Military force and European strategy

Survival

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 19-34

  Kaldor, Mary ^a   Salmon, Andrew ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b Royal Marines ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644617515     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330600594363     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Council of the European Union, 'A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy', Brussels, 12 December 2003, available at http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf.
2. These encompass humanitarian intervention, peacekeeping and peace enforcement.
3. The term comes from the classic text by C. Caldwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1996 [first published in 1896]);
4. see also M. Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books 2002).
5. The term was used in the 1960s and 1970s to deal with threats that were not nuclear. See R. Osgood, Limited War: The Challenge to American Strategy (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1957).
6. This term was fashionable in the 1980s. The classic text was F. Kitson, Low-intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peacekeeping (London: Faber, 1971).
7. Quoted in B. Böene and M. Martin, 'France: In the Throes of Epochmaking Change', in C. Moskos et al. (eds), The Post-Modern Military: Armed Forces After the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
8. R. Smith, 'Wars in our Time - a Survey of Recent and Continuing Conflicts', World Defence Systems, vol. 4 (2004) pp. 120-22.
9. P. Pringle and P. Jacobson, Those are Real Bullets, Aren't They? (London: Fourth Estate, 2000).
10. F. Ní Aoláin, The Politics of Force: Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2000).
11. For example, the procedures used to deal with captured insurgents represented considerable modification of normal law - the notorious 'Diplock Courts' did away with juries and allowed confessional-based evidence, which accounted for the majority of convictions. Also, the IRA always insisted that it was political and not criminal, and the hunger strikes of 1981, part of a campaign to achieve political status for prisoners, mobilised considerable political support for the IRA.
12. Ní Aoláin, The Politics of Force, p. 225.
13. F. Kitson, Bunch of Five (London: Faber, 1977).
14. Since soldiers are operating within the framework of law, they must, of course, respect disarmament law, especially the 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
15. The incident took place in 1990. Private Clegg received a life sentence but was released on license (paroled) after two years. He was acquitted on re-trial in 1999 in the light of new evidence and in 2000 was also cleared of the charge of wounding the driver of the car. See Nicholas Watt, 'Paratrooper Lee Clegg Cleared of Last Charge over Death of Teenagers', The Guardian, 1 February 2000.
16. J. Riley (ed.), White Dragon - The Royal Welch Fusiliers in Bosnia (Wrexham: Royal Welch Fusiliers, 1995), p. 38.
17. In Northern Ireland during the 1980s and 1990s, a joint RUC and army committee system existed at the battalion/sub-division and brigade/ divisional level. This aided coordination between the police and military at all levels.
18. See M. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1957);
19. C. Moskos, 'Towards a Post-modern Military: The United States as a Paradigm', in C. Moskos et al. (eds), The Post-Modern Military: Armed Forces After the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
20. C. Coker, Humane Warfare (London and New York: Routledge, 2001).