions and immobilized cells of alkene-utilizing bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 20:245-250 (1984).
83. Drozd JW and Bailey ML, Biotransformation. European Patent 99 609 (1982).
84. Mahmoudian M and Michael A, Biocatalysts for production of chiral epoxides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37:23-27 (1992).
85. Coleman NV and Spain JC, Distribution of the coenzyme M pathway of epoxide metabolism among ethane- and vinyl chloride-degrading Mycobacterium strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6041-6046 (2003).
86. Coleman NV, Mattes TE, Gossett JM and Spain JC, Phylogenetic and kinetic diversity of aerobic vinyl chloride-assimilating bacteria from contaminated sites. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:6162-6171 (2002).
87. Watkinson RJ and Somerville HJ, The microbial utilization of butadiene, in Proceedings Third International Biodegradation Symposium, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA, ed by Sharpley JM and Kaplan AM. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 35-42 (1975).
88. van Hylckama-Vlieg JET, Kingma J, van den Wijngaard AJ and Janssen DB, A glutathione S-transferase with activity towards cis-1,2-dichloroepoxyethane is involved in isoprene utilization by Rhodococcus sp strain AD45. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2800-2805 (1998).
89. Verce MF, Ulrich RL and Freedman DL, Characterization of an isolate that uses vinyl chloride as a growth substrate under aerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3535-3542 (2000).
90. Curr S, Ciufetti L and Hyman M, Inhibition of growth of a Graphium sp on gaseous n-alkanes by gaseous n-alkynes and n-alkenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2198-2200 (1996).
91. Leahy JG, Batchelor PJ and Morcomb SM, Evolution of the soluble diiron monooxygenases. FEMS Microbiol Reviews 27:449-479 (2003).
92. Davies JS, Wellman AM and Zajic JE, Oxidation of ethane by an Acremonium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 32:14-20 (1976).
93. Onodera M, Endo Y and Ogasawara N, Oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons by a gaseous hydrocarbon assimilating mold, Scedosporium sp A-4. Agric Biol Chem 53:1947-1951 (1989).
94. Hamamura N, Storfa RT, Semprini L and Arp DJ, Diversity in butane monooxygenases among butane-grown bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4586-4593 (1999).
95. Sluis MK, Sayavedra-Soto LA and Arp DJ, Molecular analysis of the soluble butane monooxygenase from 'Pseudomonas butanovora'. Microbiology 148:3617-3629 (2002).
96. Padda RS, Pandey KK, Kaul S, Nair VD, Jain RK, Basu SK and Chakrabarti T, A novel gene encoding a 54 kDa polypeptide is essential for butane utilisation by Pseudomonas sp IMT 37. Microbiology 147:2479-2491 (2001).
97. Hartmans S, Weber FJ, Somhorst DPM and de Bont JAM, Alkene monooxygenase from Mycobacterium: a multicomponent enzyme. J Gen Microbiol 137:2555-2560 (1991).
98. de Bont JAM, Attwood MM, Primrose SB and Harder W, Epoxidation of short chain alkenes in Mycobacterium E20: the involvement of a specific monooxygenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 6:183-188 (1979).
99. Woodland MP, Matthews CS and Leak DJ, Properties of a soluble propene monooxygenase from Mycobacterium sp (strain M156). Arch Microbiol 163:231-234 (1995).
100. Muir A and Dalton H, Purification and characterization of the alkene monooxygenase from Nocardia corallina B-276. Biosci Biotech Biochem 59:853-859 (1995).
101. Gallagher SC, George A and Dalton H, Sequence-alignment modelling and molecular docking studies of the epoxygenase component of alkene monooxygenase from Nocardia corallina B-276. Eur J Biochem 254:480-489 (1998).
102. van Ginkel CG and de Bout JAM, Isolation and characterization of alkene-utilizing Xanthobacter spp. Arch Microbiol 145:403-407 (1986).
103. Ashraf W, Mihdhir A and Murrell JC, Bacterial oxidation of propane. FEMS Microbiol Lett 122:1-6 (1994).
104. Weber FJ, van Berkel WJR, Hartmans S and de Bont JAM, Purification and properties of the NADH reductase component of alkene monooxygenase from Mycobacterium strain E3. J Bacteriol 174:3275-3281 (1992).
