Unraveling the racial disparities associated with kidney disease

Kidney International

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 914-924

  Norris, Keith C ^a   Agodoa, Lawrence Y ^b  

^a CHARLES R DREW UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Culture; Dialysis; End stage renal disease; Ethnic groups; Racial disparities; Socioeconomic; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; RAMIPRIL;

AUSTRALIA; CULTURAL FACTOR; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNOLOGY; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; GRAFT FAILURE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY GRAFT; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIFESTYLE; NEW ZEALAND; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 32644464443     PISSN: 00852538     EISSN: 15231755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. GILBERTSON D, SOLID C, XUE JL, et al: Projecting the U.S. ESRD Population to 2030, Bethesda, MD, United States Renal Data System, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2003 (http://www.usrds. org/2003/pres/html/5U_ASN_projections_files/v3_document.htm)
2. NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION - K/DOQI: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002
3. PLOTH DW, SHEPP PH, COUNTS C, et al: Prospective analysis of global costs for maintenance of patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 42:12-21, 2003
4. UNITED STATES RENAL DATA SYSTEM: USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2003
5. TRIVEDI HS, PANG MM, CAMPBELL A, et al: Slowing the progression of chronic renal failure: Economic benefits and patients' perspectives. Am J Kidney Dis 39:721-729, 2002
6. EASTERLING RE: Racial factors in the incidence and causation of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 23:28-33, 1977
7. ROSTAND SG, KIRK KA, RUTSKY EA, et al: Racial differences in the incidence of treatment for end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 306:1276-1279, 1982
8. FERGUSON R, GRIM CE, OPGENORTH TJ: The epidemiology of end-stage renal disease: The six-year South-Central Los Angeles experience, 1980-85. Am J Public Health 77:864-865, 1987
9. JONES CA, MCQUILLAN GM, KUSEK JW, et al: Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [published erratum appears in Am J Kidney Dis 35:178, 2000]. Am J Kidney Dis 32:992-999, 1998
10. UK RENAL REGISTRY: The Fifth Annual Report of The UK Renal Registry 2002 (http://www.renalreg.com/home.htm) (accessed June 11, 2003)
11. MCDONALD SP, RUSS GR, KERR PG, et al: ESRD in Australia and New Zealand at the end of the millennium: A report from the ANZDATA registry. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1122-1131, 2002
12. MCDONALD SP, RUSS GR: Current incidence, treatment patterns and outcome of end-stage renal disease among indigenous groups in Australia and New Zealand. Nephrology 8:42, 2003
13. XUE JL, MA JZ, LOUIS TA, et al: Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2753-2758, 2001
14. REDDAN DN, SZCZECH LA, KLASSEN PS, et al: Racial inequity in America's ESRD program. Semin Dial 13:399-403, 2000
15. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH: Chronic Kidney Disease, 2nd ed., 2001 (http://www.healthypeople.gov) (accessed October 2003)
16. POWE NR: To have and have not: Health and health care disparities in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 64:763-772, 2003
17. NICHOLAS S, AGODOA LY, NORRIS K: Ethnic disparities in the prevalence and treatment of kidney disease. Nephrol News Issues 18:29-30, 32, 34, 2004
18. HARRIS MI, FLEGAL KM, COWIE CC, et al: Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care 21:518-524, 1998
19. KING H, AUBERT RE, HERMAN WH: Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21:1414-1431, 1998
20. RITZ E, ORTH SR: Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 341:1127-1133, 1999
21. THALER LM, EL-KEBBI IM, ZIEMER DC, et al: High prevalence of albuminuria among African-Americans with short duration of diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:1576-1577, 1998
22. GOLDSCHMID MG, DOMIN WS, ZIEMER DC, et al: Diabetes in urban African-Americans. II. High prevalence of microalbuminuria and nephropathy in African-Americans with diabetes. Diabetes Care 18:955-961, 1995
23. TANNER SDM: Selected Demographics 2000, San Raphael, TransPacific Renal Network, 2000
