Population and the means of subsistence: Explaining the historical demography of Island Southeast Asia, with particular reference to Sulawesi

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 337-372

  Henley, David ^a  

^a Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies KITLV KNAW   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRYING CAPACITY; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC GROWTH; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; POPULATION GROWTH; SUBSISTENCE;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDONESIA; PHILIPPINES; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 33644614364     PISSN: 00224634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022463405000202     Document Type: Review

References (261)

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4. The quotations are respectively from: Reid, Southeast Asia, vol. 1, p. 26
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14. For instance: Charles A. Fisher, South-East Asia: A social, economic and political geography (London: Methuen, 1964), pp. 61, 76, 176
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46. Four full chapters in my book Fertility, food and fever - to which interested readers are referred - are devoted to the presentation and interpretation of the demographic data.
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65. Massimo Livi-Bacci, A concise history of world population (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 15
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70. Michael Cullinane and Peter Xenos, 'The growth of population in Cebu during the Spanish era: Constructing a regional demography from local sources', in Population and history: The demographic origins of the modern Philippines, ed. Daniel F. Doeppers and Peter Xenos (Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1998), p. 94
71. Thomas Stamford Raffles, The history of Java (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1978), vol. 1, p. 67
72. M. C. Ricklefs, 'Some statistical evidence on Javanese social, economic and demographic history in the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries', Modern Asian Studies, 20 (1986): 30
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76. Reid, Southeast Asia, vol. 2, pp. 286-91.
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78. C. J. C. Reinwardt, Reis naar het oostelijk gedeelte van den Indischen Archipel, in het jaar 1821 (Amsterdam: Frederik Muller, 1858), p. 520
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84. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 158.
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86. Henley, 'Carrying capacity', pp. 117-20. The figures refer to husked rice (the weight of which is about half that of unhusked padi) and stripped maize grains.
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126. Ronald Seavoy, underestimating its amenability to change in the presence of commercial incentives to greater diligence, went so far as to describe this as an 'ethic of indolence' (Famine in peasant societies, p. 195).
127. Schouten, Leadership and social mobility, p. 47
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132. H. C. Brookfield, 'Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture; a theoretical approach', Pacific Viewpoint, 13-1 (1972): 38.
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136. J. R. E. Harger, 'ENSO variations and drought occurrence in Indonesia and the Philippines', Atmospheric Environment, 29 (1995): 1943-55.
137. Reid, 'Low population growth', pp. 37-8.
138. Schefold, Lia; Das große Ritual, pp. 69-70.
139. Roderick Floud, Kenneth Wachter and Annabel Gregory, Height, health and history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 245-51.
140. John C. Caldwell and Bruce K. Caldwell, 'Pretransitional population control and equilibrium', Population Studies, 57 (2003): 200.
141. Edward P. Dozier, Mountain arbiters: The changing life of a Philippine hill people (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966), p. 42.
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143. Reid, 'Low population growth', pp. 41-2
144. Southeast Asia, vol. 1, p. 161.
145. Knapen, Forests of fortune, p. 156
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148. K. F. Avink, Aanvullende bestuursmemorie onderafdeling Kolondale, 1935 (Nationaal Archief, The Hague, Memorie van Overgave KIT 1214), p. 8.
149. De Wijn, 'A nutritional survey of the Toradja population', p. 166.
150. Peter Boomgaard, 'Smallpox, vaccination, and the Pax Neerlandica; Indonesia, 1550-1930', BKI, 159 (2003): 590-617
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152. William H. McNeill, Plagues and peoples (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977).
153. P. H. van der Brug, Malaria en malaise; De VOC in Batavia in de achttiende eeuw (Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1994), p. 59.
154. Adriani and Kruyt, Bare'e-sprekende Toradja's, vol. 1, p. 227.
155. Ibid., p. 77.
156. Alb. C. Kruyt, De West-Toradjas op Midden-Celebes (Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche, 1938).
157. Mieke Schouten (Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society, p. 49) believes that armed conflict in Minahasa was in fact on the rise during the eighteenth century.
