Meeting of minds: North American travel writers and government tourist publicity in Quebec, 1920-1955

Histoire Sociale

Volumn 36, Issue 72, 2003, Pages 465-495

  Neatby, Nicole ^a  

^a ST MARY'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 3242677947     PISSN: 00182257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Tourism revenues in the province of Quebec increased significantly by the 1920s: while they amounted to $34,000 in 1915, by 1929 they had reached $61.2 million. See Alain Roy, Le Vieux Québec 1945-1963. Constructions et fonctions sociales d'un lieu de mémoire nationale (MA thesis, History, Université Laval, 1995).
2. During the greater part of the period, the majority of tourists coming to Quebec were Americans, largely from New York state and the New England states. In 1929 Quebec attracted 39% of the American tourist market. Although that figure fell to 20% in 1964, clearly Americans found in Quebec a tourist destination of great interest. See George Delage, "Le tourisme, comédie ou tragédie?", Commerce, vol. 66 (May 1964), pp. 87-89, 91-92.
3. Roben Prévost, Trois siècles de tourisme au Québec (Sillery: Septentrion, 2000); Jules Bélanger et al., Histoire de la Gaspésie (Montreal: Boréal Express, IQRC, 1981).
4. Roben Prévost, Trois siècles de tourisme au Québec (Sillery: Septentrion, 2000); Jules Bélanger et al., Histoire de la Gaspésie (Montreal: Boréal Express, IQRC, 1981).
5. Roy, Le vieux Québec; Natalie Duhamel, "Coordonner tourisme et artisanat, ou comment mettre en valeur le visage pittoresque du Qúbec, 1915-1960", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 34, no. 67 (May 2001), pp. 97-114, and "La collection Coverdale d'histoire canadienne : reflet des préoccupations patrimoniales d'une époque (1929-1949)" (paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Historical Association, Quebec City, May 2001).
6. Roy, Le vieux Québec; Natalie Duhamel, "Coordonner tourisme et artisanat, ou comment mettre en valeur le visage pittoresque du Qúbec, 1915-1960", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 34, no. 67 (May 2001), pp. 97-114, and "La collection Coverdale d'histoire canadienne : reflet des préoccupations patrimoniales d'une époque (1929-1949)" (paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Historical Association, Quebec City, May 2001).
7. Roy, Le vieux Québec; Natalie Duhamel, "Coordonner tourisme et artisanat, ou comment mettre en valeur le visage pittoresque du Qúbec, 1915-1960", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 34, no. 67 (May 2001), pp. 97-114, and "La collection Coverdale d'histoire canadienne : reflet des préoccupations patrimoniales d'une époque (1929-1949)" (paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Historical Association, Quebec City, May 2001).
8. See Doug Owram, "'Quaint Quebec': British Views of French Canada", in Doug Owram and R. G. Moyles, eds, Imperial Dreams and Colonial Realities: British Views of Canada, 1880-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), pp. 87-113; Sylvain Simard, Mythe et reflet de la France. L'image du Canada en France, 1850-1914 (Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, Cahiers du CRCCF #25, 1987).
9. See Doug Owram, "'Quaint Quebec': British Views of French Canada", in Doug Owram and R. G. Moyles, eds, Imperial Dreams and Colonial Realities: British Views of Canada, 1880-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), pp. 87-113; Sylvain Simard, Mythe et reflet de la France. L'image du Canada en France, 1850-1914 (Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, Cahiers du CRCCF #25, 1987).
10. See, for instance, Philippe Dubé, Deux cents ans de villégiature dans Charlevoix ou l'histoire d'un pays visité (PhD thesis, Université Laval, 1985).
11. It must be noted that these authors did not provide their national origin in their written accounts. A few travel writers published in American publications were clearly Canadian. For the purpose of this article, I have tried to the best of my knowledge to quote American writers exclusively.
12. Indeed, "three-quarters of visitors came by car and their numbers went from 15,000 in 1915 to 650,000 in 1930, not counting the short trips made by Ontarians" (Prévost, Trois siècles de tourisme, p. 90).
