Calculation of the cost of an adequate education in Kentucky: A professional judgment approach

Education Policy Analysis Archives

Volumn 12, Issue , 2004, Pages

  Verstegen, Deborah A ^a,b,c,d,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c Amer Educ Finance Association   (United States)

^d AAUP VA   (United States)

^e Plcy E   (United States)

^f Women Education Leaders   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3242669088     PISSN: 10682341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14507/epaa.v12n8.2004     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
2. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
3. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
4. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
5. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
6. This article is based on the report: Verstegen, D. A. (February 2003). The Calculation of the Cost of An Adequate Education in Kentucky." Oldham, KY: Council for Better Education, Inc. The author gratefully acknowledges the Kentucky Department of Education for information, data, and other assistance throughout the study; the dedicated and knowledgeable individuals who participated in the prototype panels; and the scholars who have contributed to thinking and research in this area, and upon whose prior work this study draws: Myers, J. & Silverstein, J. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education in Montana in 2001-2002 Using the Professional Judgment Approach". Mimeo. (August 2002).; Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy: Towards New Models of State Education Finance Systems That Support Standards-Based Reform." Journal of Education Finance (Winter 2002)749-782). Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. "Enabling "Adequacy" to Achieve Reality: Translating Adequacy into State School Finance Distribution Arrangements." (pp. 209-259). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press (1999). Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding Adequacy Study." Sacramento, CA: Author, (May 18, 1998). Ohio Coalition for Equity & Adequacy of School Funding. "Basket of Essential Learning Resources for the 21st Century." Columbus, OH: Author (n.d.). Note: All data are for 2001-02; End of year ADA is used throughout (564,198)
7. The high court called for an education system that is "uniform, adequate, and unitary". Rose v. Council for Better Educ. Inc. 790 S.W.2d 186 (Ky. 1989), at 212
8. The Kentucky Department of Education URL: http://www.kde.state.ky.us/ . According to Jacovitch, D. et al. the agency request was $3,041. See: Jacovitch, D., Otto, S., Upton, C. & Hager, G. "The SEEK Formula for Funding Kentucky's School Districts: An Evaluation of Data, Procedures and Budgets (DRAFT)." Frankfurt, Kentucky: Legislative Research Commission. (2003), p. 84.
9. The Kentucky Department of Education URL: http://www.kde.state.ky.us/ . According to Jacovitch, D. et al. the agency request was $3,041. See: Jacovitch, D., Otto, S., Upton, C. & Hager, G. "The SEEK Formula for Funding Kentucky's School Districts: An Evaluation of Data, Procedures and Budgets (DRAFT)." Frankfurt, Kentucky: Legislative Research Commission. (2003), p. 84.
10. Verstegen, D. A. "The New Finance." American School Board Journal (October 2002), 24-26.
11. Myers et al. "Calculation of the Cost of a Suitable Education." Ibid.
12. See: Jacovitch et al. "The SEEK Formula." Ibid.
13. See: Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. R. Rothstein, "What Does Education Cost?" The American School Board Journal, (September 1998). J. W. Guthrie & R. Rothstein "Enabling 'Adequacy' to Achieve Reality" Ibid. Reschovsky, A & Imazeki, J. Reforming State Aid to Achieve Educational Adequacy: Lessons from Texas and Wisconsin. Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills, (1999). Verstegen, D. A. "What is Adequacy? How is It Defined? What Does it Cost? " Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills (1999)
14. See: Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. R. Rothstein, "What Does Education Cost?" The American School Board Journal, (September 1998). J. W. Guthrie & R. Rothstein "Enabling 'Adequacy' to Achieve Reality" Ibid. Reschovsky, A & Imazeki, J. Reforming State Aid to Achieve Educational Adequacy: Lessons from Texas and Wisconsin. Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills, (1999). Verstegen, D. A. "What is Adequacy? How is It Defined? What Does it Cost? " Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills (1999)
15. See: Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. R. Rothstein, "What Does Education Cost?" The American School Board Journal, (September 1998). J. W. Guthrie & R. Rothstein "Enabling 'Adequacy' to Achieve Reality" Ibid. Reschovsky, A & Imazeki, J. Reforming State Aid to Achieve Educational Adequacy: Lessons from Texas and Wisconsin. Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills, (1999). Verstegen, D. A. "What is Adequacy? How is It Defined? What Does it Cost? " Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills (1999)