105. Ensign SA, Microbial metabolism of aliphatic alkenes. Biochemistry 40:5845-5853 (2001).
106. Saeki H and Furuhashi K, Cloning and characterization of a Nocardia corallina B-276 gene cluster encoding alkene monooxygenase. J Ferment Bioeng 78:399-406 (1994).
107. Gallagher SC, Cammack R and Dalton H, Alkene monooxygenase from Nocardia corallina B-276 is a member of the class of dinuclear iron proteins capable of stereospecific epoxygenation reactions. Eur J Biochem 247:635-641 (1997).
108. Gallagher SC, Cammack R and Dalton H, Electron transfer reactions in the alkene mono-oxygenase complex from Nocardia corallina B-276. Biochem J 339:79-85 (1999).
109. Small FJ and Ensign SA, Alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2. J Biol Chem 272:24 913-24 920 (1997).
110. Zhou NY, Jenkins A, Chion CKNCK and Leak DJ, The alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 is closely related to aromatic monooxygenases and catalyses aromatic monohydroxylation of benzene, toluene and phenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:1589-1595 (1999).
111. Zhou NY, Chion CKNCK and Leak DJ, Cloning and expression of the genes encoding the propene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter Py2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44:582-588 (1996).
112. van Hylckama-Vlieg JET, Leemhuis H, Spelberg JHL and Janssen DB, Characterization of the gene cluster involved in isoprene metabolism in Rhodococcus sp strain AD45. J Bacteriol 182:1956-1963 (2000).
113. Davies JS, Zajic JE and Wellman AM, Fungal oxidation of gaseous alkanes. Dev Ind Microbiol 15:256-262 (1974).
114. 1 product of propane dissimilation in Mycobacterium vaccae. J Bacteriol 160:1163-1164 (1984).
115. Clark DD and Ensign SA, Evidence for an inducible nucleotide-dependent acetone carboxylase in Rhodococcus rhodochrous B-276. J Bacteriol 181:2752-2758 (1999).
116. Taylor DA, Trudgill PW, Cripps RE and Harris PR, The microbial metabolism of acetone. J Gen Microbiol 118:159-170 (1980).
117. Onodera M and Ogasawara N, Oxidation of secondary alcohols to methylketones by a gaseous hydrocarbon assimilating mold, Scedosporium sp A-4. Agric Biol Chem 53:2673-2677 (1989).
118. +-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from propane-grown Rhodococcus rhodochrous PNKb1. Arch Microbiol 153:163-168 (1990).
119. MacMichael GJ and Brown LR, Role of carbon dioxide in catabolism of propane by "Nocardia paraffinicum" (Rhodococcus rhodochrous). Appl Environ Microbiol 53:65-69 (1987).
120. Vestal JR and Perry JJ, Divergent metabolic pathways for propane and propionate utilizaton by a soil isolate. J Bacteriol 99:215-221 (1969).
121. Coleman JP and Perry JJ, Purification and characterization of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from propane-utilizing Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB-5. J Gen Microbiol 131:2901-2907 (1985).
122. 2 in the microbial metabolism of aliphatic epoxides and ketones. Arch Microbiol 169:179-187 (1998).
123. Arp DJ, Butane metabolism by butane-grown 'Pseudomonas butanovora'. Microbiology 145:1173-1180 (1999).
124. Sayavedra-Soto LA, Byrd CM and Arp DJ, Induction of butane consumption in Pseudomonas butanovora. Arch Microbiol 176:114-120 (2001).
125. Phillips WE and Perry JJ, Metabolism of n-butane and 2-butanone by Mycobacterium vaccae. J Bacteriol 120:987-989 (1974).
126. Vangnai AS and Arp DJ, An inducible 1-butanol dehydrogenase, a quinohaemoprotein, is involved in the oxidation of butane by 'Pseudomonas butanovora'. Microbiology 147:745-756 (2001).
127. Vangnai AS, Arp DJ and Sayavedra-Soto LA, Two distinct alcohol dehydrogenases participate in butane metabolism by Pseudomonas butanovora. J Bacteriol 184:1916-1924 (2002).
128. Vangnai AS, Sayavedra-Soto LA and Arp DJ, Roles for the two 1-butanol dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas butanova in butane and 1-butanol metabolism. J Bacteriol 184:4343-4350 (2002).
129. Swaving J and de Bont JAM, Microbial transformation of epoxides. Enzyme Microb Technol 22:19-26 (1998).
130. de Bont JAM and Harder W, Metabolism of ethylene by Mycobacterium E20. FEMS Microbiol Lett 3:89-93 (1978).
