Methods for reducing biofouling of moored optical sensors

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 958-968

  Manov, Derek V ^a   Chang, Grace C ^a   Dickey, Tommy D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; COASTAL ZONES; COPPER; FOULING; OCEANOGRAPHY; SAMPLING;

BIOFOULING; COASTAL WATERS;

OPTICAL SENSORS;

ANTIFOULING AGENT; COPPER; OPTICAL INSTRUMENT; SENSOR;

EID: 3242701180     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0958:MFRBOM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bartz, R., J. R. V. Zaneveld, and H. Pak, 1978: A transmissometer for profiling and moored observations in water. Proc. SPIE, 160, 102-108.
2. Bartz, R., R. W. Spinrad, and J. C. Kitchen, 1988: A low power, high resolution, in situ fluorometer for profiling and moored applications in water. Proc. SPIE, 925, 157-170.
3. Bishop, J. K. B., R. E. Davis, and J. T. Sherman, 2002: Robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the North Pacific. Science, 298, 817-820.
4. Bogucki, D., T. Dickey, and L. G. Redekopp, 1997: Sediment resuspension and mixing by resonantly generated internal solitary waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1181-1196.
5. Butman, B., and D. W. Folger, 1979: An instrument system for longterm sediment transport studies on the continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1215-1220.
6. Chang, G. C., and T. D. Dickey, 2001: Bio-optical and physical variability on time-scales from minutes to the seasonal cycle on the New England continental shelf: July 1996-June 1997. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9517-9531.
7. Chang, G. C., T. D. Dickey, and A. J. Williams III, 2001: Sediment resuspension over a continental shelf during Hurricanes Edouard and Hortense. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9517-9531.
8. Chang, G. C., T. D. Dickey, O. M. Schofield, A. D. Weidemann, E. Boss, W. S. Pegau, M. A. Moline, and S. M. Glenn, 2002: Nearshore physical processes and bio-optical properties in the New York Bight. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3133, doi: 10.1029/2001JC001018.
9. Chavez, F. P., P. G. Strutton, G. E. Friederich, R. A. Feely, G. A. Feldman, D. Foley, and M. J. McPhaden, 1999: Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997 and 1998 El Niño. Science, 286, 2126-2131.
10. Chavez, F. P., D. Wright, R. Herlien, M. Kelley, F. Shane, and P. G. Strutton, 2000: A device for protecting moored spectroradiometers from biofouling. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 215-219.
11. Clark, H. L., 2002: Continuous ocean presence for scientific research. Sea Technol., 43, 10-16.
12. Conte, M. H., T. D. Dickey, J. C. Weber, R. J. Johnson, and A. H. Knap, 2003: Transient physical forcing of pulsed export of bioreactive material to the deep Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 50A, 1157-1187.
13. Davis, R. F., C. C. Moore, J. R. V. Zaneveld, and J. M. Napp, 1997: Reducing the effects of fouling on chlorophyll estimates derived from long-term deployments of optical instruments. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5851-5855.
14. Dickey, T., 1991: The emergence of concurrent high-resolution physical and bio-optical measurements in the upper ocean. Rev. Geophys., 29, 383-413.
15. Dickey, T., 2001a: New technologies and their roles in advancing biogeochemical research. Oceanography, 14, 108-120.
16. Dickey, T., 2001b: Sensors: Inherent and apparent bio-optical properties. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe, and K. K. Turekian, Eds., Academic Press, 1313-1323.
17. Dickey, T., and G. Chang, 2001: Recent advances and future visions: Temporal variability of optical and bio-optical properties of the ocean. Oceanography, 14, 15-29.
18. Dickey, T., and P. Falkowski, 2002: Solar energy and its biological-physical interactions in the sea. The Sea, A. Robinson, J. McCarthy, and B. Rothschild, Eds., Biological-physical Interactions in the Sea, Vol. 12, Wiley and Sons, 401-440.
19. Dickey, T., J. Marra, M. Stramska, C. Langdon, T. Granata, A. Plueddemann, R. Weller, and J. Yoder, 1994: Bio-optical and physical variability in the subarctic North Atlantic Ocean during the spring of 1989. J. Geophys Res., 99, 22 541-22 556.
20. Dickey, T., G. C. Chang, Y. C. Agrawal, A. J. Williams III, and P. S. Hill, 1998: Sediment resuspension in the wakes of Hurricanes Edouard and Hortense. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3533-3536.