16. See: Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. R. Rothstein, "What Does Education Cost?" The American School Board Journal, (September 1998). J. W. Guthrie & R. Rothstein "Enabling 'Adequacy' to Achieve Reality" Ibid. Reschovsky, A & Imazeki, J. Reforming State Aid to Achieve Educational Adequacy: Lessons from Texas and Wisconsin. Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills, (1999). Verstegen, D. A. "What is Adequacy? How is It Defined? What Does it Cost? " Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills (1999)
17. See: Verstegen, D.A., "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. R. Rothstein, "What Does Education Cost?" The American School Board Journal, (September 1998). J. W. Guthrie & R. Rothstein "Enabling 'Adequacy' to Achieve Reality" Ibid. Reschovsky, A & Imazeki, J. Reforming State Aid to Achieve Educational Adequacy: Lessons from Texas and Wisconsin. Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills, (1999). Verstegen, D. A. "What is Adequacy? How is It Defined? What Does it Cost? " Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Funding Adequacy & Equity in the Next Millennium. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research and Policy on Basic Skills (1999)
18. See, for example, Levin, H. M. Cost-Effectiveness: A Primer. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1983).
19. This review relies on published research studies and manuscripts available in the field and on-line, c.f., Verstegen, D. A. "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. (1999). "Enabling Adequacy" Ibid. Myers et al. "Calculation of the Cost." Ibid.
20. This review relies on published research studies and manuscripts available in the field and on-line, c.f., Verstegen, D. A. "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. (1999). "Enabling Adequacy" Ibid. Myers et al. "Calculation of the Cost." Ibid.
21. This review relies on published research studies and manuscripts available in the field and on-line, c.f., Verstegen, D. A. "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid. Guthrie, J. W. & Rothstein, R. (1999). "Enabling Adequacy" Ibid. Myers et al. "Calculation of the Cost." Ibid.
22. Verstegen, D. A. "Financing the New Adequacy." Ibid.
23. Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding," Ibid. Guthrie & Rothstein. "Enabling Adequacy," Ibid.
24. Management Analysis & Planning, Inc. "Wyoming Education Funding," Ibid. Guthrie & Rothstein. "Enabling Adequacy," Ibid.
25. Day long meetings over a one week period of time were convened; experts were asked "What in your judgment are key components required to provide effective instruction, to enable students to acquire the prerequisites to enter the University of Wyoming, or to have access to other attractive post-secondary endeavors"? Responses varied and no effort was made to reach consensus nor were systematic procedures used to identify and utilize professional viewpoints. See, Management Planning and Analysis Associates, "Wyoming Educational Adequacy." Ibid.
26. Guthrie & Rothstein, "Enabling Adequacy", Ibid. pp. 231.
27. Augenblick, J., Alexander, K. &. Guthrie, J.W. "Report of the Panel of Experts: Proposals for the Elimination of Wealth Based Disparities in Education." Report submitted by Ohio Chief State School Officer T. Sanders to the Ohio State Legislature." Mimeo (1995).
28. Augenblick, J. , J. Silverstein, J. "Alternative Approaches for Determining a Base Figure and Pupil-Weighted Adjustments for Use in a School Finance System in New Hampshire." Mimeo. (November 30, 1998). See also: Augenblick, J., & Silverstein, J. "Determining An Adequate Per Pupil Funding Level for Public Education in South Carolina in Relation to Pupil Performance Objectives." Mimeo (July 2000).
29. Augenblick, J. , J. Silverstein, J. "Alternative Approaches for Determining a Base Figure and Pupil-Weighted Adjustments for Use in a School Finance System in New Hampshire." Mimeo. (November 30, 1998). See also: Augenblick, J., & Silverstein, J. "Determining An Adequate Per Pupil Funding Level for Public Education in South Carolina in Relation to Pupil Performance Objectives." Mimeo (July 2000).
30. Duncombe, W. D. & Yinger, J. M. "Performance Standards and Educational Cost Indexes: You Can't Have One Without the Other." (pp. 260-297). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. "Equity and Adequacy," Ibid, (1999). See also, Duncombe, W. Lukemeyer, A. "Estimating the Cost of Educational Adequacy: A Comparison of Approaches." Paper presented at the American Education Finance Association Annual Conference. Albuquerque, New Mexico (March 2002).