13. See also, for instance, "World Travel Notes: Eastern Canada", Living Age, vol. 236 (August 1929), p. 459; Helen Augur, "The New Order on New France", Travel, May 1942, p. 36.
14. See also, for instance, "World Travel Notes: Eastern Canada", Living Age, vol. 236 (August 1929), p. 459; Helen Augur, "The New Order on New France", Travel, May 1942, p. 36.
15. "Glimpses of Summer Playground - Realms of Summer Recreation", Literary Digest, vol. 85 (June 6, 1924), p. 90.
16. Louis Hémon, Maria Chapdelaine, trans. W. H. Blake (Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada Ltd., 1948), p. 171.
17. Pierre Berton, Hollywood's Canada: The Americanization of our National Image (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1975), p. 82. See also pp. 79-86.
18. Pierre Savard, "Les 'caractères' nationaux dans un manuel de géographie des années 1930", Recherches sociographiques, vol. 23 (1982), p. 205, n. 1.
19. Leila Gott Harris and Kilroy Harris, Canadian Ways (Bloomington, Ill.: McKnight and McKnight, 1939), pp. 19-23.
20. Ibid., p. 11.
21. Ibid., pp. 19-23.
22. Harold B. Clifford, Canada, My Neighbour (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944), p. 110.
23. Harris and Harris, Canadian Ways, p. 40.
24. In Carpentier's reader one sees, for instance, a photograph of a young girl taking a loaf of bread from an outside oven. The caption reads: "Girls of Quebec Province learn to bake delicious loaves of sweet-smelling bread in the outdoor ovens near their farmhouses." See Frances Carpentier, Canada and Her Northern Neighbours (New York: American Book Company, 1946), pp. 180, 188.
25. Harris and Harris, Canadian Ways, p. 46.
26. Etta Macdonald and Julia Dalrymphe, Betty in Canada: A Geographical Reader (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1912), p. 78.
27. Carpentier, Canada and Her Northern Neighbours, pp. 180-181.
28. Ibid., p. 197.
29. Harris and Harris, Canadian Ways, pp. 26, 27, 33.
30. See, among others, Wallace Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", Saturday Night, vol. 67 (July 12, 1952), p. 36.
31. See W. P. Percival, "Picturesque Quebec", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 23, no. 2 (1946), p. 61; Gorman Kennedy, "Holiday in Quebec", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 34, no. 1 (January 1947), p. 26.
32. See W. P. Percival, "Picturesque Quebec", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 23, no. 2 (1946), p. 61; Gorman Kennedy, "Holiday in Quebec", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 34, no. 1 (January 1947), p. 26.
33. Carleton McNaught, "The Real Maria Chapdelaine", Canadian Magazine, vol. 83 (January 3, 1935), p. 6. See also F. O. Call, "Country of Maria Chapdelaine", Canadian Magazine, vol. 63 (December 1924), p. 453.
34. Carleton McNaught, "The Real Maria Chapdelaine", Canadian Magazine, vol. 83 (January 3, 1935), p. 6. See also F. O. Call, "Country of Maria Chapdelaine", Canadian Magazine, vol. 63 (December 1924), p. 453.
35. See Hugh Gardner, "Quebec City: Eye to the Future", Saturday Night, vol. 72 (February 1957), p. 12.
36. See Gilbert Paterson, illustrated by C. W. Jeffreys and Edith MacLaren, The Story of Our People (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1933); W. Stewart Wallace, A First Book of Canadian History (Toronto: Macmillan, 1928; reprinted 1929, 1931), p. 132. Authorized by the Minister for the Public Schools of Ontario from 1928 to 1950-1951.
37. See Gilbert Paterson, illustrated by C. W. Jeffreys and Edith MacLaren, The Story of Our People (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1933); W. Stewart Wallace, A First Book of Canadian History (Toronto: Macmillan, 1928; reprinted 1929, 1931), p. 132. Authorized by the Minister for the Public Schools of Ontario from 1928 to 1950-1951.
