메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 111, Issue 1, 2006, Pages

Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971-2004

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; RADAR MEASUREMENT; STATISTICAL METHODS; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; VOLCANOES;

EID: 33144482734     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006089     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (68)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 0027444101 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of stratospheric warming following Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions
    • Angell, J. K. (1993), Comparisons of stratospheric warming following Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 715-718.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 715-718
    • Angell, J.K.1
  • 2
    • 0022174417 scopus 로고
    • Ground-based and satellite evidence for a pronounced total-ozone minimum in early 1983 and responsible atmospheric layers
    • Angell, J. K., J. Korshover, and W. G. Planet (1985), Ground-based and satellite evidence for a pronounced total-ozone minimum in early 1983 and responsible atmospheric layers, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 641-646.
    • (1985) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.113 , pp. 641-646
    • Angell, J.K.1    Korshover, J.2    Planet, W.G.3
  • 3
    • 0031208105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa
    • Barnes, J. E., and D. J. Hofmann (1997), Lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1923-1926.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 1923-1926
    • Barnes, J.E.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 4
    • 0035418674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in the stratospheric background aerosol over Mauna Loa observatory
    • Barnes, J. E., and D. J. Hofmann (2001), Variability in the stratospheric background aerosol over Mauna Loa observatory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2895-2898.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2895-2898
    • Barnes, J.E.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 5
    • 0141857624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: A 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions
    • edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ
    • Carn, S. A., A. J. Krueger, G. J. S. Bluth, S. J. Schaeffer, N. A. Krotkov, I. M. Watson, and S. Datta (2003), Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: A 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions, in Volcanic Degassing, edited by C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 213, 177-202.
    • (2003) Volcanic Degassing , vol.213 , pp. 177-202
    • Carn, S.A.1    Krueger, A.J.2    Bluth, G.J.S.3    Schaeffer, S.J.4    Krotkov, N.A.5    Watson, I.M.6    Datta, S.7
  • 6
    • 21844439103 scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of submicron particles in the stratosphere
    • Chagnon, C. W., and C. E. Junge (1961), The vertical distribution of submicron particles in the stratosphere, J. Meteorol., 18, 746-752.
    • (1961) J. Meteorol. , vol.18 , pp. 746-752
    • Chagnon, C.W.1    Junge, C.E.2
  • 8
    • 84905349604 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric dust measurements 1970-1977
    • Clemesha, B. R., and D. M. Simonich (1978), Stratospheric dust measurements 1970-1977, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 2403-2408.
    • (1978) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.83 , pp. 2403-2408
    • Clemesha, B.R.1    Simonich, D.M.2
  • 10
    • 84970768986 scopus 로고
    • The influence of nitrogen oxide on the atmospheric ozone content
    • Crutzen, P. J. (1970), The influence of nitrogen oxide on the atmospheric ozone content, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 320-327.
    • (1970) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.96 , pp. 320-327
    • Crutzen, P.J.1
  • 11
    • 0026474996 scopus 로고
    • Early lidar measurements of the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption plume at Manua Loa Observatory, Hawaii
    • DeFoor, J. E., E. Robinson, and S. Ryan (1992), Early lidar measurements of the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption plume at Manua Loa Observatory, Hawaii, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 187-190.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 187-190
    • DeFoor, J.E.1    Robinson, E.2    Ryan, S.3
  • 12
    • 78649270645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971-2004
    • edited by L. Thomason and T. Peter, chap. 5, in press
    • Deshler, T., and R. Anderson-Sprecher (2006), Investigating trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971-2004, in SPARC Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties, edited by L. Thomason and T. Peter, chap. 5, in press.
