Long wave infrared cavity-enhanced sensors using quantum cascade lasers

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 6010, Issue , 2005, Pages

  Taubman, Matthew S ^a   Scott, David C ^a   Myers, Tanya L ^a   Cannon, Bret D ^a  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cavity locking; Chemical sensing; Current controller; Frequency modulation; QCL; Quantum cascade laser

Indexed keywords

FREQUENCY MODULATION; SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS; SPACE SURVEILLANCE; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; UNMANNED VEHICLES;

CAVITY LOCKING; CHEMICAL SENSING; CURRENT CONTROLLERS; QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (QCL);

OPTICAL SENSORS;

EID: 33644758307     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.634986     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (75)

1. Chad Roller, Khosrow Namjou, James D. Jeffers, Mark Camp, Adam Mock, Patrick J. McCann and Joe Grego, "Nitric oxide breath testing by tunable-diode laser absorption spectroscopy: application in monitoring respiratory inflammation," Appl. Opt. 41(28), 6018-6029 (2002).
2. J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553-556, (1994).
3. F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade lasers," Phys. Today 55(5), 34-40, (2002).
4. J. T. Remillard, D. Uy, W. H. Weber, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Sub-Doppler resolution limited Lamb-dip spectroscopy of NO with a quantum cascade distributed feedback laser," Optics Express, 7(7), 243-248, (2000).
5. A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Effective Utilization of Quantum-Cascade Distributed-Feedback Lasers in Absorption Spectroscopy," Appl. Opt., 39(24). 4425-4430 (2000).
6. J.W. Elkins, D.W. Fahey, J.M. Gilligan, G.S. Dutton, T.J. Baring, C.M. Volk, R.E. Dunn, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, P.R. Wamsley, A.H. Hayden, J.H. Butler, T.M Thompson, T.H. Swanson, E.J. Dlugokencky, P.C. Novelli, D.F. Hurst, J.M. Lobert, S.J. Ciciora, R.J. McLaughlin, T.L. Thompson, R.H. Winkler, P.J. Fraser, L.P. Steele, and M.P. Lucarelli, "Airborne gas chomatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower atmosphere," Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 347-350, (1996).
7. F. Li, Z. Xie, H. Schmidt, S. Sielemann, J.I. Baumbach, "Ion mobility spectrometer for online monitoring of trace compounds." Spectrochim. Acta, B, 57, 1563-1574 (2002).
8. 2 from Balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms," Appl. Opt., 38, 4609-4622 (1999).
9. Christopher R. Webster, Gregory J. Flesch, Kamjou Mansour, Robert Haberle, Jill Bauman, "Mars Laser Hygrometer," Appl. Opt., 43, 4436-4445, (2004).
10. D.F. Hurst, S.M. Schauffler, J.B. Greenblatt, H. Jost, R.L. Herman, J.W. Elkins, P.A. Romashkin, E.L. Atlas, S.G. Donnelly, J.R. Podolske, M. Loewenstein, C.R. Webster, G.J. Flesch, and D.C. Scott, "Construction of a unified, high-resolution nitrous oxide data set for ER-2 flights during SOLVE," J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8271-8284, (2002).
11. V.P. Zharov and V.S. Letokhov, Laser optoacousiic spectroscopy, Springer Series in Optical Sciences Vol. 37 (Springer, Berlin, 1986).
12. Anatoliy A. Kosterev, Frank K. Tittel, Dmitry V. Serebryakov, Alexander L. Malinovsky, and Igor V. Morozov, "Applications of quartz tuning forks in spectroscopic gas sensing," Rev. Sci. Instr., 76, 043105-1-9 (2005).
13. J.A. Silver and A.C. Stanton, "Optical interference fringe reduction in laser absorption experiments," Appl. Opt. 27, 1914-1916 (1988).
14. J. Altmann, R. Baumgart, and C. Weitkamp, "Two-mirror multipass absorption cell," Applied Optics 20, 995-999 (1981).
15. D. Herriott, H. Kogelnik, and R. Kompfner, "Off-axis paths in spherical mirror interferometers," Applied Optics 3, 523-526 (1964).
