Understanding the role of dietary components on atherosclerosis using genetic engineered mouse models

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 11, Issue 1 P.889-1198, 2006, Pages 955-967

  Sarria, Alfonso J ^a   Surra, Joaquin C ^a   Acin, Sergio ^a   Carnicer, Ricardo ^a   Navarro, Maria A ^a   Arbones Mainar, Jose M ^a   Guillen, Natalia ^a   Martinez Gracia, Maria V ^a   Arnal, Carmen ^a   Osada, Jesus ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Apolipoprotein E; Atherosclerosis; Deficient Mice; Diet; Knockout mice; Knockout Mice; LDL receptor; Ldl Receptor; Review

Indexed keywords

MURINAE;

EID: 32444450078     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/1852     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Hansson, G. K.: Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med, 352, 1685-95(2005)
2. Paigen, B., A. Morrow, P. Holmes, D. Mitchell & R. Williams: Quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Atherosclerosis, 68, 231-240(1987)
3. Nishina, P. M., S. Lowe, J. Verstuyft, J. K. Naggert, F. A. Kuypers & B. Paigen: Effects of dietary fats from animal and plant sources on diet-induced fatty streak lesions in C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res, 34, 1413-22(1993)
4. Plump, A. S., J. D. Smith, T. Hayek, K. Aalto-Setala, A. Walsh, J. G. Verstuyft, E. M. Rubin & J. L. Breslow: Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells. Cell, 71, 343-53(1992)
5. Zhang, S. H., R. L. Reddick, J. A. Piedrahita & N. Maeda: Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science, 258, 468-471(1992)
6. van Ree, J. H., M. J. Gijbels, W. J. van den Broek, M. H. Hofker & L. M. Havekes: Atypical xanthomatosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after cholesterol feeding. Atherosclerosis, 112, 237-43(1995)
7. Rosenfeld, M. E., P. Polinsky, R. Virmani, K. Kauser, G. Rubanyi & S. M. Schwartz: Advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate artery of the ApoE knockout mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 20, 2587-92.(2000)
8. Johnson, J. L. & C. L. Jackson: Atherosclerotic plaque rupture in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse. Atherosclerosis, 154, 399-406.(2001)
9. Meir, K. S. & E. Leitersdorf: Atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse: a decade of progress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 1006-14(2004)
10. Jawien, J., P. Nastalek & R. Korbut: Mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. J Physiol Pharmacol, 55, 503-17(2004)
11. Osada, J., J. Joven & N. Maeda: The value of apolipoprotein E knockout mice for studying the effects of dietary fat and cholesterol on atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol, 11, 25-9(2000)
12. Ishibashi, S., J. L. Goldstein, M. S. Brown, J. Herz & D. K. Burns: Massive xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed low density lipoprotein receptor-negative mice. J Clin Invest, 93, 1885-93(1994)
13. Lichtman, A. H., S. K. Clinton, K. Iiyama, P. W. Connelly, P. Libby & M. I. Cybulsky: Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice fed defined semipurified diets with and without cholate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 1938-44(1999)
14. Teupser, D., A. D. Persky & J. L. Breslow: Induction of atherosclerosis by low-fat, semisynthetic diets in LDL receptor-deficient C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ mice: comparison of lesions of the aortic root, brachiocephalic artery, and whole aorta (en face measurement). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 1907-13(2003)
15. Fan, Y. Y., K. S. Ramos & R. S. Chapkin: Dietary gamma-linolenic acid suppresses aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and modifies atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Nutr, 131, 1675-81(2001)
16. Khan-Merchant, N., M. Penumetcha, O. Meilhac & S. Parthasarathy: Oxidized fatty acids promote atherosclerosis only in the presence of dietary cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. J Nutr, 132, 3256-62(2002)