158. Han Knapen, 'Koortsachtig koppen tellen in de binnenlanden van Zuidoost-Borneo (1700-1900)', Spiegel Historiael, 32 (1997): 445-7.
159. Reid, 'Low population growth', pp. 42-3
160. Wilbur Zelinsky, 'The Indochinese Peninsula: A demographic anomaly', Far Eastern Quarterly, 9, 2 (1950): 138.
161. The present author is among those who have exaggerated the importance of such mortality crises (Henley, 'Carrying capacity').
162. Boomgaard, Children of the colonial state, p. 187.
163. Peter Xenos and Shui-Meng Ng, 'Nagcarlan, Laguna: A nineteenth-century parish demography', in Population and history, ed. Doeppers and Xenos, p. 208.
164. Huw Jones, Population geography (London: Paul Chapman, 1990), p. 135
165. Reid, 'Low population growth', pp. 40-1.
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167. H. F. Tillema, Zonder tropen geen Europa! (Bloemendaal: Privately published, 1926), pp. 46-7.
168. Reid, 'Low population growth', pp. 41, 45
169. Shepherd, Marriage and mandatory abortion among the 17th-century Siraya, pp. 5-7
170. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, Death, sex, and fertility: Population regulation in preindustrial and developing societies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 8
171. Osamu Saito, 'Historical demography: Achievements and prospects', Population Studies, 50 (1996): 546.
172. Boomgaard, Children of the colonial state, pp. 192-5
173. Reid, 'Low population growth', p. 38
174. Boomgaard, inaugural professorial lecture, Universiteit van Amsterdam: Historicus in een papieren landschap (Leiden: KITLV, 1996), p. 18
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178. Harris and Ross, Death, sex, and fertility, p. 1.
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180. Terence H. Hull and Valerie J. Hull, 'The relation of economic class and fertility: An analysis of some Indonesian data', Population Studies, 31 (1977): 43-57.
181. Boomgaard, Children of the colonial state, p. 197
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184. William Henry Scott, Barangay; Sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994), p. 118.
185. Tillema, Zonder tropen geen Europa!, p. 221.
186. Mary Douglas, 'Population control in primitive groups', British Journal of Sociology, 17 (1966): 268.
187. Adam Smith, An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 98.
188. Benjamin White, 'Demand for labour and population growth in colonial Java', Human Ecology, 1 (1973): 233.
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192. 2 value of 0.78.
193. F. S. A. de Clercq, 'De hervorming van het Minahasa-stelsel', Indisch Genootschap: Verslagen der Algemeene Vergaderingen, 1891, p. 219;
194. A. C. J. Edeling, 'Memorie omtrent de Minahasa', Adatrechtbundel, 16 (1919): 72.
195. Boomgaard, Children of the colonial state, pp. 183-4
196. Terence H. Hull, 'Indonesian fertility behaviour before the transition: Searching for hints in the historical record', in Asian population history, ed. Liu et al., p. 159.
197. Smith, Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, p. 98
198. Lee, 'Population dynamics', pp. 1064-5
199. E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (London: Edward Arnold, 1981), p. 465.
200. Michael Adas, 'From avoidance to confrontation: Peasant protest in precolonial and colonial Southeast Asia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (1981): 217-47
201. Anthony Reid, 'Political "tradition" in Indonesia: The one and the many', Asian Studies Review, 22 (1998): 23-38.
202. Anne Booth, The Indonesian economy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: A history of missed opportunities (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1998), p. 237
203. Vincent J. H. Houben, 'The premodern economies of the archipelago', in The emergence of a national economy: An economic history of Indonesia, 1800-2000, ed. Howard Dick, Vincent J. H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002): 45-7
204. Jeroen Touwen, Extremes in the archipelago: Trade and economic development in the Outer Islands of Indonesia, 1900-1942 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2001), pp. 315-27.
205. Albert Schrauwers, Colonial 'reformation' in the highlands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1892-1995 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), p. 106.
206. Alb. C. Kruyt, 'De adoptie in verband met het matriarchaat bij de Toradja's van Midden-Celebes', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 41 (1899): 81.
207. Alexander and Alexander, 'Economic change and public health', p. 270
208. Mac Marshall, 'Solidarity or sterility? Adoption and fosterage on Namoluk Atoll', in Transactions in kinship: Adoption and fosterage in Oceania, ed. Ivan Brady (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1976), p. 34.
209. An overview of the study of collective action dilemmas is provided by Mark Irving Lichbach in The cooperator's dilemma (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996).
210. The classic work in the field is Mancur Olson, The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965).
211. Richard A. Posner, 'A theory of primitive society, with special reference to primitive law', Journal of Law and Economics, 23 (1980): 10-15
212. Claude Meillassoux, Anthropologie de l'esclavage: Le ventre de fer et d'argent (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1986), pp. 61-74.