16. D.D. Nelson, J.B. McManus, S. Urbanski, S. Herndon, and M.S, Zahniser, "High Precision Measurements of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide and Methane Using Thermoelectrically Cooled Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade lasers and Detectors," Spectrochim. Acta Part A 60 (2004) 3325-3335.
17. D.D. Nelson, J.H. Shorter, J.B. McManus, and M.S. Zahniser, "Sub-Part-Per-Billion Detection of Nitric Oxide in Air Using a Thermoelectrically Cooled Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer," Appl. Phys. B, 75, 343-350, (2002).
18. J.B. McManus, D.D. Nelson, J.H. Shorter, and M.S. Zahniser, "Quantum Cascade Lasers for Open- and Closed-Path Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases," SPIE Proc., 4817, 22-33 (2002).
19. E. Normand, M. McCulloch, G. Duxbury, and N. Langford, "Fast, real-time spectrometer based on a pulsed quantum-cascade laser," Opt. Lett., 28(1), 16-18, (2003).
20. Michael T. McCulloch, Erwan L. Normand, Nigel Langford, and Geoffrey Duxbury, "Highly sensitive detection of trace gases using the time-resolved frequency downchirp from pulsed quantum-cascade lasers," J. Opt. Soc. B., 20(8), 1761-1768, (2003).
21. T.L. Myers, R.M Williams, M.S. Taubman, C Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, J.N. Baillargeon, and A.Y. Cho, "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett., 27(3), 170-172, (2002).
22. Matthew S. Taubman, Tanya L. Myers, Bret D. Cannon, Richard M. Williams, Federico Capasso, Clair Gmachl, Deborah L. Sivco, and Alfred Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett., 27(24), 2164-2166, 2002.
23. B. P. Wert, A. Fried, S. Rauenbuehler, J. Watega, and B. Henry, "Design and performance of a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for airborne formaldehyde measurements," J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4350, 1-1 to 1-15 (2003).
24. J.S.Yu, S. Slivken, S.R. Darvish, A. Evans, B. Gokden, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, room-temperature, and continuous-wave operation of distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers and λ-4.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett., 87(4) 041104-1-3 (2005).
25. J.F Kelly and A Gallagher, "Efficient electro-optic modulator for optical pumping of Na beams," Rev. Sci. Instrum, 58(4), 563-566, (1987).
26. Dag Roar Hjelme, Steinar Neegård, and Erling Vartdal, "Optical interference fringe reduction in frequency-modulation spectroscopy experiments," Opt. Lett., 20(16), 1731-1733 (1995).
27. Christopher R. Webster, "Brewster-plate spoiler: a novel method for reducing the amplitude of interference fringes that limit tunable-laser absorption sensitivities," J. Opt, Soc. Am. B, 2(9), 1464-1470 (1985).
28. M. Loewenstein, H. Jost, J. Grose, J. Eilers, D. Lynch, S. Jensen, and J. Marmie, "Argus: a new instrument for the measurement of the stratospheric dynamical tracers, N2O and CH4," Spectrochim. Acta A., Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 58(11), 2329-2345 (2002).
29. V.G. Avetisov and P. Kauranen, "Two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy for quantitative measurements of gaseous species: theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigation of line shapes," Appl. Opt., 35(24), 4705-4723 (1996).
30. Joel A. Silver, "Frequency-modulation spectroscopy for trace species detection: theory and comparison among experimental methods," Appl. Opt., 31(6), 707-717 (1992).
31. David E. Cooper and Russell E. Warren, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy with lead-salt diode lasers: a comparison of single-tone and two-tone techniques," Appl. Opt, 26(17), 3726-3732 (1987).
32. Jay W. Grate, Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson, and David L. Venezky, Mark Klusty, and Hank Wohltjen, "Smart Sensor System for Trace Organophosphorus and Organosulfur Vapor Detection Employing a Temperature-Controlled Array of Surface Acoustic Waver Sensors, Automated Sample Preconcentration, and Pattern Recognition," Anal. Chem. 65, 1868-1861 (1993).