    • (2006) SPARC Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties
    • Deshler, T.1    Anderson-Sprecher, R.2
  • 13
    • 0027835305 scopus 로고
    • Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N, vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility
    • Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier (1993), Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N, vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435-1438.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 1435-1438
    • Deshler, T.1    Johnson, B.J.2    Rozier, W.R.3
  • 14
    • 0030264807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between ozone loss and volcanic aerosol at latitudes below 14 km over McMurdo Station, Antarctica
    • Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, D. J. Hofmann, and B. Nardi (1996), Correlations between ozone loss and volcanic aerosol at latitudes below 14 km over McMurdo Station, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2931-2934.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 2931-2934
    • Deshler, T.1    Johnson, B.J.2    Hofmann, D.J.3    Nardi, B.4
  • 15
    • 0031419515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric aerosol following Pinatubo, comparison of the north and south midlatitudes using in situ measurements
    • Deshler, T., J. B. Liley, G. Bodeker, W. A. Matthews, and D. J. Hofmann (1997), Stratospheric aerosol following Pinatubo, comparison of the north and south midlatitudes using in situ measurements, Adv. Space Res., 20, 2057-2061.
    • (1997) Adv. Space Res. , vol.20 , pp. 2057-2061
    • Deshler, T.1    Liley, J.B.2    Bodeker, G.3    Matthews, W.A.4    Hofmann, D.J.5
  • 16
    • 0346008093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using balloon-borne instruments
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002514
    • Deshler, T., M. E. Hervig, D. J. Hofmann, J. M. Rosen, and J. B. Liley (2003), Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4167, doi:10.1029/2002JD002514.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D5 , pp. 4167
    • Deshler, T.1    Hervig, M.E.2    Hofmann, D.J.3    Rosen, J.M.4    Liley, J.B.5
  • 17
    • 0027037119 scopus 로고
    • Solar radiative forcing at selected locations and evidence for global lower tropospheric cooling following the eruptions of El Chichón and Pinatubo
    • Dutton, E. G., and J. R. Christy (1992), Solar radiative forcing at selected locations and evidence for global lower tropospheric cooling following the eruptions of El Chichón and Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2313-2316.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 2313-2316
    • Dutton, E.G.1    Christy, J.R.2
  • 18
    • 0027335921 scopus 로고
    • In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in midlatitude ozone depletion
    • Fahey, D. W., et al. (1993), In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in midlatitude ozone depletion, Nature, 363, 509-514.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.363 , pp. 509-514
    • Fahey, D.W.1
  • 19
    • 0017415682 scopus 로고
    • Wintertime 1973 airborne lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosols
    • Fernald, F. G., and B. G. Schuster (1977), Wintertime 1973 airborne lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 433-437.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 433-437
    • Fernald, F.G.1    Schuster, B.G.2
  • 20
    • 0002045895 scopus 로고
    • Observation of aerosol layer of 20 km by optical radar
    • Fiocco, G., and G. Grams (1964), Observation of aerosol layer of 20 km by optical radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 323-324.
    • (1964) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 323-324
    • Fiocco, G.1    Grams, G.2
  • 21
    • 0005233854 scopus 로고
    • 48-inch lidar aerosol measurements taken at the Langley Research Center: May 1974 to December 1987
    • NASA RP
    • Fuller, W. H., Jr., M. T. Osborn, and W. H. Hunt (1988), 48-inch lidar aerosol measurements taken at the Langley Research Center: May 1974 to December 1987, NASA RP, 1209.
    • (1988) , pp. 1209
    • Fuller Jr., W.H.1    Osborn, M.T.2    Hunt, W.H.3
  • 22
    • 0027335473 scopus 로고
    • Record low global ozone in 1992
    • Gleason, J. F., et al. (1993), Record low global ozone in 1992, Science, 260, 523-526.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 523-526
    • Gleason, J.F.1
  • 23
    • 0347329319 scopus 로고
    • Die Dämmerungserscheinungen
    • Gruner, P., and H. Kleinert (1927), Die Dämmerungserscheinungen, Probl. Kosm. Phys., 10, 1-113.
    • (1927) Probl. Kosm. Phys. , vol.10 , pp. 1-113
    • Gruner, P.1    Kleinert, H.2
  • 24
    • 0037198980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The annual volcanic gas input into the atmosphere, in particular into the stratosphere: A global data set for the past 100 years
    • Halmer, M. M., H.-U. Schmincke, and H.-F. Graf (2002), The annual volcanic gas input into the atmosphere, in particular into the stratosphere: A global data set for the past 100 years, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 115, 511-528.
