Teachers' psychological reactions 7 weeks after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 263-271

  Pfefferbaum, Betty ^a,b,g   Gurwitch, Robin H ^a,g   Doughty, Debby E ^a,g   Foy, David W ^c   Pfefferbaum, Rose L ^d   Pynoos, Robert S ^e   Brandt Jr , Edward N ^a   Reddy, Chandrashekar ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b Terrorism and Disaster Branch   (United States)

^c PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Phoenix College   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COUNSELING; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MALE; MASS MEDIUM; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; STUDENT; TEACHER; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FACULTY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OKLAHOMA; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TERRORISM; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 3342974575     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.263     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
2. Earls, F., Smith, E., Reich, W., & Jung, K. G. (1988). Investigating psychopathological consequences of a disaster in children: A pilot study incorporating a structured diagnostic interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 90-95.
3. Freedy, J. R., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1993). Natural disaster and mental health: Theory assessment and intervention. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 49-103.
4. Goenjian, A. K., Molina, L., Steinberg, A. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Alvarez, M. L., Goenjian, H. A., & Pynoos, R. S. (2001). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 788-794.
5. Goenjian, A. K., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Asarnow, J. R., Karayan, I., et al. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1174-1184.
6. Gurwitch, R., Sitterle, K. S., Young, B. H., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). The aftermath of terrorism. In A. La Greca, W. Silverman, E. Vernberg, & M. Roberts (Eds.), Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism (pp. 327-357). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Handford, H. A., Mayes, S. D., Mattison, R. E., Humphrey, F. J., II, Bagnato, S., Bixler, E. O., & Kales, J. D. (1986). Child and parent reaction to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 346-356.
8. Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
9. Koopman, C., Classen, C., & Spiegel, D. (1994). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 888-894.
10. Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Finch, A. J., Jr., Daugherty, T. K., & Taylor, C. M. (1991). Children's reactions to a natural disaster: Symptom severity and degree of exposure. Advances in Behavioral Research Therapy, 13, 135-154.
11. Maercker, A., Beauducel, A., & Schützwohl, M. (2000). Trauma severity and initial reactions as precipitating factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms and chronic dissociation in former political prisoners. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 651-660.
12. Nader, K., Pynoos, R., Fairbanks, L., & Frederick, C. (1990). Children's PTSD reactions one year after a sniper attack at school. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1526-1530.
13. Pfefferbaum, B., Call, J. A., & Sconzo, G. M. (1999). Mental health services for children in the first two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Psychiatric Services, 50, 956-958.
14. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Krug, R. S., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Brown, J. M., et al. (1999). Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1069-1074.
15. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R. D., Doughty, D. E., Pynoos, R. S., Gurwitch, R. H., & Foy, D. W. (2001). Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident. Psychiatry, 64, 202-211.
16. Pfefferbaum, B., Sconzo, G. M., Flynn, B. W., Kearns, L. J., Doughty, D. E., Gurwitch, R. H., et al. (2003). Case finding and mental health services for children in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 30, 215-227.
17. Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., et al. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
18. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001, November 15). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512.
19. Schwarz, E. D., & Kowalski, J. M. (1991). Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 936-944.
20. Shannon, M. P., Lonigan, C. J., Finch, A. J., Jr., & Taylor, C. M. (1994). Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 80-93.
21. Shaw, J. A., Applegate, B., Tanner, S., Perez, D., Rothe, E., Campo-Bowen, A. E., & Lahey, B. L. (1995). Psychological effects of Hurricane Andrew on an elementary school population. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1185-1192.
22. Stuber, J., Fairbrother, G., Galea, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Wilson-Genderson, M., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Determinants of counseling for children in Manhattan after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Psychiatric Services, 53, 815-822.
23. Tucker, P., Dickson, W., Pfefferbaum, B., McDonald, N. B., & Allen, G. (1997). Traumatic reactions as predictors of posttraumatic stress six months after the Oklahoma City bombing. Psychiatric Services, 48, 1191-1195.
24. Tucker, P., Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., & Dickson, W. (2000). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Oklahoma City: Exposure, social support, peri-traumatic responses. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 27, 406-416.
25. Wang, A., Pynoos, R. S., James, Q., & Wang, M. (1994, October). School district reduction of trauma effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York.
26. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.