Dapsone

Dermatology Online Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 3-47

  Wolf, Ronni ^a   Matz, Hagit ^a   Orion, Edith ^a   Tuzun, Binnur ^b   Tuzun, Yalcin ^c  

^a KAPLAN MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b TRAKYA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CIMETIDINE; COLCHICINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAPSONE; DISULFIRAM; HEPARIN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; HYDROXYLAMINE; ISOTRETINOIN; METHEMOGLOBIN; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISONE; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID; SULFANILAMIDE DERIVATIVE; SULFAPYRIDINE; SULFONE; SULFONE DERIVATIVE; SUNSCREEN; TETRACYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACNE; ACNE FULMINANS; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ALLERGY; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; BEHCET DISEASE; BULLOUS SKIN DISEASE; DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; DISEASE COURSE; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHEMA ELEVATUM DIUTINUM; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; HEMOLYSIS; HEPATITIS; HERPETIFORM PEMPHIGUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IGA PEMPHIGUS; KAPOSI SARCOMA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MORTALITY; MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID; MYCETOMA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NECROTIZING ARTERITIS; NEPHRITIS; PANNICULITIS; PEMPHIGOID; PEMPHIGUS; PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOSIS; PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM; RASH; RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS; REVIEW; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SPIDER BITE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUBCORNEAL PUSTULAR DERMATOSIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; URTICARIA; URTICARIAL VASCULITIS SYNDROME;

EID: 3242753439     PISSN: 10872108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (368)

1. Doull J. Sulfone therapy of leprosy. Background, early history and present status. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1963; 31:143-160.
2. Wozel G. The story of sulfones in tropical medicine and dermatology. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28:17-21.
3. Shepard C. Leprosy today. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:1640-1641.
4. Waters M. New approaches to chemotherapy for leprosy. Drugs 1983; 26:465-467.
5. Chiodini P. The chemoprophylaxis of malaria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 20:297-302.
6. Powell R, DeGowin R, Eppes R, McNamara J, Carson P. The antimalarial and hemolytic properties of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Int J Lepr Other mycobact Dis 1967; 35:590-604.
7. Lee B, Medina I, Benowitz N, et al. Dapsone, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole plasma levels during treatment of Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Evidence of drug interactions. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:606-611.
8. Hughes W, Smith B. Efficacy of diaminodiphenylsulfone and other drugs in murine penumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26:436-440.
9. Leoung G, Milles J, Hopewell P, et al. Dapsone-trimethoprim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:45-48.
10. Bernstein J, Lorincz A. Sulfonamides and sulfones in dermatologic therapy. Int J Dermatol 1981; 20:81-88.
11. Lang P. Sulfones and sulfonamides in dermatology today. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979; 1:479-492.
12. Lorincz A, Pearson R. Sulfapyridine and sulphone drugs in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1962; 85:42-56.
13. Wozel G, Hackert I. Sulfone - dermatologische Indikationen und Nebenwirkungen in einer Uebersicht. Dermatol Monatsschr 1986; 172:513-522.
14. Smith E, Zone J. Dermatitis herpetiformis and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:511-526.
15. Leonard J, Fry L. Treatment and management of dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Dermatol 1991; 9:403-408.
16. Fry L. The treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982; 7:633-642.
17. Fromm E, Wittmann J. Derivate des p-nitrophenols. Berichte Deutsch Chem Ges 1908; 41:2264-2273.
18. Dogmagk G. Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen Infektionen. Deutsch Med Wschr 1935; 61:250-253.
19. Dogmagk G. Eine neue Klasse von Desinfectionsmitteln. Deutsch Med Wschr 1935; 61:829-832.
20. Buttle G, Stephenson D, Smith S, et al. The treatment of streptococcal infections in mice with 4:4′diaminodiphenylsulfone. Lancet 1937; 1:1331-1334.
21. Fourneau E, Trefouel J, Nitti F, et al. Action anti-streptococcique des derives sulfures organiques. Compt Rend Acad Sci 1937; 204:1763-1766.
22. Pohls P. Die chemotherapeutische Wirksamkeit des 4,4′- diaminodiphenylsulfones und seiner Derivate. Angew Chem 1949; 61:188-190.
23. Heitz B, Nitti F, Trefouel J. Note preliminaire sur l'action de la paradiacetyl-aminodiphenyl sulfone (1399F) dans la blennorrhagic. Bull Soc Franc Dermatol Syphilol 1937; 44:1889.
24. Feinstone W, Bliss E, Ott E, et al. Observations concerning the toxicity, absorption and therapeutic effect of sulphoanilamide and certain related organic sulphur-containing compounds in experimental infections in mice. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1938; 62:565-592.
25. Cowdry E, Ruangsiri C. Influence of promin, starch and hepataldehyde on experimental leprosy in rats. Arch Pathol 1941; 32:632-640.
26. Feldman W, Hinshaw H, Moses H. Effect of promin (sodium salt of p,p′diaminodiphenyl-sulfone-N-′didextrose sulfate) on experimental tuberculosis: preliminary report. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clinic 1940; 15:695-699.
27. Faget G, Pogge R, Johansen F, Dinan J. The promin treatment of leprosy. Pub Health Rep 1943; 58:1729-1741.
28. Cochrane R, Ramanujam H, Paul H, et al. Two-and-a-half years' experimental work on the sulphone group of drugs. Lepr Rev 1949; 20:4-64.
29. Esteves J, Brandao F. Acerca da accao das sulfamideas e das sulfoneas na doenca de Duhring. Trab Soc Pertuguesa Dermatol Venereol 1950; 8:209-217.
30. Cornbleet T. Sulfoxone (Diasone) sodium for dermatitis herpetiformis. AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1951; 64:684-687.
31. Zuidema J, Hilbers-Modderman E, Merkus F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of dapsone. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986; 11:299-315.
32. Ellard G. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of di (rho-aminophenyl) sulphone (dapsone) and di (rho-amonophenyl) sulphoxide in man. Br J Pharmacol 1966; 26:212-217.
33. Ellard G, Gammon P, Rees R. Dapsone acetylation and the treatment of leprosy. Nature 1972; 239:159-160.
34. Mitra A, Thummel K, Kalhorn T, Kharasch E, Unadkat J, Slattery J. Metabolism of dapsone to its hydroxylamine by CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58:556-566.
35. Fliming C, Branch R, Wilkinson G, Guengerich F. Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of dapsone by cytochrome P-4503A4. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41:975-980.
36. Vague C, Svensson C. Evidence that the biotransformation of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone to their respective hydroxylamine metabolites in rat liver microsomes is mediated by cytochrome P450 2C6/2C11 and 3A1. Drug Metab Dispos 1994; 22:572-577.