131. de Bont JAM and Albers RAJM, Microbial metabolism of ethylene. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 42:73-80 (1976).
132. +- and NADPH-dependent degradation of epoxyalkanes by Xanthobacter strain Py2. J Bacteriol 178:6644-6646 (1996).
133. Clark DD and Ensign SA, Characterization of the 2-[(R)-2-hydroxypropylthio]ethanesulfonate dehydrogenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2: product inhibition, pH dependence of kinetic parameters, site-directed mutagenesis, rapid equilibrium inhibition and chemical modification. Biochemistry 41:2727-2740 (2002).
134. Small FJ and Ensign SA, Carbon dioxide fixation in the metabolism of propylene and propylene oxide by Xanthobacter Py2. J Bacteriol 177:6170-6175 (1995).
135. Weijer CAGM, Jongejan H, Franssen MC, de Groot A and de Bont JAM, Dithiol- and NAD-dependent degradation of epoxyalkanes by Xanthobacter Py2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42:775-781 (1995).
136. Chion CKNCK and Leak DJ, Purification and characterization of two components of epoxypropane isomerase/carboxylase from Xanthobacter Py2. Biochem J 319:499-506 (1996).
137. Allen JR and Ensign SA, Carboxylation of epoxides to β-keto acids in cell extracts of Xanthobacter strain Py2. J Bacteriol 178:1469-1472 (1996).
138. Allen JR and Ensign SA, Characterization of three protein components required for functional reconstitution of the epoxide carboxylase multienzyme complex from Xanthobacter strain Py2. J Bacteriol 179:3110-3115 (1997).
139. Allen JR and Ensign SA, Two short-chain dehydrogenases confer stereoselectivity for enantiomers of epoxypropane in the multiprotein epoxide carboxylating systems of Xanthobacter strain Py2 and Nocardia corallina B-276. Biochemistry 38:247-256 (1999).
140. Allen JR, Clark DD, Krum JG and Ensign SA, A role for coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethansulfonic acid) in a bacterial pathway of aliphatic epoxide carboxylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:8432-8437 (1999).
141. Krum JG, Ellsworth H, Sargeant RR, Rich G and Ensign SA, Kinetic and microcalorimetric analysis of substrate and cofactor interactions in epoxyalkane:CoM transferase, a zinc-dependent epoxidase. Biochemistry 41:5005-5014 (2002).
142. Allen JR and Ensign SA, Purification to homogeneity and reconstitution of the individual components of the epoxide carboxylase multiprotein complex from Xanthobacter strain Py2. J Biol Chem 272:32 121-32 128 (1997).
143. Clark DD, Allen JR and Ensign SA, Characterization of five catabolic activities associated with the NADPH:2-ketopropyl-coenzyme M [2-(2-ketopropylthio)ethanesulfonate] oxidoreductase/carboxylase of the Xanthobacter strain Py2 epoxide carboxylase system. Biochemistry 39:1294-1304 (2000).
144. Coleman NV and Spain JC, Epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase in the ethane and vinyl chloride biodegradation pathways of Mycobacterium strain JS60. J Bacteriol 185:5536-5545 (2003).
145. Allen JR and Ensign SA, Identification and characterization of epoxide carboxylase activity in cell extracts of Nocardia corallina B-276. J Bacteriol 180:2072-2078 (1998).
146. Krum JG and Ensign SA, Heterologous expression of bacterial epoxyalkanes: coenzyme M transferase and inducible coenzyme M biosynthesis in Xanthobacter strain Py2 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous B276. J Bacteriol 182:2629-2934 (2000).
147. Sluis MK, Larsen RA, Krum JG, Anderson R, Metcalf WW and Ensign SA, Biochemical, molecular and genetic analyses of the acetone carboxylases from Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain Py2 and Rhodobacter capsulatus strain B10. J Bacteriol 184:2969-2977 (2002).
148. Krum JG and Ensign SA, Evidence that a linear megaplasmid encodes enzymes of aliphatic alkene and epoxide metabolism and coenzyme M (2-merceptoethanesulfonate) biosynthesis in Xanthobacter Py2. J Bacreriol 183:2171-2177 (2001).
149. Van Ginkel CG, de Jong E, Tilanus JWR and de Bont JAM, Microbial oxidation of isoprene, a biogenic foliage volatile and of 1,3-butadiene, an anthropogenic gas. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:275-279 (1987).
