Circulating and excretory nitrite and nitrate as indicators of nitric oxide synthesis in humans: Methods of analysis

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 51-59

  Tsikas, Dimitrios ^a   Gutzki, Frank Mathias ^a   Stichtenoth, Dirk O ^a  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Analysis; Nitric oxide; Quality control

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; N(G),N(G) DIMETHYLARGININE; NITRATE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; NITRITE; OXYHEMOGLOBIN;

ACCURACY; ANALYTIC METHOD; AUTOOXIDATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD LEVEL; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; CHEMOLUMINESCENCE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CIRCULATION; COLORIMETRY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DERIVATIZATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; ELECTROPHORESIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME MECHANISM; ERYTHROCYTE; FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS; FLUORESCENCE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NITRATION; OBSERVER VARIATION; OXIDATION; PLASMA HALF LIFE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; QUANTITATIVE ASSAY; REACTION ANALYSIS; REDUCTION; RELIABILITY; SEQUENTIAL INJECTION ANALYSIS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; URINARY EXCRETION; CATALYSIS; LUMINESCENCE; METABOLISM; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; URINE LEVEL;

EID: 33344464681     PISSN: 00316970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0020-z     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (77)

1. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373-376
2. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987) Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524-526
3. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G (1987) Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:9265-9269
4. Palmer RMJ, Rees DD, Ashton DS, Moncada S (1988) L-Arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:1251-1256
5. Schmidt, HHHW, Nau H, Wittfoht W, Gerlach J, Prescher KE, Klein MM, Niroomand F, Böhme E (1988) Arginine is a physiological precursor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 154:213-216
6. Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z (1987) Macrophage cytotoxicity: role for L-arginine deiminase and imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite. Science 235:473-476
7. Marletta MA, Yoon PS, Iyengar R, Leaf CD, Wishnok JS (1988) Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry 27:8706-8711
8. Leaf CD, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum, SR (1989) L-Arginine is a precursor for nitrate biosynthesis in humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 163:1032-1037
9. Leaf CD, Wishnok JS, Hurley JP, Rosenblad WD, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR (1990) Nitrate biosynthesis in rats, ferrets and humans. Precursor studies with L-arginine. Carcinogenesis 11: 855-858
10. Hibbs JB Jr, Westenfelder C, Taintor R, Vavrin Z, Kablitz C, Baranowski RL, Ward JH, Menlove RL, McMurry MP, Kushner JP, Samlowski WE (1992) Evidence for cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthesis from L-arginine in patients receiving interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Invest 89:867-877
11. Forte P, Copland M, Smith LM, Milne E, Sutherland J, Benjamin N (1997) Basal nitric oxide synthesis in essential hypertension. Lancet 349:837-842
12. Katz SD, Khan T, Zeballos GA, Mathew L, Potharlanka P, Knecht M, Whelan J (1999) Decreased activity of the L-arginine-nitric oxide metabolic pathway in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 99:2113-2117
13. Förstermann U, Closs EI, Pollock JS, Nakane M, Schwarz P, Gath I, Kleinert H (1994) Nitric oxide synthase isozymes: characterization, purification, molecular cloning, and functions. Hypertension 23:1121-1131
14. Marletta MA (1993) Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem 268:12231-12234
15. Andrew PJ, Mayer B (1999) Enzymatic function of nitric oxide synthases. Cardiovasc Res 43:521-531
16. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collierr J, Moncada S (1992) Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 339:572-575
17. Leiper J, Vallance P (2003) Biological significance of endogenous methylarginines that inhibit nitric oxide synthases. Cardiovasc Res 43:542-548
18. Ford PC, Wink DA, Standbury DM (1993) Autoxidation kinetics of aqueous nitric oxide. FEBS Lett 326:1-3
19. Pou S, Pou WS, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Rosen GM (1992) Generation of superoxide by purified brain nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 267:24173-24176
20. Xia Y, Zweier JL (1997) Superoxide and peroxynitrite generation from inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6954-6958
21. Vásquez-Vivar J, Kalyanaraman B, Martásek P, Hogg N, Masters BSS, Karoui H, Tordo H, Pritchard KA (1998) Superoxide generation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase: the influence of cofactors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9220-9225
22. Huie RE, Padmaja S (1993) The reaction of NO with superoxide. Free Radic Res Commun 18:195-199
23. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1999) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford
24. Pfeiffer S, Gorren ACF, Schmidt K, Werner ER, Hansert B, Bole DS, Mayer B (1997) Metabolic fate of peroxynitrite in aqueous solution: reaction with nitric oxide and pH-dependent decomposition to nitrite and oxygen in a 2:1 stoichiometry. J Biol Chem 272:3465-3470
25. Kissner R, Koppenol W (2002) Product distribution of peroxynitrite decay as a function of pH, temperature, and concentration. J Am Chem Soc 124:234-239
26. Herold S, Exner M, Nauser T (2001) Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the NO-mediated oxidation of oxymyoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. Biochemistry 40:3385-3395
27. Wennmalm Å, Benthin G, Petersson AS (1992) Dependence of the metabolism of nitric oxide (NO) in healthy human whole blood on the oxygenation of its red cell haemoglobin. Br J Pharmacol 106:507-508
28. Wennmalm Å, Benthin G, Edlund A, Jungsten L, Kieler-Jensen N, Lundin S, Westfelt UN, Petersson AS, Waagstein F (1993) Metabolism and excretion of nitric oxide in humans: an experimental and clinical study. Circ Res 73:1121-1127
29. Tsikas D (2005) Methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res 39:797-815
30. Rhodes P, Leone AM, Francis PL, Struthers AD, Moncada S (1995) The L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway is the major source of plasma nitrite in fasted humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 209:590-596
31. Tsikas D (2004) Measurement of nitric oxide synthase activity in vivo and in vitro by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 279:81-104
32. Vallance P, Patton S, Bhagat K, MacAllister R, Radomski M, Moncada S, Malinski T (1995) Direct measurement of nitric oxide in human beings. Lancet 345:153-154
33. Kelm M, Schrader J (1990) Control of coronary vascular tone by nitric oxide. Circ Res 66:1561-1575
34. Gustafsson LE, Leone AM, Persson MG, Wiklund NP, Moncada S (1991) Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181:852-857
35. Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Löffler M, Tsikas D, Brabant G, Frölich JC (1999) L-arginine stimulates NO-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans: effect of somatostatin pretreatment. J Investig Med 47:43-50
36. Lauer T, Preik M, Rassaf T, Strauer BE, Deussen A, Feelisch M, Kelm M (2001) Plasma nitrite rather than nitrate reflects regional endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity but lacks intrinsic vasodilator action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 12814-12819
37. Kleinbongard P, Dejam A, Lauer T, Rassaf T, Schindler A, Picker O, Scheeren T, Gödecke A, Schrader J, Schulz R, Heusch G, Schaub GA, Bryan NS, Feelisch M, Kelm M (2003) Plasma nitrite reflects constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity in mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 35:790-796
38. Kanno K, Hirata Y, Emori T, Ohta K, Egush S, Imai T, Marumo F (1992) L-Arginine infusion induces hypotension and diuresis/natriuresis with concomitant increased urinary excretion of nitrite/nitrate and cyclic GMP in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 19:619-625
39. Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Creutzig A, Tsikas D, Gutzki FM, Alexander K, Frölich JC (1994) L-Arginine infusion decreases peripheral resistance and inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Clin Sci 87:303-310
40. Borgonio A, Witte K, Stahrenberg R, Lemmer B (1999) Influence of circadian time, ageing, and hypertension on the urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites in rats. Mech Ageing Dev 111:23-37
41. Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Kielstein JT, Löffler M, Schäffer J, Frölich JC (2000) Role of endogenous nitric oxide in circadian blood pressure regulation in healthy humans and in patients with hypertension or atherosclerosis. J Investig Med 48:125-132
42. Elherik K, Khan F, McLaren M, Kennedy G, Belch JJF (2002) Circadian variation in vascular tone and endothelial cell function in normal males. Clin Sci 102:547-552
43. 15N-labelled analogs. J Chromatogr B 661:185-191
44. Keimer R, Stutzer FK, Tsikas D, Troost R, Gutzki FM, Frölich JC (2003) Lack of oxidative stress during sustained therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and pentaerythrityl tetranitrate in healthy humans: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 41:284-292
45. Ellis G, Adatia I, Yazdanpanah M, Makela SK (1998) Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Biochem 31:195-220
46. Tsikas D (2005) Analysis of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway: the unique role of mass spectrometry. Curr Pharmaceut Anal 1:15-30
47. Leone AM, Francis PL, Rhodes P, Moncada S (1994) A rapid and simple method for the measurement of nitrite and nitrate in plasma by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:951-957
48. Ueda T, Maekawa T, Sadamitsu D, Oshita S, Ogino K, Nakamura K (1995) The determination of nitrite and nitrate in human blood plasma by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 16:1002-1004