24. MASKARINEC G: Diabetes in Hawaii: Estimating prevalence from insurance claims data. Am J Public Health 87:1717-1720, 1997
25. FUJIMOTO W: Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, in Diabetes in America, 2nd ed., edited by Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, et al, Bethesda, MD, National Diabetes Data Group, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1995, pp 661-681
26. GRANDINETTI A, CHANG HK, MAU MK, et al: Prevalence of glucose intolerance among Native Hawaiians in two rural communities. Native Hawaiian Health Research (NHHR) Project. Diabetes Care 21:549-554, 1998
27. HAWAII STATE DIABETES CONTROL PROGRAM: Adult Diabetes in Hawaii: A Surveillance Report, Honolulu, Hawaii Department of Health, 2000
28. CHAKRAVARTHY MV, BOOTH FW: Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. J Appl Physiol 96:3-10, 2004
29. NEEL JV: Diabetes mellitus: A "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"? Am J Hum Genet 14:353-362, 1962
30. KLAG MJ, WHELTON PK, RANDALL BL, et al: Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 334:13-18, 1996
31. FREEDMAN BI, ISKANDAR SS, APPEL RG: The link between hypertension and nephrosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 25:207-221, 1995
32. UNITED STATES RENAL DATA SYSTEM: USRDS 2001 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2001
33. HAJJAR I, KOTCHEN TA: Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA 290:199-206, 2003
34. KLAG MJ, WHELTON PK, RANDALL BL, et al: End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men. 16-year MRFIT findings. JAMA 277:1293-1298, 1997
35. CORESH J, WEI GL, MCQUILLAN G, et al: Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 161:1207-1216, 2001
36. LACKLAND DT, EGAN BM, FAN ZJ, et al: Low birth weight contributes to the excess prevalence of end-stage renal disease in African Americans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 3:29-31, 2001
37. AVIV A, HOLLENBERG NK, WEDER AB. Sodium glomerulopathy: Tubuloglomerular feedback and renal injury in African Americans. Kidney Int 65:361-368, 2004
38. FALKNER B: Differences in blacks and whites with essential hypertension: biochemistry and endocrine. State of the art lecture. Hypertension 15:681-686, 1990
39. STENGEL B, TARVER-CARR ME, POWE NR, et al: Lifestyle factors, obesity and the risk of chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology 14:479-487, 2003
40. AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2004 Update, Dallas, TX, American Heart Association, 2003
41. HOY WE, HUGHSON MD, SMITH SM, et al: Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in southwestern American Indians. Am J Kidney Dis 21:486-496, 1993
42. LI L: End-stage renal disease in China. Kidney Int 49:287-301, 1996
43. STEWART JH, MCCREDIE MR, MCDONALD SP: The incidence of treated end-stage renal disease in New Zealand Maori and Pacific Island people and in Indigenous Australians. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:678-685, 2004
44. D'AMICO G: The commonest glomerulonephritis in the world: IgA nephropathy. Q J Med 64:709-727, 1987
45. BENE MC, FAURE GC: Mesangial IgA in IgA nephropathy arises from the mucosa. Am J Kidney Dis 12:406-409, 1988
46. CECCHIN E, DE MARCHI S: Alcohol misuse and renal damage. Addict Biol 1:7-17, 1996
47. AMORE A, COPPO R, ROCCATELLO D, et al: Experimental IgA nephropathy secondary to hepatocellular injury inducedby dietary deficiencies and heavy alcohol intake. Lab Invest 70:68-77, 1994
48. WANG NS, WU ZL, ZHANG YE, et al: Role of hepatitis B virus infection in pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. World J Gastroenterol 9:2004-2008, 2003
49. CUNNINGHAM C, STANLEY F: Indigenous by definition, experience, or world view. BMJ 327:403-404, 2003
50. FERGUSON R, MORRISSEY E: Risk factors for end-stage renal disease among minorities. Transplant Proc 25:2415-2420, 1993
51. KROP JS, CORESH J, CHAMBLESS LE, et al: A community-based study of explanatory factors for the excess risk for early renal function decline in blacks vs whites with diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Arch Intern Med 159:1777-1783, 1999
52. PERNEGER TV, WHELTON PK, KLAG MJ: Race and end-stage renal disease. Socioeconomic status and access to health care as mediating factors. Arch Intern Med 155:1201-1208, 1995