    • (2002) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. , vol.115 , pp. 511-528
    • Halmer, M.M.1    Schmincke, H.-U.2    Graf, H.-F.3
  • 25
    • 0026447242 scopus 로고
    • Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption
    • Hansen, J., A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, and K. Sato (1992), Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 215-218.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 215-218
    • Hansen, J.1    Lacis, A.2    Ruedy, R.3    Sato, K.4
  • 26
    • 0035509357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-correlation between stratospheric aerosol extinction and the Ångström parameter from multiple wavelength measurements with SAGE II - A characteristic of the decay period following major volcanic eruptions
    • Hayashida, S., and M. Horikawa (2001), Anti-correlation between stratospheric aerosol extinction and the Ångström parameter from multiple wavelength measurements with SAGE II - A characteristic of the decay period following major volcanic eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4063-4066.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 4063-4066
    • Hayashida, S.1    Horikawa, M.2
  • 27
    • 0036232290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aerosol measurements from SAGE II, HALOE, and balloonborne optical particle counters
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000703
    • Hervig, M. E., and T. Deshler (2002), Evaluation of aerosol measurements from SAGE II, HALOE, and balloonborne optical particle counters, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 4031, doi:10.1029/2001JD000703.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D3 , pp. 4031
    • Hervig, M.E.1    Deshler, T.2
  • 28
    • 1942467101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in eastern U.S. sulfur air quality from the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network
    • doi:10.1029/2000JD000165
    • Hicks, B. B., R. S. Artz, T. P. Meyers, and R. P. Hosker Jr. (2002), Trends in eastern U.S. sulfur air quality from the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D12), 4143, doi:10.1029/2000JD000165.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D12 , pp. 4143
    • Hicks, B.B.1    Artz, R.S.2    Meyers, T.P.3    Hosker Jr., R.P.4
  • 29
    • 0025656728 scopus 로고
    • Increase in the stratospheric background sulfuric acid aerosol mass in the past 10 years
    • Hofmann D. J. (1990), Increase in the stratospheric background sulfuric acid aerosol mass in the past 10 years, Science, 248, 996-1000.
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 996-1000
    • Hofmann, D.J.1
  • 30
    • 0026270659 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989
    • Hofmann, D. J., and T. Deshler (1991), Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2897-2912.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 2897-2912
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Deshler, T.2
  • 31
    • 0019178313 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric sulfuric acid layer: Evidence for an anthropogenic component
    • Hofmann, D. J., and J. M. Rosen (1980), Stratospheric sulfuric acid layer: Evidence for an anthropogenic component, Science, 208, 1368-1370.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 1368-1370
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Rosen, J.M.2
  • 32
    • 0000237370 scopus 로고
    • On the background stratospheric aerosol layer
    • Hofmann D. J., and J. M. Rosen (1981), On the background stratospheric aerosol layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 168-181.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 168-181
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Rosen, J.M.2
  • 33
    • 0024527416 scopus 로고
    • Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón
    • Hofmann, D. J., and S. Solomon (1989), Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5029-5041.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 5029-5041
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Solomon, S.2
  • 34
    • 0016533205 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric aerosol measurements, I, Time variations at northern midlatitudes
    • Hofmann, D. J., J. M. Rosen, T. J. Pepin, and R. G. Pinnick (1975), Stratospheric aerosol measurements, I, Time variations at northern midlatitudes, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1446-1456.
    • (1975) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 1446-1456
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Rosen, J.M.2    Pepin, T.J.3    Pinnick, R.G.4
  • 35
    • 84883815699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface-based observations of volcanic emissions to the stratosphere
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Hofmann, D. J., J. Barnes, E. Dutton, T. Deshler, H. Jäger, R. Keen, and M. Osborn (2003), Surface-based observations of volcanic emissions to the stratosphere, in Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 139, edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 57-73, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2003) Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere , vol.139 , pp. 57-73
    • Hofmann, D.J.1    Barnes, J.2    Dutton, E.3    Deshler, T.4    Jäger, H.5    Keen, R.6    Osborn, M.7
  • 36
    • 21244434284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term record of lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
    • D08106, doi:10.1029/2004JD005506
    • Jäger, H. (2005), Long-term record of lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08106, doi:10.1029/2004JD005506.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Jäger, H.1
  • 37
    • 84975606574 scopus 로고
    • Midlatidude lidar backscatter to mass, area, and extinction conversion model based on in situ aerosol measurements from 1980 to 1987
    • Jäger, H., and D. J. Hofmann (1991), Midlatidude lidar backscatter to mass, area, and extinction conversion model based on in situ aerosol measurements from 1980 to 1987, Appl. Opt., 30, 127-138.