17. Acin, S., M. A. Navarro, R. Carnicer, J. M. Arbonés, M. A. Guzmán, C. Arnal, G. Beltrán, M. Uceda, N. Maeda & J. Osada: Dietary Cholesterol Suppresses the Ability of Olive Oil to Delay the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Atherosclerosis In press(2005)
18. Ando, M., H. Tomoyori & K. Imaizumi: Dietary cholesterol-oxidation products accumulate in serum and liver in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, but do not accelerate atherosclerosis. Br J Nutr, 88, 339-45(2002)
19. Nishina, P. M., J. Verstuyft & B. Paigen: Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. J Lipid Res, 31, 859-69(1990)
20. Vergnes, L., J. Phan, M. Strauss, S. Tafuri & K. Reue: Cholesterol and Cholate Components of an Atherogenic Diet Induce Distinct Stages of Hepatic Inflammatory Gene Expression. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 42774-42784(2003)
21. Yu, L., S. Gupta, F. Xu, A. D. Liverman, A. Moschetta, D. J. Mangelsdorf, J. J. Repa, H. H. Hobbs & J. C. Cohen: Expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 is required for regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion. J Biol Chem, 280, 8742-7(2005)
22. Wilund, K. R., L. Yu, F. Xu, H. H. Hobbs & J. C. Cohen: High-level expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/-mice. J Lipid Res, 45, 1429-36(2004)
23. Bobkova, D., E. Honsova, J. Kovar & R. Poledne: Effect of diets on lipoprotein concentrations in heterozygous apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Physiol Res, 53, 635-43(2004)
24. Merkel, M., W. Velez-Carrasco, L. C. Hudgins & J. L. Breslow: Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptor-deficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 13294-9(2001)
25. George, J., M. Mulkins, S. Casey, R. Schatzman, E. Sigal & D. Harats: The effects of N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the lipid composition and atherogenesis in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 150, 285-93(2000)
26. Calleja, L., M. A. Paris, A. Paul, E. Vilella, J. Joven, A. Jimenez, G. Beltran, M. Uceda, N. Maeda & J. Osada: Low-cholesterol and high-fat diets reduce atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE-knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 2368-75(1999)
27. Wang, H. H., T. M. Hung, J. Wei & A. N. Chiang: Fish oil increases antioxidant enzyme activities in macrophages and reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res, 61, 169-76(2004)
28. Imaizumi, K., Y. Adan & K. Shibata: Role of dietary lipids in arteriosclerosis in experimental animals. Biofactors, 13, 25-8(2000)
29. Iwamoto, M., M. Kono, D. Kawamoto, H. Tomoyori, M. Sato & K. Imaizumi: Differential effect of walnut oil and safflower oil on the serum cholesterol level and lesion area in the aortic root of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 66, 141-6(2002)
30. Sano, T., E. Oda, T. Yamashita, H. Shiramasa, Y. Ijiri & J. Yamamoto: Antithrombic and anti-atherogenic effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal using a laser-induced thrombosis test in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 14, 707-12(2003)
31. De Roos, B., G. Rucklidge, M. Reid, K. Pickard, M. A. Navarro, J. M. Arbonés-Mainar, M. A. Guzman-García, Osada J, J. Browne, C. E. Loscher & H. M. Roche: Divergent mechanisms of cis9, trans11-and trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid affecting insulin resistance and inflammation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice: a proteomics approach. Faseb J In Press(2005)
32. Wassmann, S., T. Czech, M. van Eickels, I. Fleming, M. Bohm & G. Nickenig: Inhibition of diet-induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E/angiotensin II type IA receptor double-knockout mice. Circulation, 110, 3062-7(2004)
