The BIAS FREE Framework: A new analytical tool for global health research

Canadian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 97, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 63-68

  Eichler, Margrit ^a   Burke, Mary Anne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b Global Forum for Health Research   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Ableism; Gender bias; Logic of domination; Objectivity; Prejudice; Racism; Research design; Research methodology; Sexism; Social discrimination

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DISABILITY; ETHNOLOGY; GAMBIA; GENDER BIAS; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; POWER ANALYSIS; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLICATION; RACE DIFFERENCE; RACISM; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXISM; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOUTH AFRICA; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; TANZANIA;

EID: 33244486723     PISSN: 00084263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03405218     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. VanderPlaat M, Teles N. Mainstreaming social justice: human rights and public health. (Commentary) Can J Public Health 2005;96(1):34-36.
2. Banett I. Health care professionals and their attitudes toward and decisions affecting disabled people. In: Albrecht GL, Seelman KD, Bury M (Eds.), Handbook of Disability Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002;450-67.
3. Brett PJ, Graham K, Smythe C. An analysis of specialty journals on alcohol, drugs and addictive behaviors for sex bias in research methods and reporting. J Stud Alcohol 1995;56(1):24-34.
4. Groce NE, Chamie M, Me A. Measuring the quality of life: Rethinking the World Bank's Disability Adjusted Life Years. Int J Educ Res 1999;49:1-2.
5. Gustafson DL. Understanding women and health. In: Mandell N (Ed.), Feminist Issues: Race, Class and Sexuality. Toronto, ON: Pearson, 2004;266-86.
6. Messing K, Punnett L, Bond M, Alexanderson K, Pyle J, Zahm S, et al. Be the fairest of them all: Challenges and recommendations for the treatment of gender in occupational health research. Am J Ind Med 2003;43:618-29.
7. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (Eds.). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
8. Smith LT. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London, UK and New York, NY: Zed Books, 1999.
9. Barnes C. Disabling Imagery and the Media: An Exploration of the Principles for Media Representations of Disabled People. British Council of Organisations of Disabled People and Ryburn Publ. Ltd., 1992.
10. British Sociological Association. BSA Anti-racist Language: Guidance for Good Practice. British Sociological Association, 1997.
11. Burke MA. Health Canada's Gender-based Analysis Policy. Health Canada, 2000.
12. Dei GJS. Towards an anti-racism discursive framework. In: Dei GJS, Calliste A (Eds.), Power, Knowledge and Anti-racism Education: A Critical Reader. Halifax, NS: Fernwood, 2000;23-40.
13. Commonwealth Secretariat. A Quick Guide to Gender Mainstreaming in the Public Service. Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
14. Leo-Rhynie E, Institute of Development and Labour Law University of Cape Town. A Quick Guide to Gender Mainstreaming in Education. Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
15. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Guideline for the Analysis of Gender & Health. Department for International Development, 1999.
16. Saskatchewan, Women's Secretariat. Gender-Inclusive Analysis: A Guide for Policy Analysts, Researchers, Program Managers and Decision-Makers. Regina, SK: Saskatchewan Women's Secretariat, 1998.
17. Sen G. A Quick Guide to Gender Mainstreaming in Finance. Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
18. Bach M, Burke MA. Toward an Inclusive Approach to Monitoring Investments and Outcomes in Child Development and Learning. North York, ON: The Roeher Institute, 2002.
19. Burke MA, Child Institutionalisation and Child Protection in Central and Eastern Europe, Innocenti Occasional Paper EPS 52, Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 1995.
20. Burke MA. Developing Gender-based Analysis (GBA) tools for the health sector. Health in the Commonwealth Sharing Solutions 1999/2000, Kensington Publications Limited for the Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
21. Burke MA. Health Canada's achievements to date in mainstreaming gender. Proceedings from the Commonwealth Workshop on Gender Management System for the Health Sector, St. Kitts and Nevis. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
22. Burke MA. Gender management system for the health sector in Canada. Proceedings from the Commonwealth Workshop on Gender Management Systems for the Health Sector, St. Kitts and Nevis. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999.