38. D. C. Harvey, Sir George Etienne Cartier, Ryerson Canadian History Series, Lorne Pierce, ed. (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1930), p. 20.
39. See, for instance, J. C. Sutherland, The Romance of Quebec (Toronto: W. J. Gage & Co., 1937); E. C. Woodley, The Province of Quebec through Four Centuries (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Company, 1947).
40. See, for instance, J. C. Sutherland, The Romance of Quebec (Toronto: W. J. Gage & Co., 1937); E. C. Woodley, The Province of Quebec through Four Centuries (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Company, 1947).
41. Arthur Dorland, Our Canada (Toronto: Copp Clark Publishing, 1949), pp. 353-356 (used in Ontario from 1952 to 1959).
42. Ibid., p. 472.
43. Isaac Gammell, History of Canada (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Co., 1927), p. 113 (textbook used in the high schools of Montreal and authorized for use in schools in British Columbia).
44. Woodley, The Province of Quebec, pp. 193, 200.
45. Ibid., p. 210.
46. Donalda Dickie, The Great Adventure: An Illustrated History of Canada for Young Canadians, illustrated by Lloyd Scott (Toronto: J. M. Dent, 1950), reader used in Ontario from 1951 to 1960 and in Alberta and British Columbia for grades 6, 7, and 8.
47. George Wrong, Chester Martin, and Walter N. Sprague, The Story of Canada, illustrated by C. W. Jeffreys (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1929).
48. Sutherland, The Romance of Quebec, p. 236.
49. Aileen Garland, Canada Then and Now (Toronto: MacMillan, 1954), p. 144 (authorized in Ontario from 1954 to 1960).
50. See "Plages et Places d'été de la région de Québec", La Presse, July 3, 1926, p. 46.
51. Abbés Hermann Plante and Louis Martel, Mon pays : synthèse d'histoire du Canada (Montreal: Éditions Laflèche, 1956), p. 275.
52. Ibid., p. 276.
53. Charles and Margaret Koehler, "Canada Carefree", Travel, vol. 111 (June 1959), p. 23.
54. Dean MacCannell, "Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 79 (November 1973), p. 589.
55. Dean McCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), p. 3. See also his article "Staged Authenticity", pp. 589-592.
56. Dean McCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), p. 3. See also his article "Staged Authenticity", pp. 589-592.
57. Chris Rojek and John Urry, "Transformations of Travel and Theory: Tourism and Culture", in John Urry and Chris Rojek, eds, Touring Cultures: Transformation of Travel and Theory (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 12.
58. See, for instance, George Ritzer and Allen Liska, "'McDisneyization' and 'Post-Tourism' : Complementary Perspectives on Contemporary Tourism", in Urry and Rojek, eds., Touring Cultures, pp. 107-108.
59. See Erik Cohen, "Authenticity and Commodification in Tourism", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 15 (1988), p. 374.
60. George Hughes, "Authenticity in Tourism", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no. 4 (1995), p. 781.
61. Marjorie R. Esman, "Tourism as Ethnic Preservation: The Cajuns of Louisiana", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 11 (1984), p. 459.
62. D. L. Redfoot, "Tourist Authenticity, Tourist Angst, and Modern Reality", Qualitative Sociology, vol. 7, no. 4 (Winter 1984), p. 299.
63. Cohen, "Authenticity and Commodification", p. 376.
64. Redfoot, "Tourist Authenticity", p. 293.
65. Ibid., p. 295.
66. Harry A. Franck, "The France Across our Border", Travel, vol. 75 (May 1940), p. 14.
67. Wes Whitefield Walker, "A Survival of Old Normandy in Canada", Travel, vol. 69 (August 1937), p. 16.
68. Stella Burke May, "Along Rural Highways in French Canada", Travel, vol. 59 (June 1932), p. 33.
69. Augur, "The New Order", p. 36.
70. "Further urbanization during the 1920s brought that figure to 59.5 per cent in the 1931 census" and to 61.2 per cent in 1941. See Paul-André Linteau et al., Quebec Since 1930, trans. Robert Chodros and Ellen Garmaise (Toronto: Lorimer, 1991), pp. 16, 31.