    • (1991) Appl. Opt. , vol.30 , pp. 127-138
    • Jäger, H.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 38
    • 0025198550 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes after major volcanic eruptions
    • Jäger, H., and K. Wege (1990), Stratospheric ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes after major volcanic eruptions, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 273-287.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.10 , pp. 273-287
    • Jäger, H.1    Wege, K.2
  • 39
    • 0024794533 scopus 로고
    • NO2 observations at 45°S during the decreasing phase of solar cycle 21, from 1980 to 1987
    • Johnston, P.V., and R. L. McKenzie (1989), NO2 observations at 45°S during the decreasing phase of solar cycle 21, from 1980 to 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3473-3486.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 3473-3486
    • Johnston, P.V.1    McKenzie, R.L.2
  • 40
    • 0026442698 scopus 로고
    • Observations of depleted stratospheric NO2 following the Pinatubo volcanic eruption
    • Johnston, P. V., R. L. McKenzie, J. G. Keys, and W. A. Matthews (1992), Observations of depleted stratospheric NO2 following the Pinatubo volcanic eruption., Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 211-213.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 211-213
    • Johnston, P.V.1    McKenzie, R.L.2    Keys, J.G.3    Matthews, W.A.4
  • 41
    • 0008152303 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric aerosol studies
    • Junge, C. E., and J. E. Manson (1961), Stratospheric aerosol studies, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 2163-2182.
    • (1961) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.66 , pp. 2163-2182
    • Junge, C.E.1    Manson, J.E.2
  • 43
    • 0004063338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour
    • Rep. 113, World Clim. Res. Programme
    • Kley, D., J. M. Russell III, and C. Phillips (2000), SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour, Rep. 113, World Clim. Res. Programme.
    • (2000)
    • Kley, D.1    Russell III, J.M.2    Phillips, C.3
  • 44
    • 0026481339 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric temperature increases due to Pinatubo aerosols
    • Labitzke, K., and M. P. McCormick (1992), Stratospheric temperature increases due to Pinatubo aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 207-210.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 207-210
    • Labitzke, K.1    McCormick, M.P.2
  • 45
    • 0037455471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring and modeling twilight's purple light
    • Lee, R. L., and J. Hernandez-Andres (2003), Measuring and modeling twilight's purple light, Appl. Opt., 42, 445-457.
    • (2003) Appl. Opt. , vol.42 , pp. 445-457
    • Lee, R.L.1    Hernandez-Andres, J.2
  • 46
    • 0001187311 scopus 로고
    • Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity
    • Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald (1967), Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241.
    • (1967) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 241
    • Manabe, S.1    Wetherald, R.T.2
  • 47
    • 0022029388 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II instrument: A functional description
    • Mauldin, L. E., N. H. Zaun, M. P. McCormick, J. H. Guy, and W. R. Vaughn (1985), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II instrument: A functional description, Opt. Eng., 24, 307-312.
    • (1985) Opt. Eng. , vol.24 , pp. 307-312
    • Mauldin, L.E.1    Zaun, N.H.2    McCormick, M.P.3    Guy, J.H.4    Vaughn, W.R.5
  • 49
    • 0019697483 scopus 로고
    • High-latitude stratospheric aerosols measured by the SAM II satellite system in 1978 and 1979
    • McCormick, M. P., et al. (1981), High-latitude stratospheric aerosols measured by the SAM II satellite system in 1978 and 1979, Science, 214, 328-331.