23. Burke MA, Bach M, Coleman R, McKie DC, Stewart G. Dynamic Model of Health. Commonwealth Working Group on Gender Equality and Health Indicators. 2000. Available online at: http://www.cwhn.ca/resources/health_model/Dmodel.pdf (Accessed on June 5, 2005).
24. Eichler M. And the work never ends: Feminist contributions. Can Rev Sociol Anthropol 1985;22(5):619-44.
25. Eichler M. Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide. New York: Routledge, 1991.
26. Eichler M, et al. Zu mehr Gleichberechtigung zwischen den Geschlechtern: Erkennen und Vermeiden von Gender Bias in der Gesundheitsforschung. Deutsche Bearbeitung eines vom kanadischen Gesundheitsministerium herausgegebenen Handbuchs. Berliner Zentrum Public Health, 2002.
27. Eichler M, Reisman AL, Manace Borins E. Gender bias in medical research. Women and Therapy 1992;12(4):61-70.
28. Lapointe J, Eichler M. Le traitement objectif des sexes dans la recherche. Ottawa, ON: Conseil des recherches en sciences humaines, 1985.
29. Eichler M. Offener und versteckter Sexismus. Methodisch-methodologische Anmerkungen zur Gesundheitsforschung. In: Arbeitskreis Frauen und Gesundheit im Norddeutschen Forschungsverbund (Ed.), Frauen und Gesundbeit(en) in Wissenschaft, Praxis und Politik. Public Health. Bern, Switzerland: Verlag Hans Huber, 1998;34-49.
30. Bhavnani KK (Ed.). Feminism and 'Race' New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
31. Gaertner SL, Dovidio JF, Banker S, Rust MC, Nier JA, Mottola GR, Ward CM. Does white racism necessarily mean antiblackness? Aversive racism and prowhiteness. In: Fine M, Weis L, Powell LC, Wong LM (Eds.), Off White: Reading on Race, Powen and Society, New York: Routledge, 1997;167-78.
32. Messing K. One-eyed Science: Occupational Health and Women Workers. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1998.
33. Schriner K. A Disability Studies perspective on employment issues and policies for disabled people. In: Albrecht GL, Seelman KD, Bury M (Eds.), Handbook of Disability Studies. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001;642-62.
34. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Board on Health Sciences Policy, and Institute of Medicine of die National Academies. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington: National Academies Press, 2003;160-79.
35. Spivak G. Subaltern studies: Deconstructing historiography. In: Landry D, Maclean G (Eds.), The Spivak Reader. New York: Routledge, 1996;203-35.
36. Thomson RG. Integrating disability, transforming feminist theory. NWSA Journal 2002;14:1-32.
37. Wendell S. "Toward a feminist theory of disability." In: Davis LJ (Ed.), The Disability Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 1997; 260-78.
38. Wolbring G. University of Calgary, Founder and Executive director of the International Center for Bioethics, Culture and Disability. Founder and Coordinator of the International Network on Bioethics and Disability; and Chair: Disabled People's International Bioethics Taskforce. Personal communication, 2005.
39. Armstrong D, Earnshaw G. A comparison of GPs and nurses in their approach to psychological disturbance in primary care consultations. Health and Social Care in the Community 2005;13(2):108-11.
40. Boonsawat W, Charoenphan P, Kiatboosri S, Wongtim S, Viriyachaiyo V, Pothirat D, Thanomsieng N. Survey of asthma control in Thailand. Repirology 2004;9:373-78.
41. Cambanis A, Yassin MA, Ramsay A, Bertel Squire S, Arbide I, Cuevas LE. Rural poverty and delayed presentation to tuberculosis services. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2005; 10(4):330-35.