71. Ibid., p. 8.
72. For full discussion of anti-modernism in the American context as it emerges at the turn of the century, see Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).
73. Ibid., pp. 33-42.
74. Ibid., pp. 42, 45, 74.
75. Ian McKay, The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994), p. 4. See also his discussion about the "long history of European and American thought about the Folk.", pp. 9-23.
76. Ian McKay, The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994), p. 4. See also his discussion about the "long history of European and American thought about the Folk.", pp. 9-23.
77. Donald Wright, "W. D. Lighthall and David Ross McCord: Antimodernism and English Canadian Imperialism, 1880s-1918", Journal of Canadian Studies/ Revue d'études canadiennes, vol. 32, no. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 139, 135, 75, 92, 93. Ian McKay also notes in his study on the "invention" of the folk of Nova Scotia that the 1930s saw a boom in interest in the folk (The Quest of the Folk, p. 75).
78. Donald Wright, "W. D. Lighthall and David Ross McCord: Antimodernism and English Canadian Imperialism, 1880s-1918", Journal of Canadian Studies/ Revue d'études canadiennes, vol. 32, no. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 139, 135, 75, 92, 93. Ian McKay also notes in his study on the "invention" of the folk of Nova Scotia that the 1930s saw a boom in interest in the folk (The Quest of the Folk, p. 75).
79. Pat Morgan, "Popular Art in the Raw", Commonweal, vol. 28 (May 13, 1938), p. 71.
80. Sally Bennett, "The Grand Style at Murray Bay", Travel, vol. 75 (May 1940), p. 37.
81. "Dozen favorite tours", Holiday, July 14, 1953, p. 17.
82. Franck, "The France Across Our Border", p. 16.
83. George Sessions Perry, "Quebec City"(in a series called "Cities of the World"), Saturday Evening Post, February 18, 1956, p. 54.
84. See Owram, "Quaint Quebec", pp. 87-113.
85. Historian Ian McKay in the context of his research of the folk of Nova Scotia has noted a comparable contrast between travellers' reactions of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth and those of the 1920s and 1930s. By then, rural citizens had become "objects of contemplation" (The Quest of the Folk, pp. 225, 32, 39).
86. See "The Habitant Ho Kays Winter", Saturday Evening Post, vol. 211 (February 4, 1939), p. 42; Wes Whitfield Walker, "A Survival of Old Normandy in Canada", Travel, vol. 69 (August 1937), p. 16.
87. See "The Habitant Ho Kays Winter", Saturday Evening Post, vol. 211 (February 4, 1939), p. 42; Wes Whitfield Walker, "A Survival of Old Normandy in Canada", Travel, vol. 69 (August 1937), p. 16.
88. Brian Meredith, "Laurentian Prospect: An Aperçu of French Canada", The Fortnightly, January 1938, p. 95.
89. Byron Steele, Let's Visit Canada: A Practical Guide for Tourist, Sportsman and Vacationist (New York: Robert M. McBride and Co., 1st ed, 1948), p. 46.
90. Franck, "The France Across Our Borders", p. 17.
91. Augur, "The New Order", p. 36.
92. Simard, Mythe et reflet de la France, pp. 316-317.
93. See, for instance, Charles W. Stokes, "Picturesque Canada", Review of Reviews, vol. 79 (May 1929), pp. 59-60.
94. Peter Kennedy, "Canadian Honeymoon", Travel, vol. 100 (July 1953), p. 10.
95. Stokes, "Picturesque Canada", pp. 57-58.
96. See William Weintraub, City Unique: Montreal Days and Nights in the 1940s and 50s (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1996).