31. Duncombe, W. D. & Yinger, J. M. "Performance Standards and Educational Cost Indexes: You Can't Have One Without the Other." (pp. 260-297). In Ladd, H. F., Chalk, R. & Hansen, J. S., Eds. "Equity and Adequacy," Ibid, (1999). See also, Duncombe, W. Lukemeyer, A. "Estimating the Cost of Educational Adequacy: A Comparison of Approaches." Paper presented at the American Education Finance Association Annual Conference. Albuquerque, New Mexico (March 2002).
32. A district was found to be inefficient if it spent more on education than other districts with the same performance and the same educational costs. Duncombe & Yinger, "Performance Standards," Ibid.
33. See, for example, A. Odden and Busch, C. Financing Schools for High Performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, (1998).
34. American Institutes for Research, URL: http://www.air.org/projects (12/8/00). See also, Borman, G. D., Hewes, G. M & Overman, L. T. and Brown, "Comprehensive School Reform and Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, vol. 73, no. 2 (Summer 2003), 125-230.
35. American Institutes for Research, URL: http://www.air.org/projects (12/8/00). See also, Borman, G. D., Hewes, G. M & Overman, L. T. and Brown, "Comprehensive School Reform and Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, vol. 73, no. 2 (Summer 2003), 125-230.
36. Myers et al. "Calculation of the Cost of A Suitable Education," Ibid. p. 6.
37. http://www.kde.state.ky.us/
38. See: Rose v. Council for Better Educ. Inc. 790 S.W.2d 186 (Ky. 1989), at 212.
39. http://www.kde.state.ky.us/
40. Jacovitch et al. Ibid.
41. This number includes alternative schools but not early childhood schools, vocational schools or extension centers.
42. See, for example: Schweinhart, L.J., Barnes, H.V., & Weikart, D. P. Significant Benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 27. Ypsilanti, Michigan: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation (1993). Campbell, F. A., Helms, R. Sparling, J. J. & Ramsey. "Early-Childhood Programs and Success in School: The Abecedarian Study." (pp. 145-166). In Barnet, W. S. & Boocock, S. S. (Eds.) Early Care and Education for Children in Poverty: Promises, Programs and Long-Term Results. Albany, N. Y.: State University Press (1998).
43. See, for example: Schweinhart, L.J., Barnes, H.V., & Weikart, D. P. Significant Benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 27. Ypsilanti, Michigan: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation (1993). Campbell, F. A., Helms, R. Sparling, J. J. & Ramsey. "Early-Childhood Programs and Success in School: The Abecedarian Study." (pp. 145-166). In Barnet, W. S. & Boocock, S. S. (Eds.) Early Care and Education for Children in Poverty: Promises, Programs and Long-Term Results. Albany, N. Y.: State University Press (1998).
44. See: Alber-Kelsay, K. "Full-Day Kindergarten vs. Half-Day Kindergarten: The Outcome of First Grade Reading Achievement." ERIC: ED 417 380; McClinton, S. L. and C. Topping. "Extended Day Kindergarten: Are the Effects Tangible?" Journal of Educational Research 75, 39-40. Fusaro, J. A.. "The Effect of Full-Day Kindergarten on Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis." Child Study Journal 27(4) (1997)269-277.
45. See: Alber-Kelsay, K. "Full-Day Kindergarten vs. Half-Day Kindergarten: The Outcome of First Grade Reading Achievement." ERIC: ED 417 380; McClinton, S. L. and C. Topping. "Extended Day Kindergarten: Are the Effects Tangible?" Journal of Educational Research 75, 39-40. Fusaro, J. A.. "The Effect of Full-Day Kindergarten on Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis." Child Study Journal 27(4) (1997)269-277.
46. See: Alber-Kelsay, K. "Full-Day Kindergarten vs. Half-Day Kindergarten: The Outcome of First Grade Reading Achievement." ERIC: ED 417 380; McClinton, S. L. and C. Topping. "Extended Day Kindergarten: Are the Effects Tangible?" Journal of Educational Research 75, 39-40. Fusaro, J. A.. "The Effect of Full-Day Kindergarten on Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis." Child Study Journal 27(4) (1997)269-277.