    • (1981) Science , vol.214 , pp. 328-331
    • McCormick, M.P.1
  • 50
    • 0028831161 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption
    • McCormick, M. P., L. W. Thomason, and C. R. Trepte (1995), Atmospheric effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption, Nature, 373, 399.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 399
    • McCormick, M.P.1    Thomason, L.W.2    Trepte, C.R.3
  • 51
    • 14344256764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice
    • D22302, doi:10.1029/2004JD004686
    • Montzka, S. A., M. Aydin, M. Battle, J. H. Butler, E. S. Saltzman, B. D. Hall, A. D. Clarke, D. Mondeel, and J. W. Elkins (2004), A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22302, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004686.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Montzka, S.A.1    Aydin, M.2    Battle, M.3    Butler, J.H.4    Saltzman, E.S.5    Hall, B.D.6    Clarke, A.D.7    Mondeel, D.8    Elkins, J.W.9
  • 52
    • 0000669571 scopus 로고
    • Reaction probability of N2O5 on aqueous aerosols
    • Mozurkiewicz, M., and J. G. Calvert (1988), Reaction probability of N2O5 on aqueous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,889-15,896.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93
    • Mozurkiewicz, M.1    Calvert, J.G.2
  • 53
    • 84905352856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term variations in water vapor and their effect on ozone
    • paper presented at Quadrenniel Ozone Symposium, Kos, Greece, June
    • Nedoluha, S., et al. (2004), Long-term variations in water vapor and their effect on ozone, paper presented at Quadrenniel Ozone Symposium, Kos, Greece, June.
    • (2004)
    • Nedoluha, S.1
  • 54
    • 0020082630 scopus 로고
    • The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism
    • Newhall, C. G., and S. Self (1982), The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1231-1238.
    • (1982) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.87 , pp. 1231-1238
    • Newhall, C.G.1    Self, S.2
  • 56
    • 0028797558 scopus 로고
    • Increases in lower-stratospheric water vapor at a midlatitude northern hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994
    • Oltmans, S. J., and D. J. Hofmann (1995), Increases in lower-stratospheric water vapor at a midlatitude northern hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994, Nature, 374, 146-149.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 146-149
    • Oltmans, S.J.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 60
    • 0015682673 scopus 로고
    • Efficiency of light-scattering aerosol particle counters
    • Pinnick, R. G., and D. J. Hofmann (1973), Efficiency of light-scattering aerosol particle counters, Appl. Opt., 12, 2593-2597.
    • (1973) Appl. Opt. , vol.12 , pp. 2593-2597
    • Pinnick, R.G.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 61
    • 85087578036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of future climate and emission changes on stratospheric aerosols and ozone
    • Pitari, G., E. Mancini, V. Rizi, and D. T. Shindell (2002), Impact of future climate and emission changes on stratospheric aerosols and ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 414-440.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 414-440
    • Pitari, G.1    Mancini, E.2    Rizi, V.3    Shindell, D.T.4
  • 63
    • 0028594689 scopus 로고
    • Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II observations from 1978 to 1989
    • Poole, L. R., and M. C. Pitts (1994), Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II observations from 1978 to 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,083-13,089.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Poole, L.R.1    Pitts, M.C.2
  • 64
    • 0027035381 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic loss of stratospheric ozone in dense volcanic clouds
    • Prather, M. J. (1992), Catastrophic loss of stratospheric ozone in dense volcanic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,187-10,191.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97
    • Prather, M.J.1
  • 65
    • 17744371436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations
    • Ramaswamy, V., et al. (2001), Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations, Rev. Geophys., 39, 71-122.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys. , vol.39 , pp. 71-122
    • Ramaswamy, V.1
  • 66
    • 33144481786 scopus 로고
    • The stratospheric aerosol layer observed by lidar since October 1976: A contribution to the problem of hemispheric climate
    • Ser. B
    • Reiter, R., H. Jäger, W. Carnuth, and W. Funk (1979), The stratospheric aerosol layer observed by lidar since October 1976: A contribution to the problem of hemispheric climate, Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. B, 27, 121-149.
    • (1979) Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. , vol.27 , pp. 121-149
    • Reiter, R.1    Jäger, H.2    Carnuth, W.3    Funk, W.4
  • 67
    • 0019683539 scopus 로고
    • The Mount St Helens volcanic eruption of 18 May 1980: Minimal climatic effect
    • Robock, A. (1981), The Mount St Helens volcanic eruption of 18 May 1980: Minimal climatic effect, Science, 212, 1383-1384.
    • (1981) Science , vol.212 , pp. 1383-1384
    • Robock, A.1
  • 68
    • 0001146548 scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of dust to 30 km
    • Rosen, J. M. (1964), The vertical distribution of dust to 30 km, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 4673-4676.
