Diabetic ketoacidosis: Risk factors, mechanisms and management strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: A review

East African Medical Journal

Volumn 82, Issue 12 SUPPL., 2005, Pages

  Otieno, C F ^a   Kayima, J K ^a   Omonge, E O ^a   Oyoo, G O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ARTICLE; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; INSULIN; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33644606182     PISSN: 0012835X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Kaufman, F. R. and Halvorson, M. The treatment and prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr. Ann. 1999; 28: 576-582.
2. Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetologia. 1994; 37: 278-285.
3. Geiss, L. S., Herman, W. H., Goldschmid, M. G., et al. Surveillance for diabetes mellitus: United States, 1980-1989. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 193; 42: 1-20.
4. Ahmed, A. M., Khar, M. M. and Ahmed, N. H. Precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis in adult Sudanese patients. Diabetes Internat. 2000; 10: 86-87.
5. Swai, A. B. M., Lutale, J. and McLarty, D. G. Diabetes in tropical Africa: a prospective study. 1981-87. I characteristics of newly presenting patients in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Brit. Med. J. 1990; 300: 1103-1106.
6. Mngola, E., Radia, R. G. and Shah, M. V. Retrospective study of DKA coma cases seen in Africans at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). (Abstract). East. Afr. Med. J. 1975; 54-93.
7. Thomas, S. E. A review of diabetic hyperglycaemic comas at KNH, 1978-1980. East Afr. Med. J. 1980; 877: 12-57.
8. Mbugua, P. K. Diabetic Ketoacidosis as seen at KNH (MMed Dissertation 2003, Department of Medicine, University of Nairobi).
9. Graves, E. J. and Gillium, B. S. Detailed diagnosis and procedures: National Discharge Survey, 1995. National centre for Health Statistics. Vital. Health Stat. 1997: 13: 130-133.
10. Kitabchi, A. E., Umpierrez, G. E., Murphy, M. B., et al. Management of hyperglycaemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 131-153.
11. Moss, J. M. Diabetic ketoacidosis: effective low-cost treatment in a community hospital. South Med. J. 1987; 80: 875-881.
12. Wagner, A., Risse, A., Brill, H. L., et al. Therapy of severe diabetic ketoacidosis: zero-mortality under very low dose insulin application. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22: 674-677.
13. Adubofour, K. O. M., Ofei, F., Mensah-Adubofour, J. and Owusu, S. K. Diabetes in Ghana: a morbidity and mortality analysis. Internat. Diabetes Digest. 1993; 4: 90-92.
14. White, N. H. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Endocrinol Metab. Clin. North Amer. 2000; 29: 657-682.
15. Scibilia, J., Finegold, D., Dorman, J., et al. Why do children with diabetes die? Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1986; 279: 326-333.
16. Fishbein, H. A. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, lactic acidosis and hypoglycaemia. In: Harri, M. I., Hamman R. F. editors. Diabetes in America (National Diabetes Group). Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Sciences, 1985:XII-1-16.
17. Malone, M. L., Gennis, V. and Goodwin, J. S. Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in older versus younger adults. J. Amer. Geriatr. Soc. 1992; 40: 1100-1104.
18. Faich, G. A., Fishbein, H. A. and Ellis, S. E. The epidemiology of diabetic acidosis: a population-based study. Amer. J. Epidemiol. 1983; 117: 551-558.
19. Umpierrez, G. E., Kelly, J. P., Navarrete, J. E., et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in urban blacks. Arch. Intern. Med. 1997; 157: 669-675.
20. Umpierrez, G. E. and Kitabchi, A. E. Diabetic ketoacidosis: Risk factors and management strategies. Treatments in endocrinol 2003; 2: 95-108.
21. Otieno, C. F., Okonji, M. M. O. and Odongo, I. S. O. Alcoholism and diabetes mellitus: case reports and literature review. East Afr. Med. J. 2002; 79: 103-105.
22. DeFronzo, R. A., Matzuda, M. and Barret, E. Diabetic ketoacidosis: a combined metabolic-nephrologic approach to therapy. Diabetes Rev. 1994; 2: 209-238.
23. Felig, P., Sherwin, R. S., Soman, V., et al. Hormonal interactions in the regulation of blood glucose. Recent. Prog. Horm. Res. 1979; 35: 501-532.
24. Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Bier, D. M., et al. Effects of physiologic levels of glucagons and growth hormone on human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism: studies involving administration of exogenous hormone during suppression of endogenous hormone secretion with somatostatin. J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 57: 875-884.