150. Van Hylckama-Vlieg JET, Kingma J, Kruizinga W and Janssen DB, Purification of a glutathione S-transferase and a glutathione conjugate-specific dehydrogenase involved in isoprene metabolism in Rhodococcus sp strain AD45. J Bacteriol 181:2094-2101 (1999).
151. Tedesco SA, Surface Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. Chapman & Hall, New York (1995).
152. Brisbane PG and Ladd JN, The role of microorganisms in petroleum exploration. Annu Rev Microbiol 19:351-364 (1965).
153. Barringer AR, USA Patent 4 056 969 Detection of concealed metalliferous deposits, hydrocarbons and explosives (1977).
154. Davis JB, Raymond RL and Stanley JP, Areal contrasts in the abundance of hydrocarbon oxidizing microbes in soils. Appl Microbiol 7:156-165 (1959).
155. Dostalek M and Spurny M, Geomicrobiological oil prospection. I. Sensitivity of hydrocarbon bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Prague) 7:141-149 (1962).
156. Miller GH, Microbial surveys help evaluate. Oil Gas J 74:192-202 (1976).
157. Brisbane PG and Ladd JN, Microbiological oil prospecting in Australia. Australian Petroleum Exploration Association J 191-195 (1965).
158. Sealey JQ, A geomicrobiological method of prospecting for petroleum Part 1. Oil Gas J 72:April 8, 142-146 (1974).
159. Sealey JQ, A geomicrobiological method of prospecting for petroleum Part 2. Oil Gas J 72:April 15, 98-102 (1974).
160. Beerstecher E, Petroleum Microbiology. Elsevier Press, Inc., New York (1954).
161. Davis JB, Petroleum Microbiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1967).
162. Shennan JL, Industrial hydrocarbon fermentations, in Petroleum Microbiology, ed by Atlas RM. Macmillan, Inc., New York, pp 643-683 (1984).
163. Volesky B, Volesky B and Zajic JE, Batch production of protein from ethane and ethane-methane mixtures. Appl Microbiol 21:614-622 (1971).
164. Orgel G, Pietrusza EW and Joris GG, Protein from normal hydrocarbons. USA Patent 362 465 (1967).
165. Takahashi J, Production of intracellular and extracellular protein from n-butane by Pseudomonas butanovora sp nov. Adv Appl Microbiol 26:117-127 (1980).
166. Ichikawa Y, Sato S and Takahashi J, Effect of pressure on biomass production from n-butane. J Ferment Technol 59:269-273 (1981).
167. IizukaH, Seto N and Sakayanagi S, Method of recovery of microbial cells containing protein. USA Patent 3 888 736 (1975).
168. Sharp DH, Bioprotein Manufacture: A Critical Assessment. Ellis Horwood, Ltd, Chicester, UK (1989).
169. Leak DJ, Aikens PJ and Seyed-Mamoudian M, The microbial production of epoxides. Trends in Biotechnol 10:256-261 (1992).
170. Weijers CAGM, de Haan A and de Bont JAM, Microbial production and metabolism of epoxides. Microbiol Sci 5:156-159 (1988).
171. www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles (Accessed 2005)
172. Hou CT, Laskin AI and Patel R, Microbial cells and their use to produce oxidation products. European Patent Application 98 138 (1984).
173. Duetz WA, van Beilen JB and Witholt B, Using proteins in thei natural environment: potential and limitations of microbial whole-cell hydroxylations in applied biocatalysis. Current Opinion Biotechnol 12:419-425 (2001).
174. Woods NR and Murrell JC, Epoxidation of gaseous alkenes by a Rhodococcus sp. Biotechnol Lett 12:409-414 (1990).
175. de Bont JAM, van Ginkel CG, Tramper J and Luyben KCAM, Ethylene oxide production by immobilized Mycobacterium Py1 in a gas-solid bioreactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 5:55-59 (1983).
176. Hamstra RS, Murris MR and Tramper J, The influence of immobilization and reduced water activity on gaseous-alkene oxidation by Mycobacterium Py1 and Xanthobacter Py2 in a gas-solid bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 29:884-891 (1987).
177. van Ginkel CG, Habets-Crutzen AQH, van der Last ARM and de Bont JAM, A description of microbial growth on gaseous alkenes in a chemostat culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 30:799-804 (1987).