42. Leeder SR, Sominello A. Health, equity and intellectual disability. J Appl Res in Intellectual Disabilities 2005;18:97-100.
43. Tsai YF, Wong TKS. Strategies for resolving aboriginal adolescent pregnancy in eastern Taiwan. Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice. 2005;41(4):351-57.
44. Eichler M. Feminist methodology. Current Sociology 1997;45:9-36.
45. Longino H. Essential tensions, phase two: Feminist, philosophical, and social studies of science. In: Antony LM, Witt C, A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993:257-72.
46. Warren KJ. The power and promise of ecological feminism. In: Zimmerman ME, Callicott JB, Sessions G, Warren KJ, Clark J. Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993;320-41.
47. Burke MA (Ed.). The Construction of Disability and Risk in Genetic Counselling Discourse. North York: The Roeher Institute, 2002.
48. Eichler M, Burke MA. Towards BIAS FREE Research for Health. The Global Forum for Health Research, forthcoming.
49. Levin RI. The puzzle of aspirin and sex. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1366-68. Available online at: www.nejm.org (Accessed on March 8, 2005) (10.1056/ NEJMe058051).
50. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, Gordon D, Gaziano JM, Manson JE, et al. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1293-304. Available online at: www.nejm.org (Accessed on March 7, 2005) (10.1056/ NEJMoa050613).
51. Peck P, Web MD. Aspirin won't prevent 1st heart attack in women. Medical News, March 07, 2005. Available online at: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=46164 (Accessed on June 11, 2005).
52. Barnes C. Disabling Imagery and the Media: An Exploration of the Principles for Media Representations of Disabled People. Halifax, British Council of Organisations of Disabled People and Ryburn Publ. Ltd., 1992.
53. Canadian Down Syndrome Society. Redifining Down Syndrome: Position Statement on Redefining Down Syndrome. 2003.
54. Shiva V. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Toronto: Between the Lines, 1997.
55. Shiva V. Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000.
56. Tsing AL. Environmentalisms: Transitions as translations. In: Scott J, Caplan C, Keates D (Eds.), Transitions, Translations, Environments: International Feminism in Contemporary Politics. New York: Routledge, 1997.
57. Brillhart BS. Attitudes toward people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Nursing 1990;15(2):80-82,85.
58. Hurtado A, Stewart AJ. Through the looking glass: Implications of studying whiteness for feminist methods. In: Fine M, Weis L, Powell LC, Wong LM (Eds.), Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society. New York: Routledge, 1997;297-311.
59. Health Canada. Health Canada's Women's Health Strategy. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1999.
60. Essed P. Understanding Everyday Racism. An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991.
61. Gaskell J, Eichler MJ, Pan J, Xu J, Zhang X. The participation of women faculty in Chinese universities: Paradoxes of globalization. Gender and Education 2004;16(4):511-29.
62. Henry F, Tator C, Mattis W, Rees T (Eds.). The ideology of racism. The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. Toronto: Harcourt and Brace Canada, 2000;15-34.
63. MacFarlane A. Disability and ageing. In: Swain J, French S, Barnes C, Thomas C (Eds.), Disabling Barriers - Enabling Environments. London: Sage, 2004;189-94.
64. Burke MA, Eichler M. Summary of Evaluations Received, BIAS FREE Workshop, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 17-18 May 2005, The Global Forum for Health Research, unpublished.
65. Manzi F, Mbuyita S, Urassa H. Development of a Standardized Exemption Mechanism for Kilombero District, Tanzania, 2003.
66. Mbuyita S. The importance of routine inclusion Of gender analysis in all stages of the research process: A case study of an analysis of a final report on the development of a Standardized Exemption Mechanism for Kilombero District, Tanzania. Forthcoming CD-ROM, Poverty, Equity and Health Research: Final documents from Forum 9, Mumbai, India, 12-16 September 2005, Global Forum for Health Research, 2005.