97. McKay, The Quest of the Folk, p. xv.
98. Ibid., p. 216.
99. Perry, "Quebec City", p. 22.
100. Stokes, "Picturesque Canada", p. 59.
101. Bennett, "The Grand Style at Murray Bay", p. 37.
102. Koelher and Koelher, "Canada Carefree", p. 23.
103. E. B. Hotton, "Along the Perron Boulevard", The New York Times, July 27, 1930, section 19, p. 7.
104. See "Fascinating Gaspe", Saturday Night, vol. 48 (July 15, 1933), p. 16; "Gaspe - Canada's Riviera", Saturday Night, vol. 50 (May 25, 1935), p. 16.
105. See "Fascinating Gaspe", Saturday Night, vol. 48 (July 15, 1933), p. 16; "Gaspe - Canada's Riviera", Saturday Night, vol. 50 (May 25, 1935), p. 16.
106. "Along Quebec Highways", Saturday Night, vol. 50 (July 27, 1935), p. 10.
107. Ken Johnstone, "Holiday Weekend in Quebec City", Maclean's Magazine, vol. 71 (November 8, 1958), p. 27.
108. Percival, "Picturesque Quebec", p. 60.
109. German Kennedy, "Holiday in Quebec", p. 22.
110. See William MacMillan, "UI Prefer Quebec", Maclean's Magazine, vol. 46 (April 1, 1933), p. 42.
111. See McNaught, "The Real Maria Chapdelaine", p. 6.
112. Kennedy Crone, "La Ville de Montréal", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 3, no. 1 (July 1931), pp. 38, 39.
113. Dr. W. T. Herridge, "Murray Bay: A Distinguished Paradox", Canadian Magazine, vol. 69, no. 8 (September 1925), p. 229.
114. Macmillan, "I Prefer Quebec", p. 42.
115. La Gaspésie, pays qu'il faut voir", La Presse, June 13, 1936.
116. See, among others, the article on Quebec City in La Presse, June 19, 1926, p. 21; "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants...", La Presse, July 3, 1926, p. 21.
117. See, among others, the article on Quebec City in La Presse, June 19, 1926, p. 21; "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants...", La Presse, July 3, 1926, p. 21.
118. "Plages et Places d'ét́ de la Région de Québec", La Presse, July 3, 1926, p. 46.
119. "La banlieue de Montréal - les Cantons de l'Est : région parsemée de superbes lacs", La Presse, June 8, 1940, p. 36.
120. "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et à ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, June 19, 1926, p. 21.
121. See "Le Québec prévoit une saison touristique record cette année", La Presse, June 8, 1940, p. 28.
122. "Centre touristique des plus populaires", La Presse, July 2, 1940, p. 39.
123. La Presse, June 8, 1940, p. 36.
124. "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 8, 1926, p. 67. See also "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 1, 1926, p. 3; "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et à ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 15, 1926, p. 61.
125. "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 8, 1926, p. 67. See also "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 1, 1926, p. 3; "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et à ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 15, 1926, p. 61.
126. "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 8, 1926, p. 67. See also "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et ̀ ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 1, 1926, p. 3; "Ce que la province de Québec offre à ses habitants et à ceux qui la visitent", La Presse, May 15, 1926, p. 61.
127. La Presse, June 22, 1940, p. 35.
128. "Le Québec prévoit une saison touristique record cette année : Québec la province la plus attrayante", La Presse, June 8, 1940, p. 28.
129. "Les Laurentides et les rives du Saint-Laurent", La Presse, June 26, 1930, p. 30.
130. See, for instance, B. W. Riddell, "In Any Season Old Quebec Has Vacation Variety", Financial Post, vol. 50, no. 12 (May 26, 1956); Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", p. 26; Winston Brebner, "Quebec", Holiday, vol. 17 (June 1955); Jane Carter, "Winter's Magic in Canada", Travel, vol. 90 (February 1948), p. 7.
131. See, for instance, B. W. Riddell, "In Any Season Old Quebec Has Vacation Variety", Financial Post, vol. 50, no. 12 (May 26, 1956); Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", p. 26; Winston Brebner, "Quebec", Holiday, vol. 17 (June 1955); Jane Carter, "Winter's Magic in Canada", Travel, vol. 90 (February 1948), p. 7.