33. Choudhury, R. P., J. X. Rong, E. Trogan, V. I. Elmalem, H. M. Dansky, J. L. Breslow, J. L. Witztum, J. T. Fallon & E. A. Fisher: High-density lipoproteins retard the progression of atherosclerosis and favorably remodel lesions without suppressing indices of inflammation or oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 1904-9(2004)
34. Zabalawi, M., S. Bhat, T. Loughlin, M. J. Thomas, E. Alexander, M. Cline, B. Bullock, M. Willingham & M. G. Sorci-Thomas: Induction of fatal inflammation in LDL receptor and ApoA-I double-knockout mice fed dietary fat and cholesterol. Am J Pathol, 163, 1201-13(2003)
35. Semenkovich, C. F., T. Coleman & A. Daugherty: Effects of heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency on diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Lipid Res, 39, 1141-51(1998)
36. Weng, S., L. Zemany, K. N. Standley, D. V. Novack, M. La Regina, C. Bemal-Mizrachi, T. Coleman & C. F. Semenkovich: Beta3 integrin deficiency promotes atherosclerosis and pulmonary inflammation in high-fat-fed, hyperlipidemic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 6730-5(2003)
37. Harats, D., N. Yacov, B. Gilburd, Y. Shoenfeld & J. George: Oral tolerance with heat shock protein 65 attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced and high-fat-diet-driven atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 1333-8(2002)
38. Sakaguchi, H., M. Takeya, H. Suzuki, H. Hakamata, T. Kodama, S. Horiuchi, S. Gordon, L. J. van der Laan, G. Kraal, S. Ishibashi, N. Kitamura & K. Takahashi: Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice. Lab Invest, 78, 423-34(1998)
39. Dutta, R., U. Singh, T. B. Li, M. Fornage & B. B. Teng: Hepatic gene expression profiling reveals perturbed calcium signaling in a mouse model lacking both LDL receptor and Apobec1 genes. Atherosclerosis, 169, 51-62(2003)
40. Wuttge, D. M., A. Sirsjo, P. Eriksson & S. Stemme: Gene expression in atherosclerotic lesion of ApoE deficient mice. Mol Med, 7, 383-92(2001)
41. Castro, C., J. M. Campistol, D. Barettino & V. Andres: Transcriptional profiling of early onset diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Front Biosci, 10, 1932-45(2005)
42. Adams, M. R., D. L. Golden, M. S. Anthony, T. C. Register & J. K. Williams: The inhibitory effect of soy protein isolate on atherosclerosis in mice does not require the presence of LDL receptors or alteration of plasma lipoproteins. J Nutr, 132, 43-9(2002)
43. Ni, W., Y. Tsuda, S. Takashima, H. Sato, M. Sato & K. Imaizumi: Anti-atherogenic effect of soya and rice-protein isolate, compared with casein, in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Br J Nutr, 90, 13-20(2003)
44. Adams, M. R., D. L. Golden, A. A. Franke, S. M. Potter, H. S. Smith & M. S. Anthony: Dietary soy beta-conglycinin (7S globulin) inhibits atherosclerosis in mice. J Nutr, 134, 511-6(2004)
45. Adams, M. R., D. L. Golden, T. C. Register, M. S. Anthony, J. B. Hodgin, N. Maeda & J. K. Williams: The atheroprotective effect of dietary soy isoflavones in apolipoprotem E-/- mice requires the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 22, 1859-64(2002)
46. Oliveira, D. R., L. R. Portugal, D. C. Cara, E. C. Vieira & J. I. Alvarez-Leite: Gelatin intake increases the atheroma formation in apoE knock out mice. Atherosclerosis, 154, 71-7(2001)
47. Aji, W., S. Ravalli, M. Szaboles, X. C. Jiang, R. R. Sciacca, R. E. Michler & P. J. Cannon: L-arginine prevents xanthoma development and inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Circulation, 95, 430-7(1997)
48. Chen, J., P. Kuhlencordt, F. Urano, H. Ichinose, J. Astern & P. L. Huang: Effects of chronic treatment with L-arginine on atherosclerosis in apoE knockout and apoE/inducible NO synthase double-knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 97-103(2003)
49. Hofmann, M. A., E. Lalla, Y. Lu, M. R. Gleason, B. M. Wolf, N. Tanji, L. J. Ferran, Jr., B. Kohl, V. Rao, W. Kisiel, D. M. Stern & A. M. Schmidt: Hyperhomocysteinemia enhances vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in a murine model. J Clin Invest, 107, 675-83(2001)