37. Guengerich F, Humphreys W, Yun C, Hammons G, Kadlubar F, Seto Y, et al. Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated formation of N-hydroxy arylamines and heterocyclic amines and their reaction with guanyl residues. Princess Takamatsu Symp 1995; 23:78-84.
38. Coleman M, Jacobus D. Reduction of dapsone hydroxylamine to dapsone during methaemoglobin formation in human erythrocytes in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:1027-1033.
39. Ross C. Treatment of acne vulgaris with dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1961; 73:367-370.
40. Kaminsky C, Kaminsky A, Schicci C, Velazco de Morini M. Acne: Treatment with diaminodiphenylsulfone. Cutis 1974; 13:869-871.
41. Geniaux M, Meraud J, Texier L. Experience de la disulfone dans le treaitement de l'acne nodulaire grave. Larc Medical (Lille) 1981; 1:67.
42. Prendiville J, Logan R, Russel-Jones R. A comparison of dapsone with 13-cis retinoic acid in the treatment of nodular cystic acne. Br J Dermatol 1988; 13:67-71.
43. Corp C, Ghishan F. The sulfone syndrome complicated by pancreatitis and pleural effusion in an adolescent receiving dapsone for treatment of acne vulgaris. J Pediatr Gastroenerol Nutr 1998; 26:103-105.
44. Ismail R. Acne fulminans with dapsone induced haemolysis: a case report. Med J Malaysia 1987; 42:124-126.
45. Endre Z, Charlesworth J, Macdonald G, Woodbridge L. Successful treatment of acute dapsone intoxication using charcoal hemoperfusion. Aust N Z J Med 1983; 13:509-512.
46. Tomecki K, Catalano C. Dapsone hypersensitivity. The sulfone syndrome revisited. Arch Dermatol 1981; 117:38-39.
47. Stone S, Goodwin R. Dapsone-induced jaundice. Arch Dermatol 1978; 114:947.
48. Koller W, Gehlmann L, Malkinson F, Davis F. Dapsone-induced peripheral neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1977; 34:644-646.
49. Stern RS. Acne therapy. Medication use and sources of care in office-based practice. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:776-780.
50. Kellett J, Beck M, Chalmers R. Erythema nodosum and circulating immune complexes in acne fulminans after treatment with isotretinoin. Br Med J 1985; 290:820.
51. Blanc D, Zultak M, Wendling D, Lonchampt F. Eruptive pyogenic granulomas and acne fulminans in two siblings treated with isotretinoin: a possible common pathogenesis. Dermatologica 1988; 177:16-18.
52. Cavicchini S, Ranza R, Brezzi A, et al. Acne fulminans with sacroiliitis during isotretinoin therapy. Eur J Dermatol 1992; 2:327-328.
53. Coi E, Bang D. Acne fulminans and 13-cis-retinoic acid. J Dermatol 1992; 19:378-383.
54. Joly P, Prost C, Gaudemar M, Revuz J. Acne fulminans declenchee par la prise d'isotretinoine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991; 118:369-372.
55. Tan B, Lear J, Smith A. Acne fulminans and erythema nodosum during isotretinoin therapy responding to dapsone. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997; 22:26-27.
56. Traupe H, von Muhlendahl K, Bramswig J, Happle R. Acne of the fulminans type following testosterone therapy in three excessively tall boys. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124:414-417.
57. Von den Driesch P, Schell H, Haneke E. Acne fulminans: Therapie mit 13-cis-Retinsaure un Indomatazin. Z Hautkr 1986; 61:1145-1151.
58. Hatmann R, Plewig G. Acne fulminans: tratamento de 11 pacientes com o acido 13-cis-retinoico. Ann Bras Dermatol 1983; 58:3-10.
59. Jansen T, Plewig G. Acne fulminans. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:254-257.
60. Wolf R, David M, Feuerman E. Acne with acute systemic reaction (acne fulminans?). Report of a case. Cutis 1981; 28:210-211.
61. Siegel D, Stronsberg J, Wiese F, Chen J. Acne fulminans with a lytic bone lesion responsive to dapsone [Letter]. J Rheumatol 1982; 9:344-346.
62. Ghate J, Jorizzo J. Behcet's disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40:1-18.
63. Sharquie K. Suppression of Behcet disease with dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1984; 110:493-494.
64. Convit J, Goihman-Yahr M, Tondon-Lugo A. Timoma, hipogammaglobulinemia y sindrome de Behcet (informe de un caso). Medicina Cutanea (Spain) 1972; 6:209-216.
65. Jacyk W. Behcet's disease in South African blacks: report of five cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30:869-873.
66. Mangelsdorf H, White W, Jorizzo J. Behcet's disease. Report of twenty-five patients from the United States with prominent mucocutaneous involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:745-750.
67. Lever W. Pemphigus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1953; 32:1-123.
68. Lever W. Pemphigus and pemphigoid. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1965.
69. Costello M. Sulfapyridine in the treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1947; 56:614-624.
70. Tolman M, Moschella S, Schneiderman R. Dermatitis herpetiformis - specific entity or clinical complex? J Invest Dermatol 1959; 32:557-560.
71. Spier H, Thies W. Zur Sulfonbehandlung der dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring. Hautarzt 1955; 6:415-418.
72. Rook A, Waddington E. Pemphigus and pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1953; 65:425-431.
73. Honeyman J, Honeyman A, Lobitz W Jr, Storrs F. The enigma of bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. Arch Dermatol 1972; 106:22-25.
74. Piamphongsant T, Ausawamongkonpan S. Bullous pemphigoid controlled by dapsone. Dermatologica 1976; 152:352-357.
75. Piamphongsant T, Chaikittisilpa S, Kullavanijaya P. Bullous pemphigoid in childhood: report of three cases and a review of literature. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16:126-133.
76. Van der Meer J. Granular deposits of immunoglobulins in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1969; 81:493-503.
77. Chorzelski T, Jablonska S. Diagnostic significance of immunofluorescent pattern in dermatitis herpetiformis. Int J Dermatol 1975; 14:429-436.
78. Stone S. Bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110:812.
79. Person J, Rogers R III. Bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic correlations. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52:54-66.
80. Person J, Rogers R III. Bullous pemphigoid responding to sulfapyridine and the sulfones. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:610-615.
81. Venning V, Millard P, Wojnarowska F. Dapsone as first line therapy for bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120:83-92.
82. Jeffes E, Ahmed A. Adjuvant therapy of bullous pemphigoid with dapsone. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14:132-136.
83. Piamphongsant T. Dapsone for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1983; 1:19-21.
84. Piamphongsant T, Sirimachan S, Himmunknan P. Juvenile blistering diseases: the problems of diagnosis and treatment. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1986; 4:133-137.