33. J.W. Grate, N.C. Anheier, and D.L. Baldwin, "Progressive Thermal Desorption of Vapor Mixtures from a Preconcentrator with a Porus Metal Foam Internal Architecture and Variable Thermal Ramp Rates," Anal. Chem., 77(6), 1867-1875, (2005).
34. H. Riris, C.B. Carlisle, D.F. McMillen and D.E. Cooper, "Explosives detection with a frequency modulation spectrometer," Appl. Opt., 35(24), 4694-4704 (1996).
35. G. Gagliardi, L. Gianfrani, "Trace-gas analysis using diode lasers in the near-IR and long-path techniques," Opt. Laser. Eng., 37(5), 509-520, (2002).
36. L. Gianfrani, R.W. Fox, and L. Hollberg, "Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of Molecular Oxygen," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 16(12) 2247-2254, (1999).
37. Anthony E. Siegman, Lasers, p435. ISBN 0-935702-11-3, University Science Books, 1986.
38. Anthony E. Siegman. Lasers, p39. ISBN 0-935702-11-3, University Science Books, 1986.
39. Martyn D. Wheeler, Stuart M. Newman, Andrew J. Orr-Ewing and Michael N. R. Ashfold, "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy," J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 94(3), 337-351 (1998).
40. D. Romanini, A. A. Kachanov, and F. Stoeckel, "Diode laser cavity ringdown spectroscopy," Chem, Phys. Lett., 270, 538-545 (1997).
41. D. Romanini, A. A. Kachanov, and F. Stoeckel, "Cavity ringdown spectroscopy: broadband absolute absorption measurements," Chem, Phys. Lett., 270, 546-550 (1997).
42. Jae Won Hahn, Yong Shim Yoo, Jae Yong Lee, Jae Wan Kim, and Hai-Woong Lee, "Cavity ringdown spectroscopy with a continuous-wave laser: calculation of coupling efficiency and a new spectrometer design," Appl. Opt., 38(9), 1859-1866 (1999).
43. I. Debecker and A.K. Mohamed, "High-speed cavity ringdown spectroscopy with increased spectral resolution by simultaneous laser and cavity tuning," Optics Express, 13(8), 2906-2915 (2005).
44. Y. He and B.J. Orr, "Optical heterodyne signal generation and detection in cavity ringdown spectroscopy based on a rapidly swept cavity," Chem. Phys. Lett., 335, 215-220 (2001).
45. G Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy: experimental schemes and applications," Int. Rev, Phys. Chem. 19, 565-607 (2000).
46. K.W. Busch and M.A. Busch, ed., Cavity-Ringdown Spectroscopy - An Ultratrace-Absorption Measurement Technique (Oxford U. Press, Washington, D.C., 1999).
47. A. O'Keefe and D. A. G. Deacon, "Cavity ringdown optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544-2551 (1988).
48. B. A. Paldus, C. C. Harb, T. G. Spence, B. Wilke, J. Xie, J. S. Harris, and R. N Zare, "Cavity-locked ringdown Spectroscopy," J. Appl. Phys. 83, 3991-3997 (1998).
49. Jun Ye and John L. Hall, "Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt light power," Phys. Rev. A., Rapid Communications, 61, 061802-1 to 061802-4.
50. Matthew S. Taubman, US Patent No. 6,870,626, "Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy System and Method," March 2005.
51. A. O'Keefe, "Integrated cavity output analysis of ultra-weak absorption," Chem. Phys. Lett. 293, 331-336 (1998).
52. R. Englen, G. Berden, R. Peeters, and G. Meijer, "Cavity enhanced absorption and cavity enhanced magnetic rotation spectroscopy," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763-3769 (1998).
53. J. B. Paul, L. Larson, and J. G. Anderson, "Ultrasensitive absorption spectroscopy with a high-finesse optical cavity and off-axis alignment," Appl. Opt. 40, 4904-4910 (2001).
54. D. S. Baer, J. B. Paul, M. Gupta, and A. O'Keefe, "Sensitive absorption measurements in near-infrared region using off-axis integrated-cavity-output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 75, 261-265 (2002).