178. Brink LES and Tramper J, Production of propene oxide in an organic liquid-phase immobilized cell reactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 9:612-617 (1987).
179. Wingard LB, Roach RP, Miyawaki O, Egler KA, Minzing GE, Silver RS and Brackin JS, Epoxidation of propylene utilizing Nocardia corallina immobilized by gel entrapment or adsorption. Enzyme Microb Technol 7:503-509 (1985).
180. Miyawaki G, Wingard LB, Brackin JS and Silver RS, Formation of propylene oxide by Nocardia corallina immobilized in liquid paraffin. Biotechnol Bioeng 28:343-348 (1986).
181. Habets-Crutzen AQH and de Bont JAM, Effect of various co-substrates on 1,2-epoxypropane formation from propene by ethene-utilizing mycobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 26:434-438 (1987).
182. de Haan A, Smith MR, Voorhorst WGB and de Bont JAM, Co-factor regeneration in the production of 1,2-epoxypropane by Mycobacterium strain E3: the role of storage material. J Gen Microbiol 139:3017-3022 (1993).
183. Habets-Crutzen AQH, Cartier SJN, de Bont JAM, Wistuba D, Schurig V, Hartmans S and Tramper J, Stereospecific formation of 1,2-epoxypropane, 1,2-epoxybutane and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane by alkene-utilizing bacteria. Enzyme Microb Technol 7:17-21 (1985).
184. Weijers CAGM, de Haan A and de Bont JAM, Chiral resolution of 2,3-epoxyalkanes by Xanthobacter Py2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 27:337-340 (1988).
185. van Hylckama-Vlieg JET and Janssen DB, Formation and detoxification of reactive intermediates in the metabolism of chlorinated effienes. J Bictechnol 85:81-102 (2001).
186. Bosma T, Damborsky J, Stucki G and Janssen DB, Biodegradation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane through directed evolution and heterologous expression of a haloalkane dehalogenase gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3582-3587 (2002).
187. Fox BG, Borneman JG, Wackett LP and Lipscomb JD, Haloalkene oxidation by the soluble methane monooxygenase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b: mechanisms and environmental implications. Biochemistry 29:6419-6427 (1990).
188. Arp DJ, Yeager CM and Hyman MR, Molecular and cellular fundamentals of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene. Biodegradation 12:81-103 (2001).
189. Vanderberg LA and Perry JJ, Dehalogenation by Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5: role of the propane monooxygenase. Can J Microbiol 40:169-172 (1994).
190. Vanderberg LA, Burback BL and Perry JJ, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene by Mycobacterium vaccae. Can J Microbiol 41:298-301 (1995).
191. Hamamura N, Page C, Long T, Semprini L and Arp DJ, Chloroform metabolism by butane-grown CF8, Pseudomonas butanovora and Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and methane-grown Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3607-3613 (1997).
192. Ensign SA, Hyman MR and Arp DJ, Cometabolic degradation of chlorinated alkenes by alkene monooxygenase in a propylene-grown Xanthobacter strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3038-3046 (1992).
193. Reij MW, Kieboom J, de Bout JAM and Hartmans S, Continuous degradation of trichloroethylene by Xanthobacter sp strain Py2 during growth on propene. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2936-2942 (1995).
194. Hashimoto A, Iwasaki K, Nakasugi N, Nakajima M and Yagi O, Degradation pathways of trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane by Mycobacterium sp TA27. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:385-390 (2002).
195. Phelps TJ, Niedzielski JJ, Schram RM, Herbes SE and White DC, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene in continuous-recycle expanded-bed bioreactors. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1702-1709 (1990).
196. Ensign SA, Aliphatic and chlorinated alkenes and epoxides as inducers of alkene monooxygenase and epoxidase activities in Xanthobacter strain Py2. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:61-66 (1996).
197. Lackey LW, Gamble JR and Boles JL, Bench-scale evaluation of a biofiltration system used to mitigate trichloroethylene contaminated air streams. Adv Environ Research 7:97-104 (2002).
198. Sukesan S and Watwood ME, Effects of hydrocarbon enrichment on trichloroethylene biodegradation and microbial populations in finished compost. J Appl Microbiol 85:635-642 (1998).
199. Jitnuyanont P, Sayavedra-Soto LA and Semprini L, Bioaugmentation of butane-utilizing microorganisms to promote cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in groundwater microcosms. Biodegradation 12:11-22 (2001).