85. Venning V, Wojnarowska F. Lack of predictive factors for the clinical course of bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:585-589.
86. Bouscarat F, Chosidow O, Picard-Dahan C, Sakiz V, Crickx B, Prost C, et al. Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with dapsone: Retrospective study of thirty-six cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:683-684.
87. Westerhof W. Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with topical clobetasol propionate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20:458-461.
88. Rogers R III, Seehafer J, Perry H. Treatment of cicatricial (benign mucous membrane) pemphigoid with dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 6:215-223.
89. Tauber J, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, Foster C. Systemic chemotherapy for ocular pemphigoid. Cornea 1991; 10:185-195.
90. Fern A, Jay J, Young H, MacKie R. Dapsone therapy for the acute inflammatory phase of ocular pemphigoid. Br J Ophthalmol 1992; 76:332-335.
91. Foster C, Neumann R, Tauber J. Long term results of systemic chemotherapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Doc Ophthalmol 1992; 82:223-229.
92. Elder M, Leonard J, Dart J. Sulphapyridine - a new agent for the treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:549-552.
93. Mobini N, Nagarwalla N, Ahmed R. Oral pemphigoid. Subset of cicatricial pemphigoid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85:37-43.
94. Nguyen Q, Foster C. Cicatricial pemphigoid: diagnosis and treatment. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1996; 36:41-60.
95. Mutasim D, Pelc N, Anhalt G. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:499-510.
96. Anhalt G. Pemphigoid bullous and cicatricial. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:701-716.
97. Ahmed A, Kurgis B, Rogers R III. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:987-1001.
98. Rogers R III, Mehregan D. Dapsone therapy of cicatricial pemphigoid. Semin Dermatol 1988; 7:201-205.
99. Rogers R III. Dapsone and sulfapyridine therapy of pemphigoid diseases. Australas J Dermatol 1986; 27:58-63.
100. Foster C. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1986; 84:527-663.
101. Gammon W, Briggaman R. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: diseases of autoimmunity to type VII collagen. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:535-547.
102. Arpey C, Elewski B, Moritz D, Gammon R. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: report of three cases and review of literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:706-714.
103. McCuaig C, Chan L, Woodley D, Rasmussen J, Cooper K. Eidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood: differentiation from hereditary epidermolysis bullosa. Arch Dermatol 1989; 125:944-949.
104. Rubenstein R, Esterly N, Fine J. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: detection in a 5-year-old girl. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:772-776.
105. Roger H, Machado P, Nicolas J, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in a 3 1/2-year-old girl. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:858-862.
106. Espagne E, Prost C, Janssen F, et al. Epidermolyse bulleuse acquise de l'enfant. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1990; 117:814-816.
107. Inauen P, Hunziker T, Gerber H, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Braathen L. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:898-900.
108. Callot-Mellot C, Bodemer C, Caux F, Bourgault-Villada I, Fraitag S, Goudie G, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133:1122-1126.
109. Krahe J, Galal O, Kordass U, Bornemann P. Epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans gravis. Report of a therapeutic trial with dapsone. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1988; 36:140-142.
110. Lacour J, Bernard P, Rostain G, Baechler-Sadoul E, Pisani A, Ortonne J. Childhood acquired epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatr Dermatol 1995; 12:16-20.
111. Su J, Varigos G, Dowling J. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood. Australas J Dermatol 1998; 39:38-41.
112. Hayashi K, Ueda M, Sakai M, Fujikawa Y, Tsuru K, Amagai M, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in a 6-year-old Japanese boy. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:612-614.
113. Kofler H, Wambacher-Gasser B, Topar G, Weinlich G, Schuler G, Hinter H, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in therapy-resistant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:331-335.
114. Mohr C, Sunderkotter C, Hildebrand A, Biel K, Rutter A, Rutter G, et al. Successful treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita using intravenous immunoglobulins. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:824-826.
115. Megahed M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita-successful treatment with colchicine. Arch Dermatol Res 1994; 286:35-46.
116. Furue M, Iwata M, Yoon H, Kubota Y, Ohto H, Kawashima M, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: clinical response to plasma exchange therapy and circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibody titer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14:873-878.
117. Yiannias J, El-Azhary R, Gobson L. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinical and histopathologic study of 13 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:38-44.
118. Requena L, Sanchez-Yus E, Martin L, Barat A, Arias D. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Another clinical simulator of Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:1819-1822.
119. Farella V, Lotti T, Difonzo E, Panconesi E. Erythema elevatum diutinum. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33:638-640.
120. Hansen U, Haerslev T, Knudsen B, Jacobsen G. Erythema elevatum diutinum: case report showing an unusual distribution. Cutis 1994; 53:124-126.
121. Miyagawa S, Kitamura W, Morita K, Saishin M, Shirai T. Association of hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D syndrome with erythema elevatum diutinum. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128:572-574.
122. Gerbig A, Zala L, Hunziker T. Erythema elevatum diutinum. Eine seltene Dermatose mit einem breiten Spektrum assoziierter Erkrankungen. Hautarzt 1997; 48:113-117.
123. Dronda F, Gonzalez-Lopez A, Lecona M, Barros C. Erythema elevatum diutinum in human immunodeficiency virus-related patients - report of a case and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996; 21:222-225.
124. Ramsey M, Gibson B, Tschen J, Wolf JJ. Erythema elevatum diutinum. Cutis 1984; 34:41-43.
125. Fort S, Rodman O. Erythema elevatum diutinum. Response to dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:819-822.
126. Cream J, Levene G, Calnan C. Erythema elevatum diutinum: an unusual reaction to streptococcal antigen and response to dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1971; 84:393-399.
127. Vollum D. Erythema elevatum diutinum - vesicular lesions and sulphone response. Br J Dermatol 1968; 80:178-183.
128. Katz S, Gallin J, Hertz K, Fauci A, Lawley T. Erythema elevatum diutinum: skin and systemic manifestations, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977; 56:443-455.
129. Takiwaki H, Kubo Y, Tsuda H, Arase S, Shioto H. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with erythema elevatum diutinum and a positive rheumatoid factor: a report of three cases. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:893-897.
130. Wilkinson S, English J, Smith N, Wilson-Jones E, Winkelmann R. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinicopathological study. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17:87-93.
131. Fredenberg J, Malkinson F. Sulfone therapy in the treatment of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:772-778.
132. Proneuf M, Duterque M, Sotto A, Jourdan J. Unusual erythema elevatum diutinum with fibrohistiocytic proliferation. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134:1131-1134.
133. Poulsen A, Hultberg B, Thomsen K, Wantzin G. Regression of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS after treatment with dapsone [letter]. Lancet 1984; 1:560.