50. Zhou, J., J. Moller, C. C. Danielsen, J. Bentzon, H. B. Ravn, R. C. Austin & E. Falk: Dietary supplementation with methionine and homocysteine promotes early atherosclerosis but not plaque rupture in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 1470-6(2001)
51. Zhou, J., J. Moller, M. Ritskes-Hoitinga, M. L. Larsen, R. C. Austin & E. Falk: Effects of vitamin supplementation and hyperhomocysteinemia on atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 168, 255-62(2003)
52. Wang, H., X. Jiang, F. Yang, J. W. Gaubatz, L. Ma, M. J. Magera, X. Yang, P. B. Berger, W. Durante, H. J. Pownall & A. I. Schafer: Hyperhomocysteinemia accelerates atherosclerosis in cystathionine beta-synthase and apolipoprotein E double knock-out mice with and without dietary perturbation. Blood, 101, 3901-7(2003)
53. Troen, A. M., E. Lutgens, D. E. Smith, I. H. Rosenberg & J. Selhub: The atherogenic effect of excess methionine intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 15089-94(2003)
54. Murakami, S., Y. Kondo, K. Tomisawa & T. Nagate: Prevention of atherosclerotic lesion development in mice by taurine. Drugs Exp Clin Res, 25, 227-34(1999)
55. Letters, J. M., P. K. Witting, J. K. Christison, A. W. Eriksson, K. Pettersson & R. Stocker: Time-dependent changes to lipids and antioxidants in plasma and aortas of apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Lipid Res, 40, 1104-12(1999)
56. Steinbrecher, U. P.: Dietary antioxidants and cardioprotection-fact or fallacy? Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 75, 228-33(1997)
57. Cyrus, T., Y. Yao, J. Rokach, L. X. Tang & D. Pratico: Vitamin E reduces progression of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice with established vascular lesions. Circulation, 107, 521-3(2003)
58. Peluzio, M. C., E. Miguel, Jr., T. C. Drumond, G. C. Cesar, H. C. Santiago, M. M. Teixeira, E. C. Vieira, R. M. Arantes & J. I. Alvarez-Leite: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 involvement in the alpha-tocopherol-induced reduction of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Br J Nutr, 90, 3-11(2003)
59. Pratico, D., R. K. Tangirala, S. Horkko, J. L. Witztum, W. Palinski & G. A. FitzGerald: Circulating autoantibodies to oxidized cardiolipin correlate with isoprostane F(2alpha)-VI levels and the extent of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice: modulation by vitamin E. Blood, 97, 459-64(2001)
60. Paul, A., L. Calleja, J. Joven, E. Vilella, N. Ferre, J. Camps, J. Girona & J. Osada: Supplementation with vitamin E and/or zinc does not attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 71, 45-52(2001)
61. Peluzio, M. C., A. P. Homem, G. C. Cesar, G. S. Azevedo, R. Amorim, D. C. Cara, H. Saliba, E. C. Vieira, R. E. Arantes & J. Alvarez-Leite: Influences of alpha-tocopherol on cholesterol metabolism and fatty streak development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed an atherogenic diet. Braz J Med Biol Res, 34, 1539-45(2001)
62. Thomas, S. R., S. B. Leichtweis, K. Pettersson, K. D. Croft, T. A. Mori, A. J. Brown & R. Stocker: Dietary cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q(10) inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 585-93(2001)
63. Witting, P. K., K. Pettersson, J. Letters & R. Stocker: Anti-atherogenic effect of coenzyme Q10 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med, 29, 295-305(2000)
64. Napoli, C., S. Williams-Ignarro, F. De Nigris, L. O. Lerman, L. Rossi, C. Guarino, G. Mansueto, F. Di Tuoro, O. Pignalosa, G. De Rosa, V. Sica & L. J. Ignarro: Long-term combined beneficial effects of physical training and metabolic treatment on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 8797-802(2004)
65. Meilhac, O., S. Ramachandran, K. Chiang, N. Santanam & S. Parthasarathy: Role of arterial wall antioxidant defense in beneficial effects of exercise on atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 1681-8(2001)
