Zaire: Flying high above the toads: Mobutu and stalemated democracy

Political Reform in Francophone Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 246-264

  Turner, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 32644482598     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780429498183     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. “Mobuto [sic] Clings to Power,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, October 1-31, 1991, p. 10300.
2. “Mobuto [sic] Clings to Power,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, October 1-31, 1991, p. 10301.
3. Mobutu Sese Seko, “Texte intégral du discours prononcé par le Chef de l’État le 24 avril 1990,” Elima, April 25, 1990 (Kinshasa), pp. 3-5.
4. Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 192.
5. Michael G. Schatzberg, Politics and Class in Zaire: Bureaucracy, Business, and Beer in Usala (New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1980.)
6. Janet MacGaffey, M. Vwakyanakazi, et al., The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).
7. Mutua wa M. and P. Rosenblum, Zaire: Repression as Policy. A Human Rights Report (New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1990).
8. Diocese of Idiofa, “Le soulèvement dit Kasongo,” La vie diocésaine d’Idiofa, no. 2 (1978):7;
9. “Les massacres de Katekalayi et de Luamela (Kasai Oriental),” Politique africaine 2, no. 6 (1982):72-106
10. V. Digekisa Piluka, Le massacre de Lubumbashi: Zaïre 11-12 mai 1990: Dossier d’un témoin-accusé (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1993).
11. “Trial for ‘Coup Leaders,”’ Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, March 1992, p. 10516.
12. Colette Braeckman, Le dinosaure: Le Zaïre de Mobutu (Paris: Fayard, 1992), p. 132.
13. “Western Troika,” see pp. 279-315.
14. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, “Crisis and Change in Zaire, 1960-1985,” in Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, ed., The Crisis in Zaire: Myths and Realities (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986), p. 20.
15. Crawford Young, “Zaire: The Unending Crisis,” Foreign Affairs 57, no. 1 (1978):177
16. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 219, on “diversification des dépendances.”
17. René Lemarchand, “Zaire: The Unmanageable Client State,” in René Lemarchand, ed., American Policy in Southern Africa: The Stakes and the Stance, 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981), pp. 1-16.
18. Sean Kelly, America’s Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire (Washington: American University Press, 1993);
19. Elise Forbes Pachter, “Our Man in Kinshasa: U.S. Relations with Mobutu, 1970-1983: Patron-Client Relations in the International Sphere” (Ph.D. diss., School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 1987).
20. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 145.
21. [Frédéric] Vandewalle, V. L’Ommegang: Odyssée et reconquête de Stanleyville, 1964 (Brussels: by the author, 1970);
22. F. E. Wagoner, Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo (Washington: National Defense University, 1980).
23. Young Y. and Turner, T. Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, pp. 185-220.
24. Young Y. and Turner, T. pp. 276-325
25. Jean-Claude Willame, “Éléments pour une lecture du contentieux belgo-zaïrois,” Cahiers du CEDAF, no. 6 (1988):6.
26. J. H. Herbots, “Commentaires de la loi dite Bakajika,” Études congolaises 10, no. 4 (1967):57-62.
27. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, pp. 219-220.
28. Young Y. and Turner, T. Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, pp. 326-362
29. Michael G. Schatzberg, “The State and the Economy: The ‘Radicalization of the Revolution’ in Mobutu’s Zaire,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14, no. 2 (1980):239-257
30. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 198.
31. Romain Yakemtchouk, “Les deux guerres du Shaba: Les relations entre la Belgique, la France, et le Zaïre,” Studia diplomatica 41, no. 4-6 (1988):375-735
32. Jean-Claude Willame, “La seconde guerre du Shaba,” Genève-Afrique 16, no. 1 (1977-1978):10-26
33. Ghislain C. Kabwit, The Aftermath of Shaba I and II Crisis: The Illusion of Political Changes and Reforms in Zaire (paper presented to the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Baltimore, 1978).
34. Young Y. and Turner, T., Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, pp. 374-375
35. Théodore Tréfon, “French Policy Toward Zaire During the Giscard-d’Estaing Presidency,” Cahiers du CEDAF, no. 1 (1989):1;
36. Jean-François Bayart, La politique africaine de François Mitterrand (Paris: Karthala, 1984).
37. “Zaire-Belgium: Relations Normalised,” Africa Research Bulletin, Economic Series, August 15,1989, pp. 9358-9359.
38. Immanuel Wallerstein, “Africa, the United States, and the World Economy: The Historical Bases of American Policy,” in F. S. Arkhurst, ed., U.S. Policy Toward Africa (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), pp. 11-37
39. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, “United States Policy Towards Zaire,” in Gerald J. Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 225-238.
40. D. N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
41. Pachter, P. “Our Man in Kinshasa;”
42. Kelly, K. America’s Tyrant;
43. Stephen R. Weissman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974);
44. Madeleine G. Kalb, The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa from Eisenhower to Kennedy (New York: Macmillan, 1982).
45. Romain Yakemtchouk, “Les relations entre les États-Unis et le Zaïre,” Studia diplomatica 39, no. 1 (1986):5-115
46. Michael G. Schatzberg, Mobutu or Chaos? The United States and Zaire, 1960-1990 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991);
47. Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
48. Young Y. and Turner, T. Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, pp. 371-373.
49. B. M. Rubin, “Carter, Human Rights, and U.S. Allies,” in B. M. Rubin and E. P. Spiro, eds., Human Rights and U S. Foreign Policy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1979), pp. 109-129.