134. Poulsen A, Hultberg B, Thomsen K, Lange-Wantzin G. Dapsone in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1984; 64:561-563.
135. Hruza G, Friedman-Kien A, Laubenstein L, Wernz J, Lifshitz M, Rubinstein P. Dapsone for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma [letter]. Lancet 1985; 1:642.
136. De Haas E, de Wit R, van Volten W. Non-HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma suppressed by dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:813-814.
137. Chorzelski T, Jablonska S, Beutner E. Adult form of linear IgA bullous dermatosis. In: Beutner E, Chorzelski T, Bean S, editors. Immunopathology of the Skin. New York: Wiley, 1979:316-319.
138. Fry L, Seah P. Dermatitis herpetiformis: an evaluation of diagnostic criteria. Br J Dermatol 1974; 90:137-146.
139. Yoita H, Katz S. Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of IgA in skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. J Invest Dermatol 1976; 67:502-506.
140. Pehamberger H, Bschnait F, Konrad K, Holubar K. Bullous pemphigoid, herpes gestationis and linear dermatitis herpetiformis: circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies; in vitro studies. J Invest Dermatol 1980; 74:105-108.
141. Provost T, Maize J, Ahmed R, Strauss J, Dobson R. Unusual subepidermal bullous disease with immunologic features of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115:156-160.
142. Honeyman J, Honeyman A, De la Parra M, Pinto A, Eguiguren G. Polymorphous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115:423-427.
143. Jablonska S, Chorzelski T, Beutner E, Maciejowska E, Rzesa G. Dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. Intermediate and mixed forms. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:45-48.
144. Chorzelski T, Jablonska S. IgA linea dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous disease of childhood). Br J Dermatol 1979; 101:535-542.
145. Lawley T, Strober W, Yoita H, Katz S. Small intestinal biopsies and HLA types in dermatitis herpetiformis patients with granular and linear IgA skin deposits. J Invest Dermatol 1980; 74:9-12.
146. Fry L, Seah P, Riches D, Hoffbrand A. Clearance of skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis after gluten withdrawal. Lancet 1973; 1:288-291.
147. Fry L, Leonard J, Swain W, Haffenden G, Ring N, McMinn R. Long term follow-up of dermatitis herpetiformis with and without dietary gluten withdrawal. Br J Dermatol 1982; 107:631-640.
148. Wojnarowska F, Marsden R, Bhogal B, Black M. Chronic bullous disease of childhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid, and linear IgA disease of adults. A comparative study demonstrating clinical and immunopathologic overlap. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19:792-805.
149. Chorzelski T, Jablonska S, Maciejowska E. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults. Clin Dermatol 1991; 9:383-392.
150. Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. When and how to use sulfones in bullous diseases. Int J Dermatol 1981; 20:103-105.
151. Wilson B, Beutner E, Kumar V, Chorzelski T, Jablonska S. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis. An immunologically defined disease. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24:569-574.
152. Kuechle M, Stegemeir E, Maynard B, Gibson L, Leiferman K, Peters M. Drug-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis: report of six cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30:187-192.
153. Tonev S, Vasileva S, Kadurina M. Depot sulfonamid associated linear IgA bullous dermatosis with erythema multiforme-like clinical features. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11:165-168.
154. Wojnarowska F, Bhogal B, Black M. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and linear IgA disease of adults are IgA1-mediated diseases. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:201-204.
155. Bhogal B, Wojnarowska F, Marsden R, Das A, Black M, McKee P. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults and children: an immunoelectron microscopic study. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117:289-296.
156. Chorzelski T, Jablonska S. Evolving concept of IgA linear dermatosis. Semin Dermatol 1988; 7:225-232.
157. Jablonska S, Chorzelski T, Rosinska D, Maciejowska E. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood). Clin Dermatol 1991; 9:393-401.
158. Surbrugg S, Weston W. The course of chronic bullous disease of childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 1985; 2:213-215.
159. Marsden R. The treatment of benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood, and dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid beginning in childhood. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982; 7:653-663.
160. Rogers M, Bartlett B, Walder B, Cains G. Chronic bullous disease of childhood: aspects of management. Austral J Dermatol 1982; 23:62-69.
161. Easterly N, Furey N. Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. Arch Dermatol 1997; 113:42-46.
162. Witkamp L, Sillevis Smitt J. Linear IgA dermatosis of childhood. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125:395-396.
163. Edwards S, Wojnarowska F. Chronic bullous disease of childhood in three patients of Polynesian extraction. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990; 15:367-369.
164. O'Loughlin S, Schreter A, Jordon R. Chronic urticaria-like lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of 12 cases. Arch Dermatol 1978; 114:879-883.
165. Matthews C, Saihan E, Warin R. Urticaria-like lesions associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: Response to dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1978; 99:555
166. Ruzicka T, Goerz G. Systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis urticaria. Effect of dapsone and complement levels. Dermatologica 1981; 162:203-205.
167. Holtman J, Neustadt D, Klein J, Callen J. Dapsone is an effective therapy for the skin lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and urticarial vasculitis in a patient with C2 deficiency. J Rheumatol 1990; 17:1222-1225.
168. Hall R, Lawley T, Smith H, Katz S. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus: dramatic response to dapsone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:165-170.
169. Burrows M, Bhogal B, Black M, Rustin M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Kirtsching G, et al. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinicopathological study of four cases. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128:332-338.
170. Camisa C. Vesiculobullous systemic lupus erythematosus. A report of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18:93-100.
171. Singh Y, Adya C, Verma K, Kumar A, Malaviya A. Dapsone in cutaneouis lesions of SLE: an open study. J Assoc Physicians India 1992; 40:735-736.
172. Tsufsui K, Imai T, Hatta N, Takata M, Takehara K. Widespread pruritic plaques in a patient with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemia: response to dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:313-315.
173. McCormack L, Elgart M, Turner M. Annular subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus responsive to dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11:397-401.
174. Moss C, Hamilton P. Thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus responsive to dapsone. Br Med J 1988; 297:266.
175. Nishina M, Saito E, Kinoshita M. Correction of severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus by treatment with dapsone. J Rheumatol 1997; 24:811-812.
176. Lindkov R, Reymann F. Dapsone in the treatment of cutanous lupus erythematosus. Dermatologica 1986; 172:214-217.
177. Ruzicka T, Goerz G. Dapsone in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1981; 104:53-56.
178. Coburn L, Shuster S. Dapsone and discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1982; 106:105-106.
179. Shimizu A, Ishikawa O, Nagai Y, Mikami Y, Nishimura K. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia nova in a healthy woman. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:154-156.