66. Nakata, Y. & N. Maeda: Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque morphology in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice unable to make ascorbic Acid. Circulation, 105, 1485-90(2002)
67. d'Uscio, L. V., S. Milstien, D. Richardson, L. Smith & Z. S. Katusic: Long-term vitamin C treatment increases vascular tetrahydrobiopterin levels and nitric oxide synthase activity. Circ Res, 92, 88-95(2003)
68. Nespereira, B., M. Perez-Ilzarbe, P. Fernandez, A. M. Fuentes, J. A. Paramo & J. A. Rodriguez: Vitamins C and E downregulate vascular VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 171, 67-73(2003)
69. Bentzon, J. F., E. Skovenborg, C. Hansen, J. Moller, N. S. de Gaulejac, J. Proch & E. Falk: Red wine does not reduce mature atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation, 103, 1681-7(2001)
70. Fukao, H., Y. Ijiri, M. Miura, M. Hashimoto, T. Yamashita, C. Fukunaga, K. Oiwa, Y. Kawai, M. Suwa & J. Yamamoto: Effect of trans-resveratrol on the thrombogenicity and atherogenicity in apolipoprotein E-deficient and low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 15, 441-6(2004)
71. Santanam, N., M. Penumetcha, H. Speisky & S. Parthasarathy: A novel alkaloid antioxidant, Boldine and synthetic antioxidant, reduced form of RU486, inhibit the oxidation of LDL in-vitro and atherosclerosis in vivo in LDLR(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis, 173, 203-10(2004)
72. Guo, Z., F. Mitchell-Raymundo, H. Yang, Y. Ikeno, J. Nelson, V. Diaz, A. Richardson & R. Reddick: Dietary restriction reduces atherosclerosis and oxidative stress in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mech Ageing Dev, 123, 1121-31(2002)
73. Lee, T. S., M. S. Shiao, C. C. Pan & L. Y. Chau: Iron-deficient diet reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice. Circulation, 99, 1222-9(1999)
74. Lee, H. T., L. L. Chiu, T. S. Lee, H. L. Tsai & L. Y. Chau: Dietary iron restriction increases plaque stability in apolipoprotein-e-deficient mice. J Biomed Sci, 10, 510-7(2003)
75. Kirk, E. A., J. W. Heinecke & R. C. LeBoeuf: Iron overload diminishes atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. J Clin Invest, 107, 1545-53(2001)
76. Sherer, Y., A. Shaish, H. Levkovitz, P. Keren, Z. Janackovic, Y. Shoenfeld & D. Harats: Magnesium fortification of drinking water suppresses atherogenesis in male LDL-receptor-deficient mice. Pathobiology, 67, 207-13(1999)
77. Sherer, Y., Y. Shoenfeld, A. Shaish, H. Levkovitz, R. Bitzur & D. Harats: Suppression of atherogenesis in female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice following magnesium fortification of drinking water: the importance of diet. Pathobiology, 68, 93-8(2000)
78. Sherer, Y., R. Bitzur, H. Cohen, A. Shaish, D. Varon, Y. Shoenfeld & D. Harats: Mechanisms of action of the anti-atherogenic effect of magnesium: lessons from a mouse model. Magnes Res, 14, 173-9(2001)
79. Ravn, H. B., T. L. Korsholm & E. Falk: Oral magnesium supplementation induces favorable antiatherogenic changes in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 858-62(2001)
80. Catanozi, S., J. C. Rocha, M. Passarelli, M. L. Guzzo, C. Alves, L. N. Furukawa, V. S. Nunes, E. R. Nakandakare, J. C. Heimann & E. C. Quintao: Dietary sodium chloride restriction enhances aortic wall lipid storage and raises plasma lipid concentration in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Lipid Res, 44, 727-32(2003)
81. Dai, J., B. A. Miller & R. C. Lin: Alcohol feeding impedes early atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice: factors in addition to high-density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein A1 are involved. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 21, 11-8(1997)
82. Deeg, M. A.: Dietary cholate is required for antiatherogenic effects of ethanol in mouse models. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 27, 1499-506(2003)
83. Escola-Gil, J. C., L. Calpe-Berdiel, V. Ribas & F. Blanco-Vaca: Moderate beer consumption does not change early or mature atherosclerosis in mice. Nutr J, 3, 1(2004)