53. HAJNAL ZL: The nature of concentrated urban poverty in Canada and the United States. Can J Social 20:497-528, 1995
54. THE HENRY J. KAISER FAMILY FOUNDATION: Key Facts Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, 2003
55. STAESSEN JA, LAUWERYS RR, BUCHET JP, et al: Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations in the general population. The Cadmibel Study Group. N Engl J Med 327:151-156, 1992
56. PIRKLE JL, KAUFMANN RB, BRODY DJ, et al: Exposure of the U.S. population to lead, 1991-1994. Environ Health Perspect 106:745-750, 1998
57. VUPPUTURI S, HE J, MUNTNER P, et al: Blood lead level is associated with elevated blood pressure in blacks. Hypertension 41:463-468, 2003
58. PERNEGER TV, KLAG MJ, WHELTON PK: Race and socioeconomic status in hypertension and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 4:235-239, 1995
59. KASISKE BL, LONDON W, ELLISON MD: Race and socioeconomic factors influencing early placement on the kidney transplant waiting list. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2142-2147, 1998
60. WOLFE RA, ASHBY VB, MILFORD EL, et al: Differences in access to cadaveric renal transplantation in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 36:1025-1033, 2000
61. ALEXANDER GC, SEHGAL AR: Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor. JAMA 280:1148-1152, 1998
62. GARG PP, DIENER-WEST M, POWE NR: Income-based disparities in outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 21:377-385, 2001
63. PORT FK, WOLFE RA, LEVIN NW, et al: Income and survival in chronic dialysis patients. ASAIO Trans 36:M154-M157, 1990
64. KAUSZ AT, OBRADOR GT, ARORA P, et al: Late initiation of dialysis among women and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2351-2357, 2000
65. EADINGTON DW: Delayed referral for dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:2124-2126, 1996
66. IFUDU O, DAWOOD M, IOFEL Y, et al: Delayed referral of black, Hispanic, and older patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 33:728-733, 1999
67. FREEMAN HE, COREY CR: Insurance status and access to health services among poor persons. Health Serv Res 28:531-541, 1993
68. MORT EA, EDWARDS JN, EMMONS DW, et al: Physician response to patient insurance status in ambulatory care clinical decision-making. Implications for quality of care. Med Care 34:783-797, 1996
69. HORNER RD, ODDONE EZ, MATCHAR DB: Theories explaining racial differences in the utilization of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for cerebrovascular disease. Milbank Q 73:443-462, 1995
70. POWE NR, TARVER-CARR ME, EBERHARDT MS, et al: Receipt of renal replacement therapy in the United States: A population-based study of sociodemographic disparities from the second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II). Am J Kidney Dis 42:249-255, 2003
71. CROSS T, BAZRON B, DENNIS K, et al: Towards a Culturally Competent System of Care (vol 1), Washington, Georgetown University Child Development Center, CASSP, Technical Assistance Center, 1989
72. PUKUI MK, HAERTIG EW, LEE CA: Nana I Ke Kumu (Look to the Source) (vol II), Honolulu, Hui Hanai, 1979
73. TANABE MKG. Cross-Cultural Caring: A Handbook for Health-Care Professionals in Hawaii, Honolulu, Transcultural Health Care Forum, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1980
74. BOULWARE LE, RATNER LE, SOSA JA, et al: Determinants of willingness to donate living related and cadaveric organs: identifying opportunities for intervention. Transplantation 73:1683-1691, 2002
75. DANIELSON BL, LAPREE AJ, ODLAND MD, et al: Attitudes and beliefs concerning organ donation among Native Americans in the upper Midwest. J Transpl Coord 8:153-156, 1998
76. CALLENDER CO, BEY AS, MILES PV, et al: A national minority organ/tissue transplant education program: The first step in the evolution of a national minority strategy and minority transplant equity in the USA. Transplant Proc 27:1441-1443, 1995
77. BOULWARE LE, RATNER LE, COOPER LA, et al: Understanding disparities in donor behavior: Race and gender differences in willingness to donate blood and cadaveric organs. Med Care 40:85-95, 2002
78. LEWIS EJ, HUNSICKER LG, BAIN RP, et al: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
79. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