180. Welsh O. Mycetoma. Semin Dermatol 1993; 12:290-295.
181. Venugopal P, Venugopal T. Actinomadura madurae causing mycetomas in Madras. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1991; 34:119-125.
182. Ponico Mendes R, Negroni R, Bonifaz A, Pappagianis D. New aspects of some endemic mycoses. Med Mycol 2000; 38:237-241.
183. Izarn R, Reguer M. A case of actinomycetes mycetoma in Burundi. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1984; 77:649-652.
184. Biagini R, Martinez T, Museli A, Sarmiento Villa H. Mycetoma in northern Argentina. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1983; 11:431-436.
185. Kakande I. Treatment of mycetoma with a combination of dapsone and sulfa-trimoxazole. East Afr Med J 1979; 56:49-53.
186. Bezes H, Courbil L, Morin P, Beaumont R. Tactic for treatment of African mycetomas. Med Trop (Mars) 1979; 39:41-51.
187. Rogers RIII, Muller S. Treatment of actinomycetoma with dapsone. A report of infection with Nocardia asteroides. Arch Dermatol 1974; 109:529-534.
188. Warter J, Storck D, Grosshans E, Metais P, Kuntz J, Klumpp T. Syndrome de Weber-Christian associe a un deficit en alpha-1-antitrypsine; enquete familiale. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1972; 123:877-882.
189. Smith K, Su D. Clinical and pathologic correlation in 96 patients with panniculitis, including 15 patients with deficient levels of a1-antitrypsin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21:1192-1196.
190. Smith K, Pittelkow M, Su W. Panniculitis associated with severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Treatment and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:1655-1661.
191. Irvine C, Neild V, Stephens C, Black M. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis. J R Soc Med 1990; 83:743-744.
192. Edmonds B, Hodge J, Rietschel R. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency- associated panniculitis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 1991; 8:296-299.
193. Martinon-Sanchez F, Fernandez-Villar M, Otero-Esteban J, Garcia-Rodriguez J. Panniculitis associated with alpha 1-antitryptin deficiency. An Esp Pediatr 1993; 38:269-270.
194. Schadendorf D, Haas N, Nurnberger F, Czarnetzki B. Recurrent nodular panniculitis in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Successful dapsone therapy [letter]. Hautarzt 1993; 44:653-657.
195. Wozel G. Recurrent nodular panniculitis in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Successful dapsone therapy [letter]. Hautarzt 1994; 45:580-581.
196. Shields R, Su W. 35-year-old woman with ulcerating skin lesions. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71:59-62.
197. Wolf R, Landau M, Tur E, Brenner S. Early treatment of pemphigus does not improve the prognosis. A review of 53 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1995; 4:131-136.
198. Piamphongsant T. Pemphigus controlled by dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1976; 94:681-686.
199. Basset N, Guillot B, Michel B, Meynadier J, Guilhou J. Dapsone as initial treatment in superficial pemphigus. Report of nine cases. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:783-785.
200. Haim S, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Dapsone in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatologica 1978; 156:120-123.
201. Rosenberg F, Sanders S, Nelson C. Pemphigus: a 20-year review of 107 patients treated with corticosteroids. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:962-970.
202. Bjarnason B, Skoglund C, Flosadottir E. Childhood pemphigus vulgaris treated with dapsone: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15:381-383.
203. Ahmed A, Salm M. Juvenile pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8:799-807.
204. Amerian M, Ahmed A. Pemphigus erythematosus. Presentation of four cases and review of literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10:215-222.
205. Leibowitz M, Voss S. Juvenile pemphigus foliaceous: response to dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:910
206. Galambrun C, Cambazard F, Clavel C, Versini P, Stephan J. Pamphigus foliaceus. Arch Dis Child 1997; 77:255-257.
207. Mehravaran M, Morvay M, Molnar K, Olah J, Korom I, Husz S, et al. Juvenile pemphigus foliaceus. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:496-499.
208. Jeffes E3, Kaplan R, Ahmed A. Acantholysis produced in vitro with phmphigus serum: hydrocortisone inhibits acantholysis, while dapsone and 6-mercaptopurine do not inhibit acantholysis. J Clin Immunol 1984; 4:359-363.
209. Hashimoto K, Singer K, Lazarus G. The effect of corticosteroids, dapsone and gold uon plasminogen activator eynthesis and secretion by human epidermal cells cultured with pemphigus antibody. Br J Dermatol 1984; 110:297
210. Jablonska S, Chorzelski T, Beutner E, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of phemphgus. Int J Dermatol 1975; 14:353-359.
211. Floden C, Gentale H. A case of clinically typical dermatitis herpetiformis (M. Duhring) presenting acantholylysis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1955; 35:128
212. Ingber A, Feuerman E. Pemphigus with characteristics of dermatitis herpetiformis. A long-term follow-up of five patients. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25:575-579.
213. Mciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis an entity? Int J Dermatol 1987; 26:571-577.
214. Kubo A, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus showing reactivity with pemphigus vulgaris antigen (dermoglein 3). Br J Dermatol 1997; 137:109-113.
215. Micali G, Musumeci M, Nasca M. Epidemiologic analysis and clinical course of 84 consecutive cases of pemphigus in eastern Sicily. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:197-200.
216. Seah P, Fry L, Cairns R, Feiwel M. Pemphigus controlled by sulphapyridine. Br J Dermatol 1973; 89:77-81.
217. Haensch R. Pemphigus herpetiformis. Hautarzt 1979; 30:418-422.
218. Huilgol S, Black M. Management of the immunobullous disorders. II. Pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20:283-293.
219. Huff J, Golitz L, Kunke K. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1643-1645.
220. Beutner E, Chorzelski T, Wilson R, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20:89-97.
221. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:993-1000.
222. Niimi Y, Kawana S, Kusunoki T. IgA pemphigus: A case report and its characteristic clinical features compared with subcorneal pustular dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:546-549.
223. Hodak E, David M, Ingber A, et al. The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA-pemphigus: report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990; 15:433-437.
224. Ongenae K, Temmerman L, Vermander F, Naeyaert J. Intercellular IgA dermatosis. Eur J Dermatol 1999; 9:85-94.
225. Yasuda H, kobayashi H, Hashimoto T, Itoh K, Yamane M, Nakamura J. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus: demonstration of autoantibodies to desmocollin-1 and clinical review. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:144-148.
226. Brunsting L, Goeckerman W, O'Leary P. Pyoderma (ecthyma) gangrenosum: clinical and experimental observations in five cases occurring in adults. Arch Dermatol 1930; 22:655-680.