47. See, for example: Achilles, C. M. Let's Put Kids First, Finally: Getting Class Size Right. Thousand Oakes, CA: Corwin (1999). Word, E., Johnston, H., Baln, H. P., Fulton, B. E., Zaharias, J. B., Lintz, M. N., Achilles, C. M., Folger, J., Breda, C. (n.d.). "Student/Teacher Ratio (STAR), Tennessee's K-3 Class Size Study, Final Summary Report (1985-1990)", 32 pp.; Nye, B.A. et al. "The Lasting Benefits Study: A Continuing Analysis of the Effects of Small Class Size in K-3 on Student Achievement Test Scores in Subsequent Grade Levels, Seventh Grade Technical Report, 1992-1993", 23 pp (n.d.).
48. See, for example: Achilles, C. M. Let's Put Kids First, Finally: Getting Class Size Right. Thousand Oakes, CA: Corwin (1999). Word, E., Johnston, H., Baln, H. P., Fulton, B. E., Zaharias, J. B., Lintz, M. N., Achilles, C. M., Folger, J., Breda, C. (n.d.). "Student/Teacher Ratio (STAR), Tennessee's K-3 Class Size Study, Final Summary Report (1985-1990)", 32 pp.; Nye, B.A. et al. "The Lasting Benefits Study: A Continuing Analysis of the Effects of Small Class Size in K-3 on Student Achievement Test Scores in Subsequent Grade Levels, Seventh Grade Technical Report, 1992-1993", 23 pp (n.d.).
49. See, for example: Achilles, C. M. Let's Put Kids First, Finally: Getting Class Size Right. Thousand Oakes, CA: Corwin (1999). Word, E., Johnston, H., Baln, H. P., Fulton, B. E., Zaharias, J. B., Lintz, M. N., Achilles, C. M., Folger, J., Breda, C. (n.d.). "Student/Teacher Ratio (STAR), Tennessee's K-3 Class Size Study, Final Summary Report (1985-1990)", 32 pp.; Nye, B.A. et al. "The Lasting Benefits Study: A Continuing Analysis of the Effects of Small Class Size in K-3 on Student Achievement Test Scores in Subsequent Grade Levels, Seventh Grade Technical Report, 1992-1993", 23 pp (n.d.).
50. See, for example, Raywid, M. A. "Current Literature on Small Schools." Eric Digest, 1-2. http:// www.ael.org/eric/ digests/edorc988.htm. (1999). Meier, D. W. "The Big Benefits of Smallness." Educational Leadership, 12-15 (September 1996). Lee, V. E. and Smith, J. B. "High School Size: Which Works Best and For Whom?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 205 -227 (Fall 1997).
51. See, for example, Raywid, M. A. "Current Literature on Small Schools." Eric Digest, 1-2. http:// www.ael.org/eric/ digests/edorc988.htm. (1999). Meier, D. W. "The Big Benefits of Smallness." Educational Leadership, 12-15 (September 1996). Lee, V. E. and Smith, J. B. "High School Size: Which Works Best and For Whom?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 205 -227 (Fall 1997).
52. See, for example, Raywid, M. A. "Current Literature on Small Schools." Eric Digest, 1-2. http:// www.ael.org/eric/ digests/edorc988.htm. (1999). Meier, D. W. "The Big Benefits of Smallness." Educational Leadership, 12-15 (September 1996). Lee, V. E. and Smith, J. B. "High School Size: Which Works Best and For Whom?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 205 -227 (Fall 1997).
53. See for example, National Education Commission on Time and Learning. Prisoners of Time. Washington, D.C. (September 1994).
54. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
55. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
56. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
57. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
58. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
59. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
60. Rossmiller, R. A., Hale, J. A., & Frohreich, L. E. Educational Programs for Exceptional Children: Resource Configurations and Costs. (Special Study No. 2). Madison, Wisconsin: National Education Finance Project(1970). Walker, L. J., & Holland, R. P. Finetuning Special Education (1982); Kakalik, J. S., Furry, W. S., Thomas, M. A. & Carney, M. F. "The Cost of Special Education" (Rand Note). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.(1981). Moore, M. T., Finance: A Guide for State Policymakers. N.J.: Educational Testing Service; Moore, M. T., Strang, E. W., Schwartz, M. & Braddock, M. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract No. 3000-84-0257. Washington, D.C.: Decision Resources Corporation (1988). Chaikind, S., Danielson, L.C. and Baven, M. L. (1993). "What Do We Know About the Costs of Special Education? A Selected Review." Journal of Special Education , 26(4), 344-370; Parrish, T. B. & Verstegen, D. A. Fiscal Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Policy Issues and Alternatives. (Policy Paper Number 3). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research (June 1994).
61. Parrish, T. B. & Matsumoto, C. S. "Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90". NCES 95-300. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Education: National Center for Education Statistics (1989). Parrish, T. B. "A Cost Analysis of Alternative Models for Limited English Students in California". Journal of Education Finance, 19(3), (1994)256-278. See also, The Costs of Educating Arizona's English Learners Study Submitted in Response to Judge Alfredo Marquez's October 12, 2000 Order (January 2001).
62. Parrish, T. B. & Matsumoto, C. S. "Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90". NCES 95-300. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Education: National Center for Education Statistics (1989). Parrish, T. B. "A Cost Analysis of Alternative Models for Limited English Students in California". Journal of Education Finance, 19(3), (1994)256-278. See also, The Costs of Educating Arizona's English Learners Study Submitted in Response to Judge Alfredo Marquez's October 12, 2000 Order (January 2001).
63. Parrish, T. B. & Matsumoto, C. S. "Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90". NCES 95-300. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Education: National Center for Education Statistics (1989). Parrish, T. B. "A Cost Analysis of Alternative Models for Limited English Students in California". Journal of Education Finance, 19(3), (1994)256-278. See also, The Costs of Educating Arizona's English Learners Study Submitted in Response to Judge Alfredo Marquez's October 12, 2000 Order (January 2001).
64. See, for example: Parrish, T., Matsumoto, C. S. & Fowler, W. Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90. (NCES 95-300). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (February 1989). Allgood, W. & Rothstein, R. Adequate Education for At-Risk Youths. Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute. Mimeo (2000). Rothstein, R. Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. (p. 31-92). In, Kahlenberg, R. D. Ed., A Notion At Risk. N.Y.: Century Foundation Book (2000). Clune, W. H. "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy in School Finance."Educational Policy, 8(4), (1994)376-394. Reschovsky, A. & Imazeki, J. "The Development of School Finance Formulas to Guarantee the Provision of Adequate Education to Low Income Students." In, U.S. Department of Education, Developments in School Finance 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics (1998).
65. See, for example: Parrish, T., Matsumoto, C. S. & Fowler, W. Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90. (NCES 95-300). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (February 1989). Allgood, W. & Rothstein, R. Adequate Education for At-Risk Youths. Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute. Mimeo (2000). Rothstein, R. Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. (p. 31-92). In, Kahlenberg, R. D. Ed., A Notion At Risk. N.Y.: Century Foundation Book (2000). Clune, W. H. "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy in School Finance."Educational Policy, 8(4), (1994)376-394. Reschovsky, A. & Imazeki, J. "The Development of School Finance Formulas to Guarantee the Provision of Adequate Education to Low Income Students." In, U.S. Department of Education, Developments in School Finance 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics (1998).
66. See, for example: Parrish, T., Matsumoto, C. S. & Fowler, W. Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90. (NCES 95-300). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (February 1989). Allgood, W. & Rothstein, R. Adequate Education for At-Risk Youths. Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute. Mimeo (2000). Rothstein, R. Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. (p. 31-92). In, Kahlenberg, R. D. Ed., A Notion At Risk. N.Y.: Century Foundation Book (2000). Clune, W. H. "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy in School Finance."Educational Policy, 8(4), (1994)376-394. Reschovsky, A. & Imazeki, J. "The Development of School Finance Formulas to Guarantee the Provision of Adequate Education to Low Income Students." In, U.S. Department of Education, Developments in School Finance 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics (1998).
67. See, for example: Parrish, T., Matsumoto, C. S. & Fowler, W. Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90. (NCES 95-300). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (February 1989). Allgood, W. & Rothstein, R. Adequate Education for At-Risk Youths. Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute. Mimeo (2