132. See, for instance, B. W. Riddell, "In Any Season Old Quebec Has Vacation Variety", Financial Post, vol. 50, no. 12 (May 26, 1956); Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", p. 26; Winston Brebner, "Quebec", Holiday, vol. 17 (June 1955); Jane Carter, "Winter's Magic in Canada", Travel, vol. 90 (February 1948), p. 7.
133. See, for instance, B. W. Riddell, "In Any Season Old Quebec Has Vacation Variety", Financial Post, vol. 50, no. 12 (May 26, 1956); Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", p. 26; Winston Brebner, "Quebec", Holiday, vol. 17 (June 1955); Jane Carter, "Winter's Magic in Canada", Travel, vol. 90 (February 1948), p. 7.
134. Ward, "The Quebec of the Visitors", p. 23.
135. "Lazy, Unhurried Days through the Quaint Picturesque Quebec Countryside", Saturday Night, June 10, 1933.
136. "Visit the Old Province of Quebec, Land of Legend and Romance", Halifax Herald, June 27, 1936, p. 7.
137. "Bienvenue à Montreal", Halifax Herald, May 23, 1936, p. 10.
138. See the Old Province of Quebec, the Cradle of American History", Halifax Herald, July 25, 1936, p. 6.
139. "Chateau de Ramezay-1705", Canadian Geographical Journal, vol. 14, no. 4 (April 1937).
140. Prévost, Trois siècles de tourisme, p. 202.
141. "Discover a new Vacation - a French Canadian Vacation" [Gaspé], Halifax Herald, June 5, 1940, p. 8.
142. "This Year - Plan a French Canadian Vacation" [Eastern Townships], Halifax Herald, July 7, 1940, p. 4.
143. "Contrast...atmosphere...gaiety...a French Canadian Vacation", Halifax Herald, July 24, 1940, p. 12.
144. "Refreshing...Different...a French Canadian Vacation" [Province], Halifax Herald, July 17, 1940, p. 4.
145. "Contrast...atmosphere...gaiety...a French Canadian Vacation", Halifax Herald, July 24, 1940, p. 12.
146. "Have you ever had a French Canadian Vacation?", Halifax Herald, May 8, 1940, p. 8.
147. "Have you ever had a French Canadian Vacation?" [Laurentians], Halifax Herald, June 12, 1940, p. 11.
148. Americans were concerned about how they would be welcomed across Canada. See Alisa Apostle, "Canada, Vacations Unlimited: The Canadian Government Tourism Industry" (PhD thesis, History, Queen's University, 2002), chap. 3.
149. "One American's Opinion: A Daily Interview with a Tourist from South of the Border", The Montreal Gazette, June 10, 1940, p. 18.
150. "Enjoy Your Honeymoon in Romantic Québec", Toronto Star, May 15, 1950, p. 7.
151. "Bienvenue à Québec", Saturday Night, June 1953.
152. "Plan Your Vacation in Romantic Quebec", Toronto Star, June 5, 1950, p. 40.
153. "Enjoy Your Honeymoon in Romantic Quebec", Toronto Star, May 15, 1950, p. 7.
154. "Visit Quebec Shrines", New York Times, May 20, 1956, p. 43.
155. "Plan Now for a Vacation that is Different", New York Times, June 10, 1956, p. 38.
156. This campaign was jointly organized by the Association des Hôteliers du Québec and the Quebec government.
157. Joan D. Laxson, who studied the attitudes of anglophone tourists towards Native Americans, asked whether tourism was a broadening experience likely to change "preconceived stereotypic images". She concluded that "the superficial interactions of tourists as museum visitors and observers ... reinforce their stereotypical views of the world or of the host culture as the 'correct one'." Joan D. Laxson, "How 'We' See 'Them': Tourism and Native Americans", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 18 (1991), pp. 366, 373.