84. Hasty, A. H., H. Shimano, J. Osuga, I. Namatame, A. Takahashi, N. Yahagi, S. Perrey, Y. Iizuka, Y. Tamura, M. Amemiya-Kudo, T. Yoshikawa, H. Okazaki, K. Ohashi, K. Harada, T. Matsuzaka, H. Sone, T. Gotoda, R. Nagai, S. Ishibashi & N. Yamada: Severe hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis in mice lacking both leptin and the low density lipoprotein receptor. J Biol Chem, 276, 37402-8(2001)
85. Schreyer, S. A., T. C. Lystig, C. M. Vick & R. C. LeBoeuf: Mice deficient in apolipoprotein E but not LDL receptors are resistant to accelerated atherosclerosis associated with obesity. Atherosclerosis, 171, 49-55(2003)
86. Merat, S., F. Casanada, M. Sutphin, W. Palinski & P. D. Reaven: Western-type diets induce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in LDL receptor-deficient mice but do not increase aortic atherosclerosis compared with normoinsulinemic mice in which similar plasma cholesterol levels are achieved by a fructose-rich diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 1223-30(1999)
87. Lin, R. Y., R. P. Choudhury, W. Cai, M. Lu, J. T. Fallon, E. A. Fisher & H. Vlassara: Dietary glycotoxins promote diabetic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 168, 213-20(2003)
88. Moghadasian, M. H., D. V. Godin, B. M. McManus & J. J. Frohlich: Lack of regression of atherosclerotic lesions in phytosterol-treated apo E-deficient mice. Life Sci, 64, 1029-36(1999)
89. Moghadasian, M. H., B. M. McManus, D. V. Godin, B. Rodrigues & J. J. Frohlich: Proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: possible mechanisms of action. Circulation, 99, 1733-9(1999)
90. Yeganeh, B., G. R. Moshtaghi-Kashanian, V. Declercq & M. H. Moghadasian: Combination of dietary phytosterols plus niacin or fenofibrate: effects on lipid profile and atherosclerosis in apo E-KO mice. J Nutr Biochem, 16, 222-8(2005)
91. Calpe-Berdiel, L., J. C. Escola-Gil, V. Ribas, A. Navarro-Sastre, J. Garces-Garces & F. Blanco-Vaca: Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-enriched diet. Atherosclerosis, 181, 75-85(2005)
92. Bhattacharyya, A. K. & W. E. Connor: Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters. J Clin Invest, 53, 1033-43(1974)
93. Berge, K. E., H. Tian, G. A. Graf, L. Yu, N. V. Grishin, J. Schultz, P. Kwiterovich, B. Shan, R. Barnes & H. H. Hobbs: Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. Science, 290, 1771-5(2000)
94. Wilund, K. R., L. Yu, F. Xu, G. L. Vega, S. M. Grundy, J. C. Cohen & H. H. Hobbs: No association between plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis in mice and men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 2326-32(2004)
95. Botelho, F. V., L. R. Eneas, G. C. Cesar, C. S. Bizzotto, E. Tavares, F. A. Oliveira, M. B. Gloria, M. P. Silvestre, R. M. Arantes & J. I. Alvarez-Leite: Effects of eggplant (Solanum melongena) on the atherogenesis and oxidative stress in LDL receptor knock out mice (LDLR(-/-)). Food Chem Toxicol, 42, 1259-67(2004)
96. Dwyer, J. H., M. Navab, K. M. Dwyer, K. Hassan, P. Sun, A. Shircore, S. Hama-Levy, G. Hough, X. Wang, T. Drake, C. N. Merz & A. M. Fogelman: Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation, 103, 2922-7(2001)
97. Ormrod, D. J., C. C. Holmes & T. E. Miller: Dietary chitosan inhibits hypercholesterolaemia and atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 138, 329-34(1998)
98. McAteer, M. A., J. E. Schneider, K. Clarke, S. Neubauer, K. M. Channon & R. P. Choudhury: Quantification and 3D reconstruction of atherosclerotic plaque components in apolipoprotein E knockout mice using ex vivo high-resolution MRI. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 2384-90(2004)
99. Trogan, E., Z. A. Fayad, V. V. Itskovich, J. G. Aguinaldo, V. Mani, J. T. Fallon, I. Chereshnev & E. A. Fisher: Serial studies of mouse atherosclerosis by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging detect lesion regression after correction of dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 1714-9(2004)