227. Perry H, Brunsting L. Pyoderma gangrenosum: a clinical study of 19 cases. Arch Dermatol 1957; 75:380-386.
228. Ayres S, Ayres SI. Pyoderma gangrenosum with an unusual syndrome of ulcers, vesicles, and arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1958; 77:269-280.
229. Lorincz A, Pearson R. Sulfapyridine and sulfone type drugs in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1962; 85:42-54.
230. Powell F, Perry H. Pyoderma gangrenosum in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1984; 120:757-761.
231. Altman J, Mopper C. Pyoderma gangrenosum treated with sulfone drugs. Minn Med 1966; 49:22-26.
232. Brown R, Lay L, Graham D. Bilateral pyoderma gangrenosum of the hand: treatment with dapsone. J Hand Surg (Br) 1993; 18:119-121.
233. Soto L. Diaminodiphenylsulfone and steroids in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 1970; 9:293-300.
234. Fardal R. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Cutis 1968; 4:979-980.
235. Galun E, Flugelman M, Rachmilewitz D. Pyoderma gangrenosum complicating ulcerative colitis: successful treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and dapsone. Am J Gastroenterol 1986; 81:988-989.
236. Anderson J. Malignant pyoderma. Br J Dermatol 1978; 99:211-214.
237. Perry H, Winkelmann R, Muller S, Kierland R. Malignant pyodermas. Arch Dermatol 1968; 98:561-574.
238. Wenikoff S, Merritt C, Briggaman R, Woodley D. Malignant pyoderma or pyoderma gangrenosum of the head and neck? Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:371-375.
239. Erdi H, Anadolu R, Piskin G, Gurgey E. Malignant pyoderma: a clinical variant of pyoderma gangrenosum. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35:811-813.
240. Jaksch-Wartenhorst R. Polychondropathia. Wien Arch Inn Med 1923; 6:93-100.
241. McAdam L, O'Hanlan M, Bluestone R, Pearson C. Relaptins polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Bartimore) 1976; 55:193-215.
242. Martin J, Roenigk HJ, Lynch W, Tingwald F. Relapsing polychondritis treated with dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:1272-1274.
243. Barranco V, Minor D, Solomon H. Treatment of relapsing polychondritis with dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112:1286-1288.
244. Damiani J, Levine H. Relapsing polychondritis - report of ten cases. Laryngoscope 1979; 89:929-946.
245. Carpenter J, Macaulay W. Relapsing polychondritis [letter]. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22:204-205.
246. Hanslik T, Wechsler B, Piette J, Vidailhet M, Robin P, Godeau P. Central nervous system involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 12:539-541.
247. White JJ. Relapsing polychondritis. South Med J 1985; 78:448-451.
248. Estes S. Relapsing polychondritis. A case report and literature review. Cutis 1983; 32:471-476.
249. Espinoza L, Richman A, Bocanegra T, Pina I, Vasey F, Rifkin S, et al. Immune complex-mediated renal involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Am J Med 1981; 71:181-183.
250. Liot F, Lemaigre D, Dessanges J, Leroy M. Polychondrite chronique atrophiante avec atteinte respiratoire predominante. Traitment par les sulfones. Interet de l'exploration functionnelle. Ann Med Interne Paris 1980; 131:519-524.
251. Waller E, Raebel M. Relapsing polychondritis in a Latin American man. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979; 36:806-810.
252. Deschapmos P, Leroy D, Mandard J, Benard Y. Traitement de la polychondrite chronique atrophiante par les sulfones. Une observation. Nouv Presse Med 1978; 7:2549-2552.
253. Gouet D, Marechaud R, neau J, Abadie J, Rossi F, Sudre Y. Polychondrite chronique atrophiante. Analyse critique de l'efficacite therapeutique de la dapsone. Deux observations. Presse Med 1984; 13:723-726.
254. Svenson K, Holmdahl R, Klareskog L, Wibell L, Sjoberg O, Klintmalm G, et al. Cyclosporine A treatment in a case of relapsing polychondritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1984; 13:329-333.
255. Jourdain O, Valdazo A, Papillard T, Raynal F. La polychondrite chronique atrophiante. A propos de 4 observations. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol Bord 1989; 110:161-164.
256. Trepel R, Lipnick R, D'Angelo L. Relapsing polychondritis in an adolescent. J Adolesc Health Care 1989; 10:557-560.
257. Lim M, Chan H. Relapsing polychondritis - a report on two Chinese patients with severe costal chondritis. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1990; 19:396-403.
258. Smith C, Micks D. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lesion caused by the venom of the brown spider, Loxoceles recluse. Lab Invest 1976; 22:90-93.
259. King LJ, Rees R. Dapsone treatment of a brown recluse bite. JAMA 1983; 250:648.
260. Phillips S, Kohn M, Baker D, Vander-Leest R, Gomez H, McKinney P, et al. Therapy of brown spider envenomation: a controlled trial of hyperbaric oxygen, dapsone, and cyproheptadine. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:363-368.
261. Barrett S, Romine-Jenkins M, Fisher D. Dapsone or electric shock therapy of brown recluse spider bite envenomation? Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24:21-25.
262. Wesley R, Ballinger W, Close L, Lay A. Dapsone in the treatment of presumed brown recluse spider bite of the eyelid. Ophthalmic Surg 1985; 16:116-117, 120.
263. Cole H3, Wesley R, King LJ. Brown recluse spider envenomation of the eyelid: an animal model. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 11:153-164.
264. Rees R, Altenbern D, Lynch J, King LJ. Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision. Ann Surg 1985; 202:659-663.
265. DeLozier J, Reaves L, King LJ, Rees R. Brown recluse spider bites of the upper extremity. South Med J 1988; 81:181-184.
266. Rees R, Campbell D, Rieger E, King L. The diagnosis and treatment of brown recluse spider bites. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:945-949.
267. Wright S, Wrenn K, Murray L, Seger D. Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30:28-32.
268. Binder L. Acute arthropod envenomation. Incidence, clinical features and management. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1989; 4:163-173.
269. Pennell T, Babu S, Meredith J. The management of snake and spider bites in the southeastern United States. Am Surg 1987; 53:198-204.
270. Futrell J. Loxoscelism. Am J Med Sci 1992; 304:261-267.
271. Benavides M, Moncada X. The treatment of cutaneous loxoscelism with dapsone. Rev Med Chil 1990; 118:1247-1250.
272. Gendron B. Loxosceles reclusa envenomation. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8:51-54.
273. Holmes H. Stings and bites. Tips on coexisting comfortably with the insects. Postgrad Med 1990; 88:75-78.
274. Wong R, Hyghes S, Voorhees J. Spider bites. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:98-105.
275. Wilson D, King LJ. Spiders and spider bites. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:277-286.
276. Masters E. Images in clinical medicine. Loxoscelism. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:379.
277. Anderson P. Spider bites in the United States. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15:307-311.
278. Sneddon I, Wilkinson D. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 1956; 68:385-394.
279. Wolff K. Ein Beitrag zur Nosologie der subcornealen pustulosen Dermatose (Sneddon-Wilkinson). Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1966; 224:248-267.