200. Kim Y, Arp DJ and Semprini L, A combined method for determining inhibition type, kinetic parameters and inhibition constants for aerobic cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by a butane-grown mixed culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 77:564-576 (2002).
201. Kim Y, Semprini L and Arp DJ, Aerobic cometabolism of chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane by butane-grown microorganisms. Bioremediation J 1:135-149 (1997).
202. Koziollek P, Bryniok D and Knackmuss HJ, Ethene as an auxillary substrate for the cooxidation of cis-dichloroethane and vinyl chloride. Arch Microbiol 172:240-246 (1999).
203. Hartmans S and de Bont JAM, Aerobic vinyl chloride metabolism in Mycobacterium aurum L1. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:1220-1226 (1992).
204. Kim Y, Arp DJ and Semprini L, Chlorinated solvent cometabolism by butane-grown mixed culture. J Environ Eng 126:934-941 (2000).
205. Hartmans S, de Bont JAM, Tramper J and Luyben KCAM, Bacterial degradation of vinyl chloride. Biotechnol Lett 7:383-388 (1985).
206. Semprini L and Arp DJ, Final Report: Aerobic cometabolism of chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, '1,1-dichloroethylene and other chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by microbes grown on butane and propane. National Center for Environmental Research, USEPA,ReportR825689C019 (2002). http://es.epa.gov/ncer/final/centers/hsrc/89/Western/semprini01.html (Accessed 2005)
207. Fayolle F, Vandecasteele JP and Monot F, Microbial degradation and fate on the environment of methyl tert-butyl ether and related fuel oxygenates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:339-341 (2001).
208. Deeb RA, Scow KM and Alvarez-Cohen L, Aerobic MTBE biodegradation: an examination of past studies, current challenges and future research directions. Biodegradation 11:171-186 (2000).
209. Hardison LK, Curry SS, Ciufetti LM and Hyman MR, Metabolism of diethyl ether and cometabolism of methyl tert-butyl ether by a filamentous fungus, a Graphium sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3059-3067 (1997).
210. Liu CY, Speitel GE and Georgiou G, Kinetics of methyl t-butyl ether cometabolism at low concentrations by pure cultures of butane-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2197-2201 (2001).
211. Garnier PM, Auria R, Augur C and Revah S, Cometabolic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a soil consortium: effect of components present in gasoline. J Gen Appl Microbiol 46:79-84 (2000).
212. Smith CA, O'Reilly KT and Hyman MR, Characterisation of the initial reaction during the cometabolic oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether by propane-grown Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:796-804 (2003).
213. van Ginkel CG, Welten HGJ and de Bont JAM, Growth and stability of ethene-utilizing bacteria on compost at very low substrate concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:65-69 (1987).
214. De Heyder B, van Elst T, van Langenhove H and Verstraete W, Enhancement of ethene removal from waste gas by stimulating nitrification. Biodegradation 8:21-30 (1997).
215. Elsgaard L, Ethylene removal by a biofilter with immobilised bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4168-4173 (1999).
216. Kim JO, Degradation of benzene and ethylene in biofilters. Process Biochem 39:447-453 (2003).
217. Ringelberg DB, Davis JD, Smith GA, Pfiffher SS, Nichols PD, Nickels JS, Henson JM, Wilson JT, Yates M, Kampbell DH, Read HW, Stocksdale TT and White DC, Validation of signature polarlipid fatty acid biomarkers for alkane-utilizing bacteria in soils and subsurface aquifer materials. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 62:39-50 (1989).
218. Henis Y, Survival and dormancy of bacteria, in Survival and Dormancy of Microorganisms, ed by Henis Y. Wiley, London, pp 1-108 (1987).
219. Krulwich TA and Pelliccione NJ, Catabolic pathways of coryneforms, nocardias and mycobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 33:95-111 (1979).
220. Boylen CW and Mulks MH, The survival of coryneform bacteria during periods of prolonged nutrient starvation. J Gen Microbiol 105:323-334 (1978).
221. Krinsky NI, Carotenoid pigments: multiple mechanisms for coping with the stress of photosensitized oxidations, in Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, ed by Shilo M. Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin, pp 163-177 (1979).
222. Zechman JM and Casida LE, Death of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in soil. Can J Microbiol 28:788-794 (1982).