    • (1964) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.69 , pp. 4673-4676
    • Rosen, J.M.1
  • 69
    • 0028582882 scopus 로고
    • Decay of Mount Pinatubo aerosol at midlatitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres
    • Rosen, J. M., N. T. Kjome, R. L. McKenzie, and J. B. Liley (1994), Decay of Mount Pinatubo aerosol at midlatitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,733-25,739.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Rosen, J.M.1    Kjome, N.T.2    McKenzie, R.L.3    Liley, J.B.4
  • 70
    • 0022639188 scopus 로고
    • The hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate and its possible atmospheric significance
    • Rowland, F. S., H. Sato, H. Khwaja, and S. M. Elliott (1986), The hydrolysis of chlorine nitrate and its possible atmospheric significance, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1985-1988.
    • (1986) J. Phys. Chem. , vol.90 , pp. 1985-1988
    • Rowland, F.S.1    Sato, H.2    Khwaja, H.3    Elliott, S.M.4
  • 71
    • 0005531351 scopus 로고
    • The post-Fuego stratospheric aerosol: Lidar measurements, with radiative and thermal implications
    • Russell, P. B., and D. Hake Jr. (1977), The post-Fuego stratospheric aerosol: Lidar measurements, with radiative and thermal implications, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 163-177.
    • (1977) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 163-177
    • Russell, P.B.1    Hake Jr., D.2
  • 72
    • 0024799603 scopus 로고
    • SAGE II aerosol data validation and initial data use: An introduction and overview
    • Russell, P. B., and M. P. McCormick (1989), SAGE II aerosol data validation and initial data use: An introduction and overview, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8335-8338.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 8335-8338
    • Russell, P.B.1    McCormick, M.P.2
  • 73
    • 0019658870 scopus 로고
    • Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II: Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes, and an airborne lidar
    • Russell, P. B., et al. (1981), Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II: Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes, and an airborne lidar, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1296-1312.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 1296-1312
    • Russell, P.B.1
  • 74
    • 0346068072 scopus 로고
    • Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. III: Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, SAGE, dustsondes, filters, impactors, and lidar
    • Russell, P. B., M. P. McCormick, T. J. Swissler, J. M. Rosen, D. J. Hofmann, and L. R. McMaster (1984), Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. III: Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, SAGE, dustsondes, filters, impactors, and lidar, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1792-1800.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 1792-1800
    • Russell, P.B.1    McCormick, M.P.2    Swissler, T.J.3    Rosen, J.M.4    Hofmann, D.J.5    McMaster, L.R.6
  • 75
    • 0027798801 scopus 로고
    • Pinatubo and pre-Pinatubo optical-depth spectra: Mauna Loa measurements, comparisons, inferred particle size distributions, radiative effects, and relationship to lidar data
    • Russell, P. B., et al. (1993), Pinatubo and pre-Pinatubo optical-depth spectra: Mauna Loa measurements, comparisons, inferred particle size distributions, radiative effects, and relationship to lidar data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,969-22,985.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Russell, P.B.1
  • 78
    • 0020970860 scopus 로고
    • A decade of stratospheric sulfate measurements compared with observations of volcanic eruptions
    • Sedlacek, W. A., E. J. Mroz, A. I. Lazrus, and B. W. Gandrud (1983), A decade of stratospheric sulfate measurements compared with observations of volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3741-3776.
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 3741-3776
    • Sedlacek, W.A.1    Mroz, E.J.2    Lazrus, A.I.3    Gandrud, B.W.4
  • 79
    • 0003591947 scopus 로고
    • Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Directory, Gazeteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years
    • Simkin, T., and L. Siebert (1994), Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Directory, Gazeteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years 349 pp., Geosci.
    • (1994) Geosci. , pp. 349
    • Simkin, T.1    Siebert, L.2
  • 80
    • 0024901636 scopus 로고
    • The decay of the El Chichon aerosol cloud at 23 degrees south
    • Simonich, D. M., and B. R. Clemesha (1989), The decay of the El Chichon aerosol cloud at 23 degrees south, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12,803-12,806.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Simonich, D.M.1    Clemesha, B.R.2
  • 82
    • 0033452279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and theory
    • Solomon, S. (1999), Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and theory, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275-316.