25. McGarry, J. D., Woeltje, K. F., Kuwajima, M., et al. Regulation of ketogenesis and the renaissance of carnitine palmitoytransferase. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 1989; 5: 271-284.
26. Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Tsalikian, E., Schneider, V., Karam, J. H. and Forsham, P. H. Effects of physiologic levels of glucagons and GH on human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism: studies involving administration of exogenous hormone during suppression of endogenous hormone secretion with somatostatin. J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 57: 875-884.
27. Exton, J. H. Mechanisms of hormonal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 1987; 3: 163-183.
28. McGarry, J. D. and Fioster, D. W. Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annu. Rev. Biochem 1980; 49: 395-420.
29. Miles, J. M., Rizza, R. A., Haymond, M. W., et al. Effects of acute insulin deficiency on glucose and ketone body turnover in man: evidence for the primacy of overproduction of glucose and ketone bodies in the genesis of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 1980; 29: 926-930.
30. Waldhausl, W., Kleinberger, G., Korn, A., et al. Severe hyperglycaemia: effects of rehydration on endocrine derangements and blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 1979; 28: 577-584.
31. Kitabchi, A. E., Fisher, J. N., Murphy, M. B. and Rumbak, M. J. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemic hyperrosmolar non-ketotic state. In: Kahn, C. R., Weir, G. C., editors. Joslin's diabetes mellitus. 13th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lea & Febigr, 1994; 738-770.
32. Ragland, G. Diabetic ketoacidosis. In: Emergency Medicine - a comprehensive study guide. 3rd ed. Tintinalli, J. E., Krome R. L. and Ruiz, E., Editors. 1992; pp. 737.
33. Kitabchi, A. E. and Wall, B. M. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Med. Clin. North. Amer. 1995; 79: 9-37.
34. Adrogue, H. J., Leder, E. D., Suki, W. N., et al. Determinants of plasma potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986; 65: 163-172.
35. Lebovitz, H. E. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet. 1995; 345: 767-772.
36. Soler, N. G., Bennet, M. A., Dixon, K., et al. Potassium balance during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with special reference to the use of bicarbonate. Lancet 1972; 11: 665-667.
37. Ragland, G. Diabetes ketoacidosis. Emergency Medicine - a comprehensive study guide. Judith, E., Tintinalli, Ronald L. Kroma and Ernest Ruiz. Eds. 3rd Edition 1992; pp. 735-739.
38. Fisher, J. N., Shahshahani, M. N. and Kitabchi, A. E. Diabetes ketoacidosis: Low-dose insulin therapy by various routes. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 297: 238-243.
39. Otieno, C. F., Kariuki, M. and Ng'ang'a, L. Quality of glycaemic control in ambulatory diabetes at the outpatient clinic of Kenya National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr. Med. J. 2003; 80: 406-410.
40. Gebre Yohannes, A. and Ralenbeck, S. I. Glycaemic control and its determinants in diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Diabetes Res. Clin. Practice. 1997; 35: 129-134.
41. Matz, R. Parallels between treated uncontrolled diabetes and the refeeding syndrome with emphasis on fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Diabetes Care 1994, 17: 1209-1213.
42. Solomon, S. M. and Kirby, D. F. The refeeding syndrome: a review. J. Parenter Enteral. Nutr. 1990; 14: 90-97.
43. Weinsier, R. L. and Krumdieck, C. L. Death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition: the refeeding syndrome revisited. Amer. J. Clin. Nutri. 1981; 34: 393-399.
44. Cahill, G. F. Starvation in man. N. Engl. Med. 1970; 282: 688-695.
45. Berto, M. D. and Pain, R. W.: Hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia in a hospital population Brit. Med. J. 1972; 1: 273-276.
46. Matz, R. Magnesium: deficiencies and therapeutic uses. Hosp. Pract. 1993; 28: 79-92.
47. Fisher, J. N. and Kitabchi, A. E. A randomised study of phosphate in the diabetic ketoacidosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 57: 177-180.
48. Kreisberg, R. A. Diabetic ketoacidosis: new concepts and trends in pathogenesis and treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1978; 28: 577-584.
49. Ennis, E. D., Stahl, E.J.V.B. and Kreisberg, R. A. The hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome. Diabetes Rev. 1994; 2: 115-126.