80. EXNER DV, DRIES DL, DOMANSKI MJ, et al: Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 344:1351-1357, 2001
81. CARSON P, ZIESCHE S, JOHNSON G, et al: Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: Analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group. J Card Fail 5:178-187, 1999
82. WRIGHT JTJ, BAKRIS G, GREENE T, et al: Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: Results from the AASK trial. JAMA 288:2421-2431, 2002
83. GIBBS CR, LIP GY, BEEVERS DG: Angioedema due to ACE inhibitors: Increased risk in patients of African origin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48:861-865, 1999
84. LEWIS EJ, HUNSICKER LG, CLARKE WR, et al: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
85. BRENNER BM, COOPER ME, de ZEEUW D, et al: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
86. ASTOR BC, EUSTACE JA, POWE NR, et al: Timing of nephrologist referral and arteriovenous access use: the CHOICE Study. Am J Kidney Dis 38:494-501, 2001
87. OWEN WF, JR., CHERTOW GM, LAZARUS JM, et al: Dose of hemodialysis and survival: Differences by race and sex. JAMA 280:1764-1768, 1998
88. HEALTH CARE FINANCING ADMINISTRATION: 1998 Annual Report: End-Stage Renal Disease Core Indicators Project, Baltimore, MD, Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Clinical Standards and Quality, 1998
89. GAYLIN DS, HELD PJ, PORT FK, et al: The impact of comorbid and sociodemographic factors on access to renal transplantation. JAMA 269:603-608, 1993
90. EPSTEIN AM, AYANIAN JZ, KEOGH JH, et al: Racial disparities in access to renal transplantation-clinically appropriate or due to underuse or overuse? N Engl J Med 343:1537-1544, 2000
91. NARVA A, STILES S, KARP S, et al: Access of Native Americans to renal transplantation in Arizona and New Mexico. Blood Purif 14:293-304, 1996
92. AYANIAN JZ, CLEARY PD, WEISSMAN JS, et al: The effect of patients' preferences on racial differences in access to renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 341:1661-1669, 1999
93. AYANIAN JZ, CLEARY PD, KEOGH JH, et al: Physicians' beliefs about racial differences in referral for renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 43:350-357, 2004
94. INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE: Unequal Treatment: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know About Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare, Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, March 2002
95. ROBERTS JP, WOLFE RA, BRAGG-GRESHAM JL, et al: Effect of changing the priority for HLA matching on the rates and outcomes of kidney transplantation in minority groups. N Engl J Med 350:545-551, 2004
96. OPELZ G, WUJCIAK T, DOHLER B, et al: HLA compatibility and organ transplant survival. Collaborative Transplant Study. Rev Immunogenet 1:334-342, 1999
97. WOLFE RA, ASHBY VB, MILFORD EL, et al: Comparison of mortality in all patients on dialysis, patients on dialysis awaiting transplantation, and recipients of a first cadaveric transplant. N Engl J Med 341:1725-1730, 1999
98. ISAACS RB, NOCK SL, SPENCER CE, et al: Racial disparities in renal transplant outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 34:706-712, 1999
99. OPELZ G, WUJCIAK T, SCHWARZ V, et al: Collaborative transplant study analysis of graft survival in blacks. Transplant Proc 25:2443-2445, 1993
100. HARDINGER KL, STRATTA RJ, EGIDI MF, et al: Renal allograft outcomes in African American versus Caucasian transplant recipients in the tacrolimus era. Surgery 130:738-745; discussion 745-737, 2001
101. MEIER-KRIESCHE HU, OJO AO, LEICHTMAN AB, et al: Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on long-term outcomes in African American renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2366-2370, 2000
102. RODRIGUEZ RA, HERNANDEZ GT, O'HARE AM, et al: Creatinine levels among Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Kidney Int 66:2368-2373, 2004
103. NEILSON EG, HULL AR, WISH JB, et al: The Ad Hoc Committee Report on Estimating the Future Workforce and Training Requirements for Nephrology. The Ad Hoc Committee on Nephrology Manpower Needs. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:S1-S4, 1997
104. NATIONAL KIDNEY DISEASE EDUCATION PROGRAM: A pilot site initiative for African Americans fact sheet (http://www.nkdep.nih. gov/pdf_ppt/ nkdep_initiative.pdf) (accessed March 2004)