223. Teh JS and Lee KH, Effects of n-alkanes on Cladosporium resinae. Can J Microbiol 20:971-976 (1974).
224. Klug MJ and Markovetz AJ, Utilization of aliphatic hydrocarbons by micro-organisms. Adv Microb Physiol 5:1-43 (1971).
225. Abbott BJ and Gledhill WE, The extracellular accumulation of metabolic products by hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol 14:249-388 (1971).
226. McAuliffe C, Solubility in water of paraffin, cycloparaffin, olefin, acetylene, cycloolefin and aromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem 70:1267-1275 (1966).
227. Morrison TJ and Billett F, The salting-out of non-electrolytes. Part II. The effect of variation in non-electrolyte. J Chem Soc 3819-3822 (1952).
228. Claussen WF and Polglase MF, Solubilities and structures in aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon solutions. J Am Chem Soc 74:4817-4819 (1952).
229. Wetlaufer DB, Malik SK, Stoller L and Coffin RL, Nonpolar group participation in the denaturation of proteins by urea and guanidinium salts. Model compound studies. J Am Chem Soc 86:508-513 (1964).
230. Taft RW, Purlee EL and Riesz P, A method for determining the distribution constant for a substrate between the gas phase and a condensed phase. J Am Chem Soc 74:898-900 (1955).
231. Purlee EL and Taft RW, Distribution constants for ethylene and propylene between the gas phase and aqueous perchloric acid. J Am Chem Soc 78:5811-5812 (1956).
232. Watkinson RJ, Interaction of micro-organisms with hydrocarbons, in Hydrocarbons in Biotechnology, ed by Harrison DEF, Higgins IJ and Watkinson RJ. Heyden & Son, London, pp 11-24 (1980).
233. Stephens GM and Dalton H, Is toxin production by coryneform bacteria linked to their ability to utilize hydrocarbons? Trends in Biotechnol 5:5-7 (1987).
234. Hamamura N, Yeager CM and Arp DJ, Two distinct monooxygenases for alkane oxidation in Nocardiodes sp strain CF8. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4992-4998 (2001).
235. Murrell JC, Gilbert B and McDonald IR, Molecular biology and regulation of methane monooxygenase. Arch Microbiol 173:325-332 (2000).
236. Shanklin J, Achim C, Schmidt H, Fox BG and Munck E, Mossbauer studies of alkane ω-hydroxylase: evidence for a diiron cluster in an integral-membrane enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2981-2986 (1997).
237. McKenna EJ and Coon MJ, Enzymatic ω-oxidation. IV. Purification and properties of the ω-hydroxylase of Pseudomonas oleovorans. J Biol Chem 245:3882-3889 (1970).
238. Witholt B, de Smet M, Kingma J, van Beilen JB, Kok M, Lageveen RG and Eggink G, Bioconversions of aliphatic compounds by Pseudomonas oleovorans in multiphase bioreactors: background and economic potential. Trends in Biotechnol 8:36-52 (1990).
239. Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., Web Site www.gmtgeochem.com (Accessed 2005)
240. Bothe H, Moller Jensen K, Mergel A, Larsen J, Jorgensen C, Bothe H and Jorgensen L, Heterotrophic bacteria growing in association with Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) in a single cell protein production process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:33-39 (2002).
241. De Vries EJ and Janssen DB, Biocatalytic conversion of epoxides. Current Opinion Biotechnol 14:414-420 (2003).
242. Steinreiber A and Faber K, Microbial epoxide hydrolases for preparative biotransformations. Current Opinion Biotechnol 12:552-558 (2001).
243. Cookson JT, Bioremediation Engineering. McGraw Hill, New York (1995).
244. Ensley BD, Biochemical diversity of trichloroethylene metabolism. Annu Rev Microbiol 45:283-299 (1991).
245. Kuntz RL, Brown LR, Zappi ME and French WT, Isopropanol and acetone induces vinyl chloride degradation in Rhodococcus rhodochrous. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30:651-655 (2003).
246. Poelarends QJ, Kulakov LA, Larkin MJ, Van Hylckama-Vlieg JET and Janssen DB, Roles of horizontal gene transfer and gene integration in evolution of 1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dibromoethane degradative pathways. J Bacteriol 182:2191-2199 (2000).
247. Hage JC and Hartmans S, Monooxygenase mediated 1,2-dichloroethane degradation by Pseudomonas sp strain DCA1. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2466-2470 (1999).
248. Hanson JR, Ackerman CE and Scow KM, Biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a bacterial pure culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4788-4792 (1999).