Saving more than the children: The role of child-focused NGOs in the creation of southern security norms

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 227-237

  Watson, Alison M S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION;

EID: 33144468369     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590500432267     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. T Väyrynen, 'Gender and UN peace operations: The confines of modernity', International Peacekeeping, 11 (1), 2004, pp 125 - 142.
2. See, for example, C Church & M Fitzduff, NGOs at the Table, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
3. See also Mary B Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace - or War, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999, for an alternative view.
4. See also Alison MS Watson, 'Children in International Relations: A new site of knowledge?', Review of International Studies, forthcoming, 2006.
5. See Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1992, pp 11 - 15 for a brief outline of the economic trends that facilitated this proliferation.
6. Mary Kaldor, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003, p 115.
7. Held and McGrew note, for example, the work of intellectuals such as Marx and Saint-Simon in recognising the impact of modernity upon levels of international integration. See David Held and Anthony McGrew, Globalization and Anti-Globalization, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002, p 1.
8. Kaldor, Global Civil Society, p 115.
9. See Oliver P Richmond, '"Post-Westphalian" peace-building: The role of NGOs', Martin Journal of Conflict Resolution (online), Article 3, 2001, p 1, for a wide-ranging and thoughtful analysis of contemporary NGO practice vis-a'-vis the peaceful resolution of conflict. www.class.uidahoedu/martin_archives/conflict_journal/conflict2.html
10. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars, London: Zed Books, 2001, p 54.
11. Hugh Miall, Oliver Ramsbotham & Tom Woodhouse, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999, p 35.
12. B Boutrous-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, UN Document A/477-277, 3 October 1992.
13. Excerpted from Allan Gerson & Nat J Colletta, Privatizing Peace From Conflict to Security, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2002, p 110.
14. Kaldor, Global Civil Society, p 90.
15. Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars, p 31.
16. Ann C Huddock, NGOs and Civil Society, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999, p 10.
17. General Assembly resolution 44/25. Only the USA and Somalia have yet to ratify the Convention.
18. This focus remains today with, for example, Anti-Slavery International's ongoing work on child labour and the current work of the ICRC on children in war. See, respectively, http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/ antislavery/childlabour.htm#work and http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/ siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Focus:CHildren_in_war?OpenDocument.
19. http://web.amnesty.org/pages/childsoldiers-index-eng.
20. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/download/ 2003_12_investingchild.pdf.
21. http://www.defence-for-children.org/.
22. In addition, the CSC maintains active links with UNICEF, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict.
23. Kaldor, Global Civil Society, p 86.
24. James R Tompkins, Benjamin L Brooks & Timothy J Tompkins, Child Advocacy, History Theory and Practice, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1998, p 5.
25. Watson, 'Children in International Relations'.
26. Indeed, similar arguments may be made with regard to the actions of child-focused NGOs, which may be said to be acting simply as an alternative source of opinion in the arguments regarding what is in a child's best interests, rather than letting the child speak for itself. The child remains, in other words, essentially voiceless.
27. Tom Cockburn, 'Children and citizenship in Britain: A case for a socially interdependent model of citizenship', Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research, 5(1), 1998, p 109.
28. J Boyden, 'Childhood and the policymakers: A comparative perspective on the globalisation of childhood', in A James & A Prout (eds), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, London: Falmer Press, 1990.
29. Pamela Reynolds, 'The ground of all making: State violence, the family and political activists', in Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Mamphele Ramphele & Pamela Reynolds (eds), Violence and Subjectivity, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000, p 146.
30. http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles2/Giroux_Iraq-Children.htm
31. Take for example, Schroeder's analysis of Seguvian children's lives and experiences in the 1920s and 1930s. In this case, 'boys' involvement in rebel information flows was even more crucial than their participation as full-time combatants...Since information was critical to the war effort, since Campesino 'culture was an oral culture, and since many children have a great capacity for memorization, it is likely that thousands of boys delivered tens of thousands of oral messages to rebel forces - messages never deposited in any archive. In this way the everyday actions of boys, all but invisible in the documentary record, made the rebellion possible'. Michael J Schroeder, '"Baptized in blood": Children in the time of the Sandino rebellion, Nicaragua, 1927 - 1934', in James Marten (ed), Children and War: A Historical Anthology, New York: New York University Press, 2002, pp 248 - 249.
32. Watson, 'Children in International Relations'.
33. Väyrynen, 'Gender and UN peace operations', p 136.
34. Tim Dunne & Nicholas J Wheeler, '"We the Peoples": Contending discourses of security in human rights theory and practice', International Relations, 18(1), pp 9 - 23.
35. http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles2/Giroux_Iraq-Children.htm.
36. http://www.childrenfirst.org.za/ shownews?mode=content&id=22856&refto=3469.
37. Data on child soldiers is notoriously difficult to capture accurately, with estimates of children remaining involved in SPLA activity veering between 2000 and 7000.
38. This also serves to highlight the crucial role that children may play in economic development.
39. Alison MS Watson, 'The child that bombs built', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27(3), 2004, pp 159 - 168.
40. Sara Cameron, Out of War: True Stories from the Front Lines of the Children's Movement for Peace in Colombia, New York: Scholastic Press, 2001, p 4.
41. http://www.kosovo.undp.org/Projects/YPCPP/ypcpp.htm.
42. John Darby & Roger MacGinty, The Management of Peace Processes, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000, p 240.
43. 'Strengthening the United Nations: An agenda for further change', Report of the Secretary-General, A/57/387 (2002).
44. See, for example, Susan McKay & Dyan Mazurana, Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After the War, Quebec: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 2004
45. and Emily Schroeder, 'A window of opportunity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Incorporating a gender perspective in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration process', Peace, Conflict and Development, 5, University of Bradford Peace Studies, 2004.
46. www.womenwagingpeace.net.
47. Michael W Doyle, 'Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12(3), 1983, pp 205 - 235.
48. Oliver P Richmond, Maintaining Order, Making Peace, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, pp 191 - 192.
49. Stephanie G Neuman, 'International Relations theory and the Third World: an oxymoron?', in Neuman (ed), International Relations Theory and the Third World, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998, p 2.
50. Vanessa Pupavac, 'From statehood to childhood: Regeneration and changing approaches to international order', in Michael Pugh (ed), Regeneration of War-Torn Societies, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000, p 141.
51. Carole Bellamy, address to the World Youth Forum, Portugal, 10 August 1998.