    • (1999) Rev. Geophys. , vol.37 , pp. 275-316
    • Solomon, S.1
  • 85
    • 0019636717 scopus 로고
    • Effect of temperature and humidity on the growth and optical properties of sulfuric acid-water droplets in the stratosphere
    • Steele, H. M., and P. Hamill (1981), Effect of temperature and humidity on the growth and optical properties of sulfuric acid-water droplets in the stratosphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 12, 517-528.
    • (1981) J. Aerosol Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 517-528
    • Steele, H.M.1    Hamill, P.2
  • 86
    • 0029730401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Pyrheliometric period, 1881-1960
    • Stothers, R. B. (1996), Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Pyrheliometric period, 1881-1960, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3901-3920.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 3901-3920
    • Stothers, R.B.1
  • 87
    • 33144464005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAGE II stratospheric aerosol extinction measurements in the lower tropical stratosphere at near non-volcanic levels
    • in press
    • Thomason, L. W., and S. P. Burton (2006), SAGE II stratospheric aerosol extinction measurements in the lower tropical stratosphere at near non-volcanic levels, J. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in press.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.
    • Thomason, L.W.1    Burton, S.P.2
  • 88
    • 0242485704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the stratospheric aerosol background periods of 1979 and 1989-1991
    • Thomason, L. W., G. S. Kent, C. R. Trepte, and L. R. Poole (1997a), A comparison of the stratospheric aerosol background periods of 1979 and 1989-1991, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3611-3616.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 3611-3616
    • Thomason, L.W.1    Kent, G.S.2    Trepte, C.R.3    Poole, L.R.4
  • 89
    • 0031407662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface area density deduced from stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment II measurements: 1984-1994
    • Thomason, L. W., L. R. Poole, and T. Deshler (1997b), A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface area density deduced from stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment II measurements: 1984-1994, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8967-8976.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 8967-8976
    • Thomason, L.W.1    Poole, L.R.2    Deshler, T.3
  • 90
    • 0035689345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulation of stratospheric background aerosol: First results of a multiannual general circulation model simulation
    • Timmreck, C. (2001), Three-dimensional simulation of stratospheric background aerosol: First results of a multiannual general circulation model simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,313-28,332.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106
    • Timmreck, C.1
  • 91
    • 0024199150 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous interactions of chlorine nitrate hydrogen chloride and nitric acid with sulfuric acid surfaces at stratospheric temperatures
    • Tolbert, M. A., M. J. Rossi, and D. M. Golden (1988), Heterogeneous interactions of chlorine nitrate hydrogen chloride and nitric acid with sulfuric acid surfaces at stratospheric temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 847-850.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 847-850
    • Tolbert, M.A.1    Rossi, M.J.2    Golden, D.M.3
  • 95
    • 0028519410 scopus 로고
    • Removal of stratospheric O3 by radicals: In situ measurements, of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO
    • Wennberg, P. O., et al. (1994), Removal of stratospheric O3 by radicals: In situ measurements, of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO, Science, 266, 398-404.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 398-404
    • Wennberg, P.O.1
  • 96
    • 0005228513 scopus 로고
    • 48-inch lidar aerosol measurements taken at the Langley Research Center: July 1991 to December 1992
    • NASA RP
    • Woods, D. C., M. T. Osborn, D. M. Winker, R. J. DeCoursey, and O. Youngbluth (1994), 48-inch lidar aerosol measurements taken at the Langley Research Center: July 1991 to December 1992, NASA RP, 1334.
    • (1994) , pp. 1334
    • Woods, D.C.1    Osborn, M.T.2    Winker, D.M.3    DeCoursey, R.J.4    Youngbluth, O.5
  • 97
    • 0026012611 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the SAGE II experiment: Decay of the El Chichón and Ruiz volcanic perturbations
    • Yue, G. K., M. P. McCormick, and E.-W. Chiou (1991), Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the SAGE II experiment: Decay of the El Chichón and Ruiz volcanic perturbations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5209-5219.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 5209-5219
    • Yue, G.K.1    McCormick, M.P.2    Chiou, E.-W.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.