21. Evans, S. M., T. Leksono, and P. D. McKinnell, 1995: Tributyltin pollution: A diminishing problem following legislation limiting use of TBT-based anti-fouling paints. Mar. Pollution Bull., 30, 14-21.
22. Foley, D. G., and Coauthors, 1997: Longwaves and primary production in the central equatorial Pacific at 0. 140°W. Deep-Sea Res., 44b, 1801-1826.
23. Glenn, S. M., T. D. Dickey, B. Parker, and W. Boicourt, 2000a: Longterm real-time coastal ocean observation networks. Oceanography, 13, 24-34.
24. Glenn, S. M., W. Boicourt, B. Parker, and T. D. Dickey, 2000b: Operational observation networks for ports, a large estuary, and an open shelf. Oceanography, 13, 12-23.
25. Granata, T., J. Wiggert, and T. Dickey, 1995: Trapped near-inertial waves and enhanced chlorophyll distributions. J.Geophys. Res., 100, 20 793-20 804.
26. Griffiths, G., A. Knap, and T. Dickey, 1999: Autosub experiment near Bermuda. Sea Technol., 41, 35-45.
27. Griffiths, G., R. Davis, C. Eriksen, D. Frye, P. Marchand, and T. Dickey, 2001: Towards new platform technology for sustained observations. Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century, C. J. Koblinsky and N. R. Smith, Eds. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 324-338.
28. Kirk, J. T. O., 1994: Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. 2d ed. Cambridge University Press, 509 pp.
29. Koblinsky, C. J., and N. R. Smith, Eds., 2001: Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 580 pp.
30. Lewis, M. R., 2002: Variability of plankton and plankton processes on the mesoscale. Phytoplankton Productivity: Carbon Assimilation in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, P. J. Le B. Williams, D. N. Thomas, and C. S. Reynolds, Eds., Blackwell, 141-156.
31. McLean, S., B. Schofield, G. Zibordi, M. Lewis, S. Hooker, and A. Weidemann, 1997: Field evaluation of anti-biofouling compounds on optical instrumentation. Proc. SPIE, 2963, 708-713.
32. Mobley, C. D., 1994: Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters. Academic Press, 592 pp.
33. Moore, C., J. R. V. Zaneveld, and J. C. Kitchen, 1992: Preliminary results from in situ spectral absorption meter data. Proc. SPIE, 1750, 330-337.
34. Perry, M. J., 2002: Measurement of optical properties from autonomous platforms. Extended Abstracts, Ocean Optics XVI Conf., Santa Fe, NM, Office of Naval Research, CD-ROM.
35. Smith, R. C., C. R. Booth, and J. L. Star, 1984: Oceanographic bio-optical profiling system. Appl. Opt., 23, 2791-2797.
36. Spinrad, R. W., 1987: Testing of optical properties and development of application procedure for OMP-8 antifoulant on submersible optical surfaces. Sea Tech Inc. Reference Tech. Rep. 8701. Corvallis, OR. 44 pp.
37. Strahle, W. J., C. L. Perez, and M. A. Martini, 1994: Antifouling, Leaching Technique for Optical Lenses. OCEANS '94: Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's preservation Wiley-IEEE Computer Society, 710-715.
38. Stramska, M., and T. D. Dickey, 1992: Variability of bio-optical properties in the upper ocean associated with diel cycles in phytoplankton population. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17 873-17 887.
39. Stramska, M., and T. D. Dickey, 1998: Short-term variability of the underwater light field in the oligotrophic ocean in response to surface waves and clouds. Deep-Sea Res., 45A, 1393-1410.
40. Turk, D., M. J. McPhaden, A. J. Busalacchi, and M. R. Lewis, 2001: Remotely-sensed biological production in the tropical Pacific during 1992-1999 El Niño and La Niña. Science, 293, 471-474.
41. Whitledge, T. E., and C. D. Wirick, 1986: Development of a moored in situ fluorometer for phytoplankton studies. Tidal Mixing and Plankton Dynamics. J. Bowman, M. Yentsch, and W. T. Peterson, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 449-462.
42. Wirick, C. D., 1994: Exchange of phytoplankton across the continental shelf-slope boundary of the Middle Atlantic Bight during spring 1988. Deep-Sea Res., 41B, 391-410.
43. Yu, X., T. Dickey, J. Bellingham, D. Manov, and K. Streitlen, 2002: The application of autonomous underwater vehicles for interdisciplinary measurements in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays. Contin. Shelf Res., 22, 2225-2245.
44. Zaneveld, J. R. V., R. Bartz, and J. C. Kitchen, 1990: Reflective-tube absorption meter. Proc. SPIE, 1302, 124-136.