280. Sneddon I. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16:640-644.
281. Sneddon I. Subkorneale pustuloese Dermatose. Hautarzt 1977; 28:63-66.
282. Sneddon I, Wilkinson D. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 1979; 100:61-68.
283. Wolff K. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis is not pustular psoriasis. Am J Dermatopathol 1981; 3:381-382.
284. Sanchez N, Perry H, Muller S, Winkelmann M. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and pustular psoriasis. A clinicopathologic correlation. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119:715-721.
285. Lewis J. Urticarial vasculitis occurring in association with visceral malignancy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990; 70:345-347.
286. Aboobaker J, Greaves M. Urticarial vasculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986; 11:436-444.
287. Hoffmann C, Richter W, Hiller C, Burg G. Urtikaria-Vaskulitis. Z Rheumatol 1986; 46:233-236.
288. Nishijima C, Hatta N, Inaoki M, Sakai H, Takehara K. Urticarial vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: fair resonse to prednisolone/dapsone and persistent hypocomplementemia. Eur J Dermatol 1999; 9:54-56.
289. Eiser A, Singh P, Shanies H. Sustained dapsone-induced remission of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis - a case report. Angiology 1997; 48:1019-1022.
290. Gonzalez-Quijada S, Lopez-Lazaro L, Reinares-Garcia L, Borregon-Carretero S, Sastre-Varela J, Estrada-Perez V. Gastrointestinal involvement and the response to dapsone in a case of the urticarial vasculitis syndrome. Med Clin Barc 1991; 97:706-708.
291. Wozel G, Thiele B. Urtikaria Vaskulitis und Sulfone, ein kasuistischer Beitrag. Z Hautkr 1987; 62:407-409.
292. Garcia-Bravo B, Camacho F. Urticarial vasculitis: a proposito de 12 casos. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1986; 14:233-237.
293. Fortson J, Zone J, Hammond M, Groggel G. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome responsive to dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1976; 15:1137-1142.
294. Highet A. Urticarial vasculitis resembling systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy of prednisone and dapsone combined. Br J Dermatol 1980; 102:358-360.
295. Nurnberg W, Grabbe J, Czarnetzki B. Urticarial vasculitis syndrome effectively treated with dapsone and pentoxifylline. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995; 75:54-56.
296. Matteson E. Interferon alpha 2a therapy for urticarial vasculitis with angioedema apparently following hepatitis A infection. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:382-384.
297. Asherson R, Buchanan N, Kenwright S, Fletcher C, Hughes G. The normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome - report of a case and response to colchicine. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991; 16:424-427.
298. Soter N. Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis. In: Fitzpatrick T, Eisen A, Wolff K, Freedberg I, Austen K, editors. Dermatology in General Medicine. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993:1501-1510.
299. Ryan T. Cutaneous vasculitis. In: Rook A, Wilkinson D, Ebling F, editors. Textbook of Dermatology. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992:1893-1961.
300. Habif T. Clinical Dermatology. St. Louis: The CV Mosby Company, 1990.
301. Ghersetich I, Jorizzo J, Lotti T. Working classification of vasculitis. Int Angiol 1995; 14:101-106.
302. Lotti T. The management of systemic complication of vasculitis. In: Panconesi E, editor. Dermatology in Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Sci Publ, 1991:330-332.
303. Lotti T, Ghersetich I, Comacchi C, Panconesi E. Purpuras and related conditions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1996; 7:1-25.
304. Fredenberg M, Malkinson F. Sulfone therapy in the treatment of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:772-778.
305. Lotti T, Ghersetich I, Comacchi C, Jorizzo J. Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39:667-687.
306. Valente R, Conn D. Current therapies for systemic vasculitis. Semin Neurol 1994; 14:380-386.
307. Smith JJ. Vasculitis. J Dermatol 1995; 22:812-822.
308. Weiss S. Tissue destruction by neutrophil. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:365-392.
309. Bozeman P, Learn D, Thomas E. Assay of the human leukocyte encymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. J Immunol Methods 1990; 126:125-133.
310. Bozeman P, Learn D, Thomas E. Inhibition of the human leukocyte enzymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase by dapsone. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:553-563.
311. Stendahl O, Molin L, Lindroth M. Granulocyte-mediated release of histamine from mast cells. Effect of myeloperoxidase and its inhibition by antiinflammatory sulfone compounds. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1983; 70:277-284.
312. Kettle A, Gedye C, Winterbourn C. Superoxide is an antagonist of antiinflammatory drugs that inhibit hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2003-2010.
313. Kettle A, Winterbourn C. Mechanism of inhibition of myeloperoxidase by anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:1485-1492.
314. Van Zyl J, Basson K, Kriegler A, van der Walt B. Mechanisms by which clofazimine and dapsone inhibit the myeloperoxidase system. A possible correlation with their anti-inflammatory properties. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42:599-608.
315. Kazmierowski J, Ross J, Peizner D, Weupper K. Dermatitis herpetiformis: effects of sulfones and sulfonamides on neutrophil myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination and cytotoxicity. J Clin Immunol 1984; 4:55-64.
316. Barranco V. Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes by dapsone. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110:563-566.
317. Williams K, Capstick R, Lewis D, et al. Antiinflammatory actions of dapsone and its related biochemistry. J Pharm Pharmacol 1976; 28:555-558.
318. Niwa Y, Sakant T, Miyachi Y. Dissociation of the inhibitory effect of dapsone on the generation of oxygen intermediates - in comparison with that of colchicine and various scavengers. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:2355-2360.
319. Theron A, Anderson R. Investigation of the protective effects of the antioxidants ascorbate, cysteine, and dapsone on the phagocyte-mediated oxidative inactivation of human alpha-1-protease inhibitor in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:1049-1054.
320. Thuong-Nguyen V, Kadunce D, Hendrix J, Gammon W, Zone J. Inhibition of neutrophil adherence to antibody by dapsone: a possible therapeutic mechanism of dapsone in the treatment of IgA dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:349-355.
321. Anderson R, Gatner E, van Rensburg C, Grabow G, Imkamp F, Kok S, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 19:495-503.
322. Harvath L, Yancey K, Katz S. Selective inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine by sulfones. J Immunol 1986; 137:1305-1311.
323. Maloff B, Fox D, Bruin E, Di Meo T. Dapsone inhibits LTB4 binding and bioresponse at the cellular and physiologic levels. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 158:85-89.
324. Booth S, Moody C, Dahl M, Herron M, Nelson R. Dapsone suppresses integrin-mediated neutrophil adherence function. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:135-140.
325. Debol S, Herron M, Nelson R. Anti-inflammatory action of dapsone: inhibition of neutrophil adherence is associated with inhibition of chemoattractant-induced signal transdaction. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62:827-836.
326. Cucinell S, Israili Z, Dayton P. Microsomal N-oxidation of dapsone as a cause of methaemoglobin formation in human red cells. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972; 21:322-311.
327. Coleman M, Pahal K, Gardiner J. The effect of acetylation and deacetylation on the disposition of dapsone and monoacetyl dapsone hydroxylamines in human erythrocytes in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996; 48:401-406.
328. Coleman M, Coleman N. Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Treatment issues. Drug Saf 1996; 14:394-405.
329. Reilly T, Woster P, Svensson C. Methemoglobin formation by hydroxylamine metabolites of sulfamethoxazole and dapsone: implications for differences in adverse drug reactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288:951-959.
330. Tingle M, Mahmud R, Maggs J, Piemohamed M, Park B. Comaprison of the metabolism and toxicity of dapsone in rat, mouse and man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283:817-823.
331. Zone J. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Curr Prob Dermatol 1991; 3:3-41.
332. Galder B, Conrad M. Haemolysis by diphenylsulfones: Comparative effects of DDS and hydroxylamine-DDS. J Lab Clin Med 1973; 81:267-272.
333. Grossman S, Jollow D. Role of dapsone hydroxylamine in dapsone-induced hemolytic anemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244:118-125.
334. Uehleke H, Tabarelli S. N-hydroxylation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl- sulfone (dapsone) by liver microsomes and in dogs and humans. Naunyn-Schmeideberg's Arch Pharmacol 1988; 278:55-68.
335. Kramer P, Glader B, Li T. Mechanism of methaemoglobin formation by diphenylsulphones. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:1265-1274.
336. Coleman M. Dapsone-mediated agranulocytosis: risks, possible mechanisms and prevention. Toxicology 2001; 162:53-60.
337. Hornsten P, Keisu M, Wilholm B. The incidence of agranulocytosis during treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis with dapsone as reported in Sweden, 1972 through 1988. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:919-922.
338. Kormann N, Vilhelmsen R, Stahl D. The dapsone syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1982; 118:531-532.
339. Prussick R, Shear N. Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:346-349.
340. Kumar R, Kumar M, Thappa D. Dapsone syndrome - a five year retrospective analysis. Indian J Lepr 1998; 70:271-276.
341. Jamrozik K. Dapsone syndrome occurring in two brothers. Lepr Rev 1986; 57:57-62.
342. Frey H, Gershon A, Borkowsky W, Bullock W. Fatal reactio to dapsone during treatment of leprosy. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:777-779.
343. Chalasani P, Baffoe-Bonnie H, Jurado R. Dapsone therapy causing sulfone syndrome and lethal hepatic failure in an HIV-infected patient. South Med J 1994; 87:1145-1146.
344. Reeve P, Ala J, Hall J. Dapsone syndrome in Vanuatu: a high incidence during multidrug treatment (MDT) of leprosy. J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 95:266-270.
345. Mok C, Lau C. Dapsone syndrome in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:766-768.
346. Katoch K, Ramu G, Ramanathan U. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). A case report. Lepr India 1983; 55:133-135.
347. Pertel P, Hirschtick R. Adverse reactions to dapsone in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:630-632.
348. Benedetti-Bardet C, Guy C, Boudigant O, Regnier-Zerbib A, Ollagnier M. Adverse effects of Disulone; results of the France pharmacovigilance inquiry. Regional Centers of Pharmacovigilance. Therapie 2001; 56:295-299.
349. Dhanapaul S. DDS-induced photosensitivity with reference to six case reports. Lepr Rev 1989; 60:147-150.
350. Daneshmed T. The neurotoxicity of dapsone. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 1984; 3:43-58.
351. Ahrens E, Meckler R, Callen J. Dapsone-induced peripheral neuropathy. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25:314-316.
352. Gutmann L, Martin J, Welton W. Dapsone motor neuropathy - an axonal disease. Neurology 1976; 26:514-516.
353. Waldinger T, Siegle R, Wever W, Voorhees J. Dapsone-induced peripheral neuropathy. Case report and review. Arch Dermatol 1984; 120:356-359.
354. Sirsat A, Lalitha V, Pandya S. Dapsone neuropathy - report of three cases and pathologic features of a motor nerve. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1987; 55:23-29.
355. Brasil M, Opromolla D, Marzliak M, Nogueira W. Results of a surveillance system for adverse effects in leprosy's WHO/MDT. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1996; 64:97-104.
356. Foster P, Swan C. Dapsone and fatal hypoalbuminaemia. Lancet 1981; 2:806-807.
357. Daneshmed T. Idiosyncratic dapsone induced manic depression. Br Med J 1989; 299:324.
358. Fine J, Katz S, Donaue M, et al. Psychiatric reaction to dapsone and sulfapyridine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 9:274-275.
359. Gawkrodger D. Manic depression induced by dapsone in a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis. Br Med J 1989; 299:860.
360. Gupta A, Eggo M, Uetrecht J, et al. Drug-induced hypothyroidism: The thyroid as a target organ in hypersensitivity reactions to anticonvulsants and sulfonamides. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51:56-67.
361. Maurus J. Hansen's disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 52:22-25.
362. Greenwood A, Armstrong J, Byass P, Snow R, Greenwood B. Malaria chemoprophylaxis, birth weight and child survival. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86:483-485.
363. Greenwood A, Menendez C, Todd J, Greenwood B. The distribution of birth weights in Gambian women who received malaria chemoprophylaxis during their first pregnancy and in control women. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:311-312.
364. Lopes V, Sarno E. Leprosy and pregnancy. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1994; 40:195-201.
365. Menendez C, Todd J, Alonso P, Lulat S, Francis N, Greenwood B. Malaria chemoprophylaxis, infection of the placenta and birth weight in Gambian primigravidae. J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 97:244-248.
366. Saunderson P, Gebre S, Desta K, Bypass P. The ALERT MDT Field Evaluation Study (AMFES): a descriptive study of leprosy in Ethiopia. Patients, methods and baseline characteristics. Lepr Rev 2000; 71:273-284.
367. Edstein M, Veenedaal J, Newman K, Hyslop R. Excretion of chloroquine, dapsone and pyrimethamine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22:733-735.
368. Sanders S, Zone J, Foltz R, Tolman K, Rollins D. Hemolytic anemia induced by dapsone transmitted through breast milk. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96:465-466.