50. B. Gwertzman, “Senators Ask Proof that Cuba Had Role in Invasion of Zaire,” New York Times, May 27, 1978, pp. 1,4;
51. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Schraeder, S. United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa, p. 93.
52. H. Morris, “Warnings from Black Africa,” Today, April 3,1981, p. 13.
53. David B. Ottaway, “48 in House Warn Zaire on Rights Abuses,” Washington Post, February 10, 1988.
54. E. T. Pound, “Congo Drums: With Dictators Falling, Zaire’s Mobutu Hires Lobbyists to Make Sure He Retains American Aid,” Wall Street Journal, March 7, 1990.
55. “Aid Cut,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, December 16, 1990-January 15, 1991, p. 10211.
56. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 294.
57. E. Blumenthal, “Zaire: Rapport sur sa crédibilité financière internationale,” La Revue Nouvelle 77, no. 11 (1982):360-378
58. J. F. McNulty (Arizona) and appended article, “Mobutu Sucks the Blood from Zaire’s Mining Giant,” Africa Now (London), in Congressional Record, reproduced in annexes to Yakemtchouk, “Les relations entre les États-Unis et le Zaïre,” pp. 106-109.
59. Jean-Claude Willame, Zaïre: L’épopée d’Inga (Paris: Harmattan), 1986;
60. Braeckman B “white elephants,” Le dinosaure, pp. 222-230.
61. Thomas M. Callaghy, “The Ritual Dance of the Debt Game,” Africa Report 29, no. 5 (September-October, 1984):22-24.
62. Blumenthal, B. “Zaire: Rapport sur sa crédibilité financière internationale,” pp. 360-378.
63. Crawford Young, “Optimism on Zaire: Illusion or Reality?” CSIS Africa Notes (Georgetown University), 1985, p. 50;
64. G. Frankel, “18 Months of Harsh Austerity Bring Indications of a Turnaround to Zaire,” Washington Post, May 22, 1985.
65. J. H. Cushman, Jr., “U.S. Seeking Agreement to Use Air Base in Zaire,” New York Times, February 22, 1987;
66. B. Harden, “Seeds of Reform Grow Slowly in Zaire,” Washington Post, November 20,1987.
67. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 73.
68. [Joseph Ngalula Mpandajila], “Lettre ouverte au Citoyen Président-Fondateur du Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, Président de la République, par un groupe de parlementaires,” Politique africaine 1, no. 3 (1981):94-140.
69. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 327.
70. Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social, Zaire: The New Society (Oslo: UDPS, Bureau Scandinavie, 1991).
71. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, pp. 90-91.
72. Sennen Andriamirado, “Kibassa ‘sous la houlette’ de Mobutu,” Jeune Afrique, August 19-26, 1987, pp. 56-57.
73. “Communautés de base,” organized by Catholics on a Latin American liberation theology model, constituted an important element in the “Civil Society” represented at the National Conference.
74. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, p. 178.
75. “Provisional Bureau Head,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, August 1-31, 1991, p. 10233.
76. “Conference in Uproar,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, September 1-30, 1991, p. 10266.
77. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, pp. 184-186.
78. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, pp. 173-174
79. “Ethnic Rwandans Massacred,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, July 1993, p. 11068
80. “Troops to Kivu,” Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series., p. 11097.
81. “[Jean Nguz a] Karl-I-Bond on Ethnic Tension in Shaba Province,” Foreign Broadcast Information Service—Sub-Saharan Africa, August 28, 1992, p. 2.
82. Diane Hubbard, “Zaire: Economy,” Africa South of the Sahara (London: Europa, 1996), pp. 1020-1025.
83. “Zaire: Mobutu’s Monetary Mutiny,” Africa Confidential, February 5, 1993, pp. 4-5
84. “Zaire’s $2 Bank Note Leads to 300 Deaths,” Africa Report 38, no. 2 (March-April 1993):5-6.
85. Braeckman, B. Le dinosaure, pp. 186-187.
86. U.S. Department of State, Kengo wa Dondo [biography], 1994.
87. “Zaire: Deserting a Sinking Tshisekedi,” Africa Confidential, July 29, 1994, pp. 3-5.
88. “Tshisekedi analyse la crise politique actuelle et rassure,” Tempête des tropiques, November 10-11, 1994, pp. 4-5.
89. “Zaire: Deserting a Sinking Tshisekedi,” pp. 3-5.
90. “Zaire: 1993 Overview,” Keesing’s Record of World Events, vol. 40, Reference Supplement, 1993, p. R29.
91. “Market Flood Undermines Progress,” Africa Research Bulletin, Economic Series, March 16-April 15, 1994, p. 11645.
92. Hubbard, H. “Zaire: Economy,” p. 1025.
93. “Zaire: Deserting a Sinking Tshisekedi,” p. 3.
94. Marlise Simons, “France Seeks Partners for Rwandan Venture,” New York Times, June 17, 1994, p. 51;
95. Marlise Simons, “The French Connection in Rwanda,” New York Times, July 3, 1994, p. 4;
96. Alex Shoumatoff, “Gallic Mischief: Why Is France in Rwanda?” New Yorker, July 18, 1994, pp. 4-5
97. “Alain Juppé: ‘Tenir son rang,”’ Le Monde, September 2, 1994, p. 9.
98. Steven Greenhouse, “U.S. Tries New Tack with Zaire, Backing Premier to Isolate Mobutu,” New York Times, November 8, 1994, p. A6.