213. H. Th. Chabot, 'Processes of change in Siau 1890-1950', BKI,125 (1969): 98-100
214. F. D. Holleman, Verslag van een onderzoek inzake adatgrondenrecht in de Minahasa (Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij, 1930), p. 49.
215. Sydney J. Hickson, 'Notes on the Sengirese', Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 16 (1887): 140-1.
216. [A.J. van Delden], 'De Sangir-eilanden in 1825', Indisch Magazijn, 1-7/9 (1844): 23
217. D. van de Velde van Cappellen, 'Verslag eener bezoekreis naar de Sangi-eilanden', p. 51.
218. David Meskes Blankhart, 'Voeding en leverziekten op hat eiland Sangir in Indonesië' (Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, 1951), p. 95.
219. F. D. Holleman, Verslag van een onderzoek inzake adatgrondenrecht, p. 49.
220. N. Adriani, 'Maatschappelijke, speciaal economische verandering der bevolking van Midden-Celebes, sedert de invoering van hat Nederlandsch gezag aldaar', Tijdschrift van hat Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 32 (1915): 458.
221. Alb. C. Kruyt, 'De slavernij in Posso (Midden-Celebes)', Onze Eeuw; Maandschrift voor Staatkunde, Letteren, Wetenschap en Kunst, 11-1 (1911): 91
222. Kruyt, 'Gegevens voor hat bevolkingsvraagstuk', p. 201.
223. Boomgaard, 'Introducing environmental histories of Indonesia', p. 8
224. Knapen, Forests of fortune, pp. 394-5.
225. Adriani, 'Maatschappelijke, speciaal economische verandering', p. 458.
226. Tillema, Zonder tropen geen Europal, pp. 46-7
227. Adriani and Kruyt, Bare'e sprekende Toradjas, vol. 2, p. 341.
228. Knaap, Kruidnagelen en Christenen, p. 132
229. Remco Raben, 'Batavia and Colombo: The ethnic and spatial order of two colonial cities 1600-1800' (Ph.D. diss., Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1996), p. 128.
230. Meillassoux, Anthropologie de l'esclavage, pp. 79-85
231. Women and slavery in Africa, ed. Claire C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983).
232. H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an industrial system: Ethnological researches (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1900);
233. Anthony Reid, 'Introduction', in Slavery, bondage and dependency in Southeast Asia, ed. Anthony Reid (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1983), pp. 8, 22-3
234. James F. Warren, The Sulu Zone: The world capitalist economy and the historical imagination (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1998), pp. 39-40.
235. Igor Kopytoff and Suzanne Miers, 'African "slavery" as an institution of marginality, in Slavery in Africa: Historical and anthropological perspectives, ed. Suzanne Miers and Igor Kopytoff (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), pp. 68-9.
236. Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 42
237. Van Delden, 'De Sangir-eilanden in 1825', pp. 6-7.
238. Reid, 'Introduction', p. 8.
239. Kruyt, 'De slavernij in Posso (Midden-Celebes)', p. 69.
240. Reid, 'Introduction', pp. 9-10
241. Scott, Barangay, p. 35.
242. Reid, 'Introduction', pp. 8-10, 24
243. James C. Scott, 'Patron-client politics and political change in Southeast Asia', American Political Science Review, 66 (1972): 93, 95.
244. R. F. Barton, Ifugao law (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 28.
245. Alb. C. Kruyt, 'Het stroomgebied van de Tomasa-Rivier', Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap,16 (1899): 608.
246. Kruyt, 'De slavernij in Posso', p. 81.
247. Ibid., p. 80.
248. David Feeny, 'The decline of property rights in man in Thailand, 1800-1913', Journal of Economic History, 49 (1989): 294-6
249. Feeny, 'The demise of corvée and slavery in Thailand, 1782-1913', in Breaking the chains: Slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia, ed. Martin A. Klein (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), p. 100
250. Reid, 'Introduction', p. 33.
251. Knapen, Forests of fortune, p. 395
252. Anthony Reid, 'The decline of slavery in nineteenth-century Indonesia', in Breaking the chains, ed. Klein, p. 69.
253. Akira Hayami, 'Mouvements de longue durée et structures Japonaises de la population a l'époque de Tokugawa', Annales de Démographie Historique 1971 (Paris: Mouton, 1972), p. 354.
254. In this Japanese case as in my Indonesian example, growth was occurring in commerce and cottage industry as well as agriculture; Akira Hayami, 'Population changes', in Japan in transition from Tokugawa to Meiji, ed. Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 315.
255. Tammes, 'De biologische achtergrond', p. 197.
256. John C. Caldwell, 'What do we know about Asian population history? Comparisons of Asian and European research', in Asian population history, ed. Liu et al., pp. 5-7
257. Lee, 'Population dynamics', pp. 1107-9.
258. J. H. Boeke, Economics and economic policy of dual societies as exemplified by Indonesia (Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willink, 1953), pp. 168-78
259. Clifford Geertz, Agricultural involution: The process of ecological change in Indonesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), pp. 69-70.
260. Pierre van der Eng, Agricultural growth in Indonesia: Productivity change and policy impact since 1880 (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 271.
261. Malthus, Essay on the principle of population, p. 31.