Migration and racial formations among Somali immigrants in North America

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 533-551

  Kusow, Abdi M ^a  

^a OAKLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blackness; Identity; Migration; Racial Formations; Somali Immigrants

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY; IMMIGRANT POPULATION; MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE; RACIAL SEGREGATION;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 33644590254     PISSN: 1369183X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13691830600555079     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anderson, E.(1990) Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Babbie, E.(1992) The Practice of Social Research. Belmont CA: Wadsworth (sixth edition).
3. Baxter, D.(2003) Changing People: Being Canadian in New Century. Ottawa: Center for Research and Information for Canada. Online at http://www.thelavinagency.com/articles_covers/Baxter/baxterarticle3.pdf
4. Bhabha, H.(1994) The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
5. Boatswain, S. and Lalonde, R. (2000) 'Social identity and preferred ethnic/racial labels for blacks in Canada' Journal of Black Psychology, 26(2), pp. 216 - 34.
6. Boyd, M. (1992) 'Gender, visible minority and immigrant earnings: reassessing employment equity premise'. In Deconstructing a Nation: Immigration, Multiculturalism and Racism in 90s Canada. (pp. 279 - 321). Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
7. Bryce-Laporte, R. (1972) 'Black immigrants: The experience of invisibility and inequality' Journal of Black Studies, 3(1), pp. 29 - 56.
8. Butler, K. (2000) 'From black history to diasporan history: Brazilian abolition in Afro-Atlantic context' African Studies Review, 43(1), pp. 125 - 39.
9. Charles, C. (1992) 'Transnationalism in the construct of Haitian migrants' racial categories of identity in New York City' Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645, pp. 101 - 23.
10. Charmaz, K. (1990) 'Discovering chronic illness: Using grounded theory' Social Science and Medicine, 30(11), pp. 1161 - 72.
11. Davis, J.(1991) Who is Black?: One Nation's Definition. University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
12. Diouf, S.(1998) Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas. New York: New York University Press.
13. Dyck, I. (2001) 'Who and what is Canada? Constructing cultural identities in health care research' Journal of Historical Geography, 27(3), pp. 417 - 29.
14. Espiritu, Y.(1992) Asian American Pan-Ethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press.
15. Essed, P.(1991) Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. London: Sage.
16. Foner, N.(1987) 'The Jamaicans: Race and ethnicity among migrants in New York City'. In New Immigrants in New York City. (pp. 195 - 217). New York: Columbia University Press.
17. Ghosh, R.(2001) Redefining Multicultural Education. Toronto: Nelson Thomas Learning.
18. Gilroy, P.(1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness. New York and London: Verso.
19. Glaser, B. and Strauss, A.(1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
20. Gordon, E. and Anderson, M. (1999) 'The African diaspora: Towards an ethnography of diasporic identification' Journal of American Folklore, 112(445), pp. 282 - 96.
21. Harrison, F. (1998) 'Introduction: Expanding the discourse on race' American Anthropologist, 100(3), pp. 609 - 31.
22. Herman, K.(2002)'From Mogadishu to the Midwest', Blueprint Magazine. Online at http://www.ndol.org/ ndol_cicfm?kaid=104&subid=117&contendid=250107
23. Holstein, J. and Gubrium, J.(1995) The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
24. Jackson, S. (1998) 'A twist of race: Ben Johnson and the Canadian crisis of racial and national identity' Sociology of Sport Journal, 15, pp. 21 - 40.
25. Khan, M.A.(2003) 'Constructing the American Muslim community'. In Religion and Immigration: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Experiences in the United States. (pp. 159 - 74). Walnut Creek CA: Altamira Press.
26. Kusow, A.M.(1998)'Migration and Identity Processes among Somali Immigrants in Canada.'Detroit: Wayne State University, unpublished PhD thesis.