49. Farell AJ, Blake DR, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S (1992) Increased concentrations of nitrite in synovial fluid and serum samples suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 51:1219-1222
50. Yang BK, Vivas EX, Reiter CD, Gladwin MT (2003) Methodologies for the sensitive and specific measurement of S-nitrosothiols, iron-nitrosyls, and nitrite in biological samples. Free Radic Res 37:1-10
51. Misko TP, Schilling RJ, Salvemini D, Moore WM, Currie MG (1993) A fluorometric assay for the measurement of nitrite in biological samples. Anal Biochem 214:11-16
52. Marzinzig M, Nussler AK, Stadler J, Marzinzig E, Barthlen W, Nussler NC, Berger HG, Morris SM, Brückner UB (1997) Improved methods to measure end products of nitric oxide in biological fluids: nitrite, nitrate, and S-nitrosothiols. Nitric Oxide 1:177-189
53. Tesch JW, Rehg WR, Sievers RE (1976) Microdetermination of nitrates and nitrites in saliva, blood, water, and suspended particulates in air by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 126:743-755
54. Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Schröder EP, Frölich JC (1994) Exercise increases systemic nitric oxide production in men. J Cardiovasc Risk 1:173-178
55. Smythe GA, Matanovic G, Yi D, Duncan MW (1999) Trifluoroacetic anhydride-catalyzed nitration of toluene as an approach to the specific analysis of nitrate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nitric Oxide 3:67-74
56. Tsikas D, Gutzki FM, Sandmann J, Schwedhelm E, Frölich JC (1999) Quantification of plasma and urinary nitrate after its reduction to nitrite and to the pentafluorobenzyl derivative by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 731:285-301
57. Tsikas D (2000) Simultaneous derivatization and quantification of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:4064-4072
58. 15N] nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126:131-138
59. Radomski JL, Palmiri C, Heran WL (1978) Concentrations of nitrate in normal human urine and the effect of nitrate ingestion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45:63-68
60. Moshage H, Kok B, Huizenga JR, Jansen PLM (1995) Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin Chem 41:892-896
61. El Menyawi I, Looareesuwan S, Knapp S, Thalhammer F, Stoiser B, Burgmann H (1998) Measurement of serum nitrite/nitrate concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 706:347-351
62. Tsikas D, Rossa S, Sandmann J, Frölich JC (1999) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of nitrite and nitrate in human plasma as S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B 724:199-201
63. Tsikas D (2004) Mass spectrometry-validated HPLC method for urinary nitrate. Clin Chem 50:1259-1261
64. Li H, Meininger CJ, Wu G (2000) Rapid determination of nitrite by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B 746:199-207
65. Preik-Steinhoff H, Kelm M (1996) Determination of nitrite in human blood by combination of a specific sample preparation with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B 685:348-352
66. Pinto PCAG, Lima JLFC, de Sousa Saraiva MLMF (2003) Sequential injection analysis of nitrites and nitrates in human serum using nitrate reductase. Clin Chim Acta 337:69-76
67. Tsikas D, Gutzki FM, Rossa S, Bauer H, Neumann C, Dockendorff K, Sandmann J, Frölich JC (1997) Measurement of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by the Griess assay: problems with the Griess assay - solutions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 244:208-220
68. Smith CCT, Stanyer L, Betteridge DJ (2002) Evaluation of methods for the extraction of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids employing high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography for their determination. J Chromatogr B 779:201-209
69. Ricart-Jané D, Llobera M, López-Tejero MD (2002) Anticoagulants and other preanalytical factors interfere in plasma nitrate/nitrite quantification by the Griess method. Nitric Oxide 6:178-185
70. + when the Griess reaction is used to assay for nitrite. Anal Biochem 224:502-508
71. Dunphy MJ, Goble DD, Smith DJ (1990) Nitrate analysis by capillary gas chromatography. Anal Biochem 184:381-387
72. 15N)NaNO2 as internal Standard. Biol Mass Spectrom 21:97-102
73. Bland JM, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1:307-310
74. Porter AMW (1999) Misuse of correlation and regression in three medical journals. J R Soc Med 92:123-128
75. Shah VP, Midha KK, Dighe S, McGilveray IJ, Skelly JP, Yacobi A, Layloff T, Viswanathan CT, Cook CE, McDowall RD, Pittmann KA, Spector S (1992) Analytical methods validation - bioavailability, bioequivalence, and pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Sci 81:309-312
76. Becker AJ, Ückert S, Tsikas D, Noack H, Stief CG, Frölich JC, Wolf G, Jonas U (2000) Determination of nitric oxide metabolites by means of the Griess assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the cavernous and systemic blood of healthy males and patients with erectile dysfunction during different functional conditions of the penis. Urol Res 28:364-369
77. Heckmann M, Kreuder J, Riechers K, Tsikas D, Boedeker RH, Reiss I, Gortner L (2004) Plasma arginine and urinary nitrate and nitrite excretion in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Biol Neonate 85:173-178