The long road home: Race, class, and recovery from Hurricane Katrina

Environment

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 8-20

  Cutter, Susan L ^a   Emrich, Christopher T ^b   Mitchell, Jerry T ^c   Boruff, Bryan J ^d   Gall, Melanie ^d   Schmidtlein, Mathew C ^d   Burton, Christopher G ^d   Melton, Ginni ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b Hazard Research Lab   (United States)

^c Center of Excellence in Geographic Education

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITY; COST; DESTRUCTION; DISASTER; HURRICANE; POVERTY; RACE; REVIEW; SEASHORE; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA;

EID: 33144477937     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.48.2.8-20     Document Type: Review

References (56)

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4. Making Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Meet Immediate Needs Arising from the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2005, and for Other Purposes, 109th Cong., H.R. 3645, Congressional Record 151: Public Law 109-61 (2 September 2005); Second Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act to Meet Immediate Needs Arising from the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina, 2005, 109th Cong., H.R. 3676, Congressional Record 151: Public Law 109-62 (8 September 2005); and FEMA, note 2 above.
5. FEMA, note 2 above.
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33. Cutter, Boruff, and Shirley, note 13 above, page 245.
34. Figures are for the twelve counties that experienced storm surge and flooding and are derived from the Spatial Hazards Events and Losses Database for the United States, http://sheldus.org (accessed 20 December 2005).
35. Ibid. The severe storm portion of 30 percent in Louisiana is largely due to the 1995 Louisiana flooding caused by a frontal system. The data source SHELDUS underreports flood damage in Louisiana because the 1995 event is classified as a severe storm/thunderstorm event instead.
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37. Ibid.
38. Ibid. Although it was only a Category Three hurricane, Hurricane Betsy was the first storm to top $1 billion (current dollars).
39. J. J. Westerink and R. A. Luettich, "The Creeping Storm," Civil Engineering Magazine, June 2003, http://www.pubs.asce.org/ceonline/ceonline03/ 0603feat .html (accessed 19 December 2005).
40. Cutter, note 14 above.
41. A. E. Wells, "Good Neighbors? Distance, Resistance, and Desegregation in Metropolitan New Orleans," Urban Education 39, no. 4 (2004): 408-427.
42. S. L. Cutter and C. T. Emrich, "Moral Hazard, Social Catastrophe: The Changing Face of Vulnerability along the Hurricane Coasts," Special Volume, Shelter from the Storm: Repairing the National Emergency Management System after Hurricane Katrina, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604 (2006): forthcoming.
43. Ibid.
44. A. Nossiter, "Demolition of Thousands of Houses is Set to Begin," The New York Times, 17 December 2005;
45. L. Eaton and R. Nixon. "Federal Loans to Homeowners along Gulf Lag," The New York Times, 15 December 2005;
46. and S. Dewan and J. Roberts, "Louisiana's Deadly Storm Took Both the Strong and the Helpless," The New York Times, 18 December 2005.
47. These followed the methodology from Cutter, Boruff and Shirley, note 13 above. The Social Vulnerability Index is one of the few statistical attempts to condense the multitude of vulnerability determinants (race, class, and gender) into a single measure. This single metric allows for a comparative and longitudinal assessment of social vulnerability among U.S. counties, the original unit of analysis.
48. Predicted storm surge areas for Mississippi, using the latest Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model run on 27 August 2005 were appraised in relation to the counties and census tracks of these coastal areas. The model output was obtained from the National Hurricane Center, ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/users/ (accessed 12 September 2005).
49. A. Lee and G. Lacour, "Hundreds Feared Dead; East Biloxi Hit Hardest," The Sun Herald (Biloxi), 30 August 2005;
50. CBS, "Katrina Victims: Where's FEMA?" CBS News, 6 September 2005, http://www .cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/06/48hours/main821587 .shtml (accessed 20 December 2005);
51. Oxfam America, "More Inclusive Help Needed in Future Emergencies, Oxfam Tells Congress," http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/ news_updates/news_update.2005-12-06.8958562428 (accessed 20 December 2005);
52. and D. Weir, "Everything's Broken," Salon, 13 December 2005, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/12/13/biloxi/ (accessed 20 December 2005).
53. Biloxi, Mississippi, Mayor A. J. Holloway, quoted in G. Rivlin, "Bright Spot on Gulf as Casinos Rush to Rebuild," The New York Times, 14 December 2005.
54. Ibid.
55. Associated Press, "Mississippi Governor Signs Bill to Rebuild Gulf Casinos on Land," The New York Times, 18 October 2005.
56. T. Wilemon,. "Silver Slipper Gets OK; Palace Reopening on Dec. 30 also Approved by Commission," The Sun Herald (Biloxi), 16 Dec. 2005, http://www .sunherald.com/mld/sunherald/13419755.htm (accessed 4 January 2006).