Observations of convection initiation "failure" from the 12 June 2002 IHOP deployment

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 134, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 375-405

  Markowski, Paul ^a   Hannon, Christina ^a   Rasmussen, Erik ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUD PHOTOGRAMMETRY; CONVECTION INITIATION; CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS; CUMULUS CONVECTION; MESOSCALE BOUNDARIES; MULTIPLE-DOPPLER WIND SYNTHESES;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLOUDS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); THUNDERSTORMS; WIND;

HEAT CONVECTION;

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CUMULUS;

EID: 33644760685     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR3059.1     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Arnott, N., Y. Richardson, J. Wurman, and J. Lutz, 2003: A solar calibration technique for determining mobile radar pointing angles. Preprints, 31st Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 492-494.
2. Arnott, N., Y. Richardson, and J. Wurman, 2004: High-resolution observations of a cold front on 10 June 2002. Preprints, 22d Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 16A.3.
3. Atkins, N. T., R. M. Wakimoto, and T. M. Weckwerth, 1995: Observations of the sea-breeze front during CaPE. Part II: Dual-Doppler and aircraft analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 944-969.
4. Barnes, S. L., 1964: A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 396-409.
5. Biggerstaff, M. I., and J. Guynes, 2000: A new tool for atmospheric research. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 277-280.
6. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: CLASS for class. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1697-1702.
7. Braham, R. R., and M. Draginis, 1960: Roots of orographic cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci., 17, 214-226.
8. Carbone, R. E., J. W. Conway, N. A. Crook, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line. Part I: Observations and implications for mesoscale predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 26-49.
9. Crook, N. A., 1994: Numerical simulations initialized with radar-derived winds. Part I: Simulated data experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1189-1203.
10. Crook, N. A., 1996: Sensitivity of moist convection forced by boundary layer processes to low-level thermodynamic fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1767-1785.
11. Crook, N. A., and J. B. Klemp, 2000: Lifting by convergence lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 873-890.
12. Doswell, C. A., 1987: The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: A case study example. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 3-16.
13. Doswell, C. A., and E. N. Rasmussen, 1994: The effect of neglecting the virtual temperature correction on CAPE calculations. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 625-629.
14. Doswell, C. A., D. V. Baker, and C. A. Liles, 2002: Recognition of negative mesoscale factors for severe-weather potential: A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 937-954.
15. Doviak, R. J., and D. S. Zrnic, 1993: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. Academic Press, 562 pp.
16. Droegemeier, K. K., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1985: Three-dimensional numerical modeling of convection produced by interacting thunderstorm outflows. Part I: Control simulation and low-level moisture variation. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2381-2403.
17. Fankhauser, J. C., N. A. Crook, J. Tuttle, L. J. Miller, and C. G. Wade, 1995: Initiation of deep convection along boundary layer convergence lines in a semitropical environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 291-313.
18. Ferretti, R., F. Einaudi, and L. W. Uccellini, 1988: Wave disturbances associated with the Red River Valley severe weather outbreak of 10-11 April 1979. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 39, 132-168.
19. Frederickson, S. E., 1993: National Severe Storms Laboratory mobile atmospheric laboratories; Surface meteorological measurements. Preprints, Eighth Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 219-224.
20. Gal-Chen, T., 1978: A method for the initialization of the anelastic equations: Implications for matching models with observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 587-606.
21. Gal-Chen, T., and R. A. Kropfli, 1984: Buoyancy and pressure perturbations derived from dual-Doppler radar observations of the planetary boundary layer: Applications for matching models with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3007-3020.
22. Hane, C. E., and P. S. Ray, 1985: Pressure and buoyancy fields derived from Doppler radar data in a tornadic thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 18-35.
23. Hane, C. E., C. L. Ziegler, and P. S. Ray, 1988: Use of velocity fields from Doppler radars to retrieve other variables in thunderstorms. Instruments and Techniques from Thunderstorm Observation and Analysis, E. Kessler, Ed., University of Oklahoma Press, 215-234.
24. Hane, C. E., H. B. Bluestein, T. M. Crawford, M. E. Baldwin, and R. M. Rabin, 1997: Severe thunderstorm development in relation to along-dryline variability: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 231-251.
25. Hobbs, P. V., and P. O. G. Persson, 1982: The mesoscale and microscale structure of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part V: The substructure of narrow cold frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 280-295.
26. Hock, T. F., and J. L. Franklin, 1999: The NCAR GPS dropwindsonde. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 407-420.
27. Huggins, A. W., 1995: Mobile microwave radiometer observations: Spatial characteristics of supercooled cloud water and cloud seeding implications. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 432-446.
28. James, R. P., and J. M. Fritsch, 2003: The inflow environments of cellular and slabular convective lines. Preprints, 10th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 4.5.
29. James, R. P., J. M. Fritsch, and P. M. Markowski, 2005: Environmental distinctions between cellular and slabular convective lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2669-2691.
30. Kanak, K. M., D. K. Lilly, and J. T. Snow, 2000: The formation of vertical vortices in the convective boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126A, 2789-2810.
31. Karyampudi, V. M., S. E. Koch, J. W. Rottman, and M. L. Kaplan, 1995: The influence of the Rocky Mountains in the 13-14 April 1986 severe weather outbreak. Part II: Evolution of an internal bore and its role in triggering a squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1423-1446.
32. Kessinger, C. J., P. S. Ray, and C. E. Hane, 1987: The Oklahoma squall line of 19 May 1977. Part I: A multiple Doppler analysis of convective and stratiform structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2840-2864.