27. Kusow, A.M.(2004a) Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Contested Nationalism and the Crisis of the Nation-State in Somalia. Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press.
28. Kusow, A.M. (2004b) 'Contesting stigma: On Goffman's assumptions of normative order' Symbolic Interaction, 27(2), pp. 179 - 97.
29. Landale, N. and Oropesa, R. (2002) 'While, Black or Puerto Rican? Racial self-identification among mainland and island Puerto Ricans' Social Forces, 81(1), pp. 231 - 54.
30. Laquire, M.(1998) Diasporic Citizenship: Haitian Americans in Transnational America. New York: St. Martin's Press.
31. Levine, M. (1988) 'Canadians Secretly Relieved at Johnson's Fall' New Statesman Society, 1, pp. 8.
32. Li, P.(2003) Social Inclusion of Visible Minorities and Newcomers: The Articulation of Race and Social Difference in Canadian Society. Online at http://www.ccsd.ca/events/inclusion/papers/peter_li.pdf
33. Lieberman, L and Reynolds, L.(1996) 'Race: The deconstruction of a scientific concept'. In Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montague in His Ninetieth Year. (pp. 142 - 73). New York: General Hall.
34. Maines, D. (1978) 'Bodies and selves: Notes on a fundamental dilemma in demography' Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 1(1), pp. 241 - 65.
35. Maines, D. and Kusow, A.M.(2001) 'Somali migration to Canada and resistance to racialization'. In The Faultline of Consciousness: A View of Interactionism in Sociology. (pp. 135 - 62). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
36. Nagel, J. (1994) 'Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture' Social Problems, 41(1), pp. 152 - 76.
37. Odim-Johnson, C. (2000) 'Unfinished migrations: Commentary and response' African Studies Review, 33(2), pp. 47 - 68.
38. Omi, M. and Winant, H.(1986) Racial Formations in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
39. Ong, A. (1996) 'Cultural citizenship as subject-making: Immigrants negotiate racial and cultural boundaries in the United States' Current Anthropology, 37(5), pp. 737 - 62.
40. Park, R. (1928) 'Human migrations and the marginal man' American Journal of Sociology, 33(6), pp. 881 - 93.
41. Park, R. and Burgess, E.(1924) Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Pollard, K. and O'Hare, W. (1999) 'America's racial and ethnic minorities' Population Bulletin, 54(3), pp. 3 - 48.
43. Porter, J.(1965) The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
44. Rajagopal, I. (1990) 'The glass ceiling in the vertical mosaic: Indian immigrants to Canada' Canadian Ethnic Studies, 22(1), pp. 96 - 105.
45. Rawls, A. (1996) 'Durkhiem's epistemology: The neglected argument' American Journal of Sociology, 102(2), pp. 430 - 82.
46. Reitz, J. and Breton, R.(1994) The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.
47. Stafford, S.(1987) 'The Haitians: The cultural meaning of race and ethnicity'. In New Immigrants in New York. (pp. 131 - 58). New York: Columbia University Press.
48. Thomas, W. and Znaniecki, F.(1927) The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Tienda, M. (2002) 'Demography and the social contract' Demography, 39(4), pp. 587 - 616.
50. US Department of State(2003) African Refugee Admission Programme. Washington: Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, Fact Sheet, online at http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/global/refugees/affs021119.htm
51. Vila, P. (1997) 'Narrative identities: The employment of the Mexican on the US-Mexican border' Sociological Quarterly, 38(1), pp. 147 - 83.
52. Waters, M.(1999) Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
53. Waters, M. (2000) 'Immigration, intermarriage, and the challenges of measuring racial/ethnic identities' American Journal of Public Health, 90(11), pp. 1735 - 7.
54. Williams, S.(2000)'Somalis Find Refuge from War in Owatonna', Star Tribune, 17 December.
55. Woldemikael, T.(1989) Becoming Black American: Haitian and American Institutions in Evanston, Illinois. New York: AMS Press.
56. Young, E., Spitzer, D. and Pang, F.(1999) Understanding the Health Care Needs of Canadian Immigrants. Edmonton: Report submitted to the Prairie Center for Excellence on Immigration and Integration. Online at http://pcerii.metropolis.net/frameset_e.html