55. V. L. Kasyutich, C. E. Canosa-Mas, C. Pfrang, S. Vaughan, and R. P. Wayne, "Off-axis continuous-wave cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy of narrow-band and broadband absorbers using red diode lasers," Appl. Phys. B 75, 755-761 (2002).
56. Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, and F. K. Tittel, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade laser based off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy for biogenic nitric oxide detection," Appl. Opt. 43 (11), 2257-2266 (2004).
57. Richard M. Williams, James F. Kelly, John S. Hartman, Steven W. Sharpe, Matthew S. Taubman, John L. Hall, Federico Capasso, Claire Gmachl, Deborah L. Sivco, James N. Baillargeon, and Alfred Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett., 24(24), 1844-1847, (1999).
58. R.L. Barger, M.S. Sorem, and J.L. Hall, "Frequency stabilization of a cw dye laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 573-575, (1973).
59. R.W.P. Drever, J.L. Hall, F.V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G.M. Ford, A.J. Munley and H. Ward, "Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator," Appl. Phys. B. 31, 97-105, (1983).
60. Ch. Salomon, D. Hils, and J.L. Hall, "Laser stabilization at the millihertz level," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 5, 1576-1587, (1988).
61. Matthew S. Taubman, Tanya L. Myers, Bret D. Cannon and Richard M. Williams, "Stabilization, injection and control of quantum cascade lasers, and their application to chemical sensing in the infrared," Spectrochim. Acta, A, 60, 3457-3468, (2004).
62. J. Ye, L.-S. Ma, and J.L. Hall, "Ultrasensitive detections in atomic and molecular physics: demonstration in molecular overtone spectroscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 15(1), 6-15, (1998).
63. Chikako Ishibashi and Hiroyuki Sasada, "Highly Sensitive Cavity-Enhanced Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of a Molecular Overtone Band with a 1.66 μm Tunable Diode Laser," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 920-922 (1999).
64. Note that the /√Hz is not included in the unit, as the fringing effect discussed is not altered by averaging or bandwidth.
65. nd Ed., pp430-444. ISBN 3-540-57171 -X, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
66. K. Nakagawa, T. Katsuda, A.S. Shelkovnikov, M. de Labachelerie and M. Ohtsu, "Highly Sensitive Detection of Molecular Absorption Using a High Finesse Optical Cavity," Optics Comm., 107(5-6), 369-372 (1994).
67. M.J. Lawrence, B. Willke, M.E. Husman, E.K. Gustafson, and R.L. Byer, "Dynamic response of a Fabry-Perot interferometer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 16(4), 523-532 (1999).
68. Claire Gmachl, Federico Capasso, Jérôme Faist, Albert L. Hutchinson, Alessandro Tredicucci, Deborah L. Sivco, James N. Baillargeon, S.N. George Chu, and Alfred Y. Cho, "Continuous-wave and high-power pulsed operation of index-coupled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser at λ∼8.5μm," Appl. Phys. Lett., 72(12), 1430-1432 (1998).
69. R. Thomas Hawkins II, Michael D. Jones, Steven H. Pepper, and Jeffrey H. Goll, "Comparison of Fast Photodetector Response Measurements by Optical Heterodyne and Pulse Response Techniques," Lightwave Technology, 9(10), 1289-1294, (1991).
70. rd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1989), p. 577-597.
71. C. H. Henry, "Theory of the Linewidth of Semiconductor-Lasers," IEEE. J. Quant. Elect. QE-18, 259-264 (1982).
72. K. Vahala and A. Yariv, "Semiclassical Theory of Noise in Semiconductor-Lasers," IEEE. J. Quant, Elect, QE-19(6), 1096-1101, (1983).
73. K.G. Libbrecht and J.L. Hall, "A low-noise high-speed diode laser current controller," Rev. Sci. Instrum, 64(8), 2133-2135 (1993).
74. Matthew S. Taubman, US Patent No. 6,696,887, "Transistor-Based Interface Circuitry," February 2004.
75. Matthew S. Taubman, US Patent No. 6,867,644, "Current Control Circuitry," March 2005.