33. Kingsmill, D. E., 1995: Convection initiation associated with a sea-breeze front, a gust front, and their collision. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2913-2933.
34. Koch, S. E., 1984: The role of an apparent mesoscale frontogenetical circulation in squall line initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2090-2111.
35. Koch, S. E., and W. L. Clark, 1999: A nonclassical cold front observed during COPS-91: Frontal structure and the process of severe storm initiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2862-2890.
36. Koch, S. E., M. DesJardins, and P. J. Kocin, 1983: An interactive Barnes objective map analysis scheme for use with satellite and conventional data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1487-1503.
37. Koch, S. E., A. Aksakal, and J. T. McQueen, 1997: The influence of mesoscale humidity and evapotranspiration fields on a model forecast of a cold frontal squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 58-83.
38. Lee, B. D., and C. A. Finley, 2000: Simulating deep convection initiation by misocyclones. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70-73.
39. Lhermitte, R. M., and M. Gilet, 1975: Dual-Doppler observation and study of sea breeze convective storm development. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1346-1361.
40. Markowski, P., and C. Hannon, 2006: Multiple-Doppler radar observations of the evolution of vorticity extrema in a convective boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 355-374.
41. Marquis, J., Y. P. Richardson, and J. Wurman, 2004: Observations of misocyclones along boundaries during IHOP. Preprints, 22d Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 16A.5.
42. Matejka, T., 2002: Estimating the most steady frame of reference from Doppler radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1035-1048.
43. Matthews, D. A., 1981: Observations of a cloud arc triggered by thunderstorm outflow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2140-2157.
44. Ogura, Y., and Y.-L. Chen, 1977: A life history of an intense mesoscale convective storm in Oklahoma. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1458-1476.
45. Orville, H. D., 1964: On mountain upslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 622-633.
46. Parsons, D. B., C. G. Mohr, and T. Gal-Chen, 1987: A severe frontal rainband. Part III: Derived thermodynamic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1613-1631.
47. Purdom, J. F. W., 1976: Some uses of high-resolution GOES imagery in the mesoscale forecasting of convection and its behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1474-1483.
48. Rasmussen, E. N., R. Davies-Jones, and R. L. Holle, 2003: Terrestrial photogrammetry of weather images acquired in uncontrolled circumstances. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1790-1803.
49. Ray, P. S., and K. L. Sangren, 1983: Multiple-Doppler radar network design. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1444-1454.
50. Raymond, D., and M. Wilkening, 1980: Mountain-induced convection under fair weather conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2693-2706.
51. Rhea, J. O., 1966: A study of thunderstorm formation along dry lines. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 58-63.
52. Richardson, Y. P., J. Marquis, E. Rasmussen, J. Wurman, and N. Arnott, 2004: Analysis of convection initiation along a dryline on 19 June 2002. Preprints, 22d Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 16A.4.
53. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
54. Roux, F., 1985: Retrieval of thermodynamic fields from multiple-Doppler radar data using the equations of motion and the thermodynamic equation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2142-2157.
55. Schaefer, J. T., 1986: The dryline. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 549-572.
56. Segal, M., and R. W. Arritt, 1992: Nonclassical mesoscale circulations caused by surface sensible heat-flux gradients. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1593-1604.
57. Segal, M., J. F. W. Purdom, J. L. Song, R. A. Pielke, and Y. Mahrer, 1986: Evaluation of cloud shading effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1201-1212.
58. Shapiro, A., and K. M. Kanak, 2002: Vortex formation in ellipsoidal thermal bubbles. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2253-2269.
59. Stonitsch, J., and P. Markowski, 2004: Evolution of boundary layer wind and moisture fields along a front during IHOP. Preprints, 22d Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 16A.7.
60. Straka, J. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and S. E. Fredrickson, 1996: A mobile mesonet for finescale meteorological observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 921-936.
61. Trapp, R. J., and C. A. Doswell, 2000: Radar data objective analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 105-120.
62. Wakimoto, R. M., and N. T. Atkins, 1994: Observation of the sea-breeze front during CAPE. Part I: Single Doppler, satellite, and cloud photogrammetry analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1092-1113.
63. Weckwerth, T. M., J. W. Wilson, and R. M. Wakimoto, 1996: Thermodynamic variability within the convective boundary layer due to horizontal convective rolls. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 769-784.
64. Weckwerth, T. M., J. W. Wilson, R. M. Wakimoto, and N. A. Crook, 1997: Horizontal convective rolls: Determining the environmental conditions supporting their existence and characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 505-526.
65. 2O Project (IHOP) and some preliminary highlights. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 253-277.
66. Weisman, M. L., 1992: The role of convectively generated rear-inflow jets in the evolution of long-lived mesoconvective systems J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1826-1847.
67. Wilson, J. W., and W. E. Schreiber, 1986: Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2516-2536.
68. Wilson, J. W., G. B. Foote, N. A. Crook, J. C. Fankhauser, C. G. Wade, J. D. Tuttle, and C. K. Mueller, 1992: The role of boundary-layer convergence zones and horizontal rolls in the initiation of thunderstorms: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1785-1815.
69. Wilson, J. W., T. M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R. M. Wakimoto, and R. W. Russell, 1994: Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184-1206.
70. Wurman, J., J. Straka, E. Rasmussen, M. Randall, and A. Zahrai, 1997: Design and deployment of a portable, pencil-beam, pulsed, 3-cm Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1502-1512.
71. Ziegler, C. L., and E. N. Rasmussen, 1998: The initiation of moist convection at the dryline: Forecasting issues from a case study perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1106-1131.
72. Ziegler, C. L., T. J. Lee, and R. A. Pielke Sr., 1997: Convective initiation at the dryline: A modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1001-1026.