Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 271, Issue 1547, 2004, Pages 1451-1459

  Rayfield, Emily J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dinosauria; Feeding; Finite element method; Kinesis; Theropoda; Tyrannosaurus

Indexed keywords

CRANIUM; DINOSAUR; FEEDING; FOSSIL; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; SKULL;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BONE STRUCTURE; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; CONTROLLED STUDY; DINOSAUR; FACIAL BONE; FEEDING; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; FORCE; FRONTAL BONE; JOINT MOBILITY; MASTICATION; MAXILLA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHEAR STRESS; SKULL; SKULL SUTURE; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION;

ALLOSAURUS; ANIMALIA; DINOSAURIA; THEROPODA; TYRANNOSAURUS REX; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 3242732338     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2755     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abler, W. L. 1992 The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals. Paleobiology 18, 161-183.
2. Abler, W. L. 1999 The teeth of the Tyrannosaurus. Sci. Am. 281, 40-41.
3. Biewener, A. A. 1982 Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? J. Exp. Biol. 98, 289-301.
4. Blob, R. W. & Biewener, A. A. 1999 In vivo locomotor strain in the hindlimb bones of Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana: implications for the evolution of limb bone safety factors and non-sprawling limb posture. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1023-1046.
5. Brochu, C. A. 2003 Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22(Suppl. 4), 1-138.
6. Buckland-Wright, J. C. 1978 Bone structure and the patterns of force transmission in the cat skull (Felis catus). J. Morphol. 155, 35-62.
7. Buckley, L. 2003 Addressing the potential for cranial kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex: a comparison of the palate complexes of Tyrannosaurus rex to Varanus. J. Vert. Paleontol. 23A, 37A.
8. Carr, T. D. 1999 Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). J. Vert. Paleontol. 19, 497-520.
9. Carter, D. R., Mikic, B. & Padian, K. 1998 Epigenetic mechanical factors in the evolution of long bone epiphyses. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 123, 163-178.
10. Chin, K., Toyaryk, T. T., Erickson, G. M. & Calk, L. C. 1998 A king-size theropod coprolite. Nature 393, 680-682.
11. Erickson, G. M. & Olson, K. H. 1996 Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: a preliminary description and implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16, 175-178.
12. Erickson, G. M., Van Kirk, S. D., Su, J., Levenston, M. E., Caler, W. E. & Carter, D. R. 1996 Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature 382, 706-708.
13. Erickson, G. M., Lappin, A. K. & Vliet, K. A. 2003 The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J. Zool. Lond. 260, 317-327.
14. Farlow, J. O., Brinkman, D. L., Abler, W. L. & Currie, P. J. 1991 Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Mod. Geol. 16, 161-198.
15. Fastnacht, M., Hess, N., Frey, E. & Weiser, H.-P. 2002 Finite element analysis in vertebrate palaeontology. Senck. Lethaea 82, 195-206.
16. Herring, S. W. 2000 Sutures and craniosynostosis: a comparative, functional, and evolutionary perspective. In Craniosynostosis (ed. M. M. Cohen & R. E. MacLean), pp. 3-10. Oxford University Press.
17. Herring, S. W. & Teng, S. 2000 Strain in the braincase and its sutures during function. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112, 575-593.
18. Hurum, J. H. & Sabath, K. 2003 Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaentologica. Polonica 48, 161-190.
19. Hutt, S., Naish, D. W., Martill, D. M., Barker, M. J. & Newbery, P. 2001 A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cret. Res. 22, 227-242.
20. Jaslow, C. R. 1990 Mechanical properties of cranial sutures. J. Biomech. 23, 313-321.
21. Jaslow, C. R. & Biewener, A. A. 1995 Strain patterns in the horncores, cranial bones and sutures of goats (Capra hircus) during impact loading. J. Zool. Lond. 235, 193-210.
22. Jenkins, I. 1997 Finite element analysis of skull dynamics in Permian synapsid (mammal-like-reptile) carnivores. J. Morphol. 232, 271.
23. Jenkins, I., Thomason, J. J. & Norman, D. B. 2002 Primates and engineering principles: applications to craniodental mechanisms in ancient terrestrial predators. Senck. Lethaea 82, 223-240.
24. Larson, P. L. 1998 Cranial morphology, mechanics, kinesis and variation in Tyrannosaurus rex. In Dinofest International Symposium III, Program and Abstracts (ed. D. L. Wolberg, K. G. S. Miller, L. Carey & A. Raynor). Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.
25. Meers, M. B. 2002 Maximum bite force and prey size of Tyrannosaurus rex and their relationship to the inference of feeding behaviour. Hist. Biol. 16, 1-12.
26. Molnar, R. E. 1991 The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontol. Abt. A 217, 137-176.
27. Molnar, R. E. 2000 Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn 1905), Gaia 15, 193-218.
28. Molnar, R. E. & Farlow, J. O. 1990 Carnosaur paleobiology. In The Dinosauria (ed. D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson & H. Osmolska), pp. 210-224. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
29. Rafferty, K. L. & Herring, S. W. 1999 Craniofacial sutures: morphology, growth and in vivo masticatory strains. J. Morphol. 242, 167-179.
30. Rafferty, K. L., Herring, S. W. & Marshall, C. D. 2003 Biomechanics of the rostrum and the role of facial sutures. J. Morphol. 257, 33-44.
31. Rayfield, E. J. 1998 Finite element analysis of the snout of Megalosaurus bucklandi. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18, 71A.
32. Rayfield, E. J. 2001 Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur: a study using finite element analysis. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
33. Rayfield, E. J., Norman, D. B., Horner, C. C., Horner, J. R., May Smith, P., Thomason, J. J. & Upchurch, P. 2001 Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur. Nature 409, 1033-1037.
34. Rayfield, E. J., Norman, D. B. & Upchurch, P. 2002 Prey attack by a large theropod dinosaur: reply. Nature 416, 388.
35. Smith, K. K. & Hylander, W. L. 1985 Strain gauge measurement of mesokinetic movement in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus. J. Exp. Biol. 114, 53-70.
36. Snively, E. & Russell, A. 2002 The Tyrannosaurid metatarsus: bone strain and inferred ligament function. Senck. Lethaea 82, 35-42.
37. Thomason, J. J. 1995 To what extent can the mechanical environment of a bone be inferred from its architecture? In Functional morphology in venebrate paleontology (ed. J. J. Thomason), pp. 249-263. Cambridge University Press.
38. Thomason, J. J. & Russell, A. P. 1986 Mechanical factors in the evolution of the mammalian secondary palate: a theoretical analysis. J. Morphol. 189, 199-213.
39. Thomason, J. J., Grovum, L. E., Deswysen, A. G. & Bignell, W. W. 2001 In vivo surface strain and stereology of the frontal and maxillary bones of sheep: implications for the structural design of the mammalian skull. Anat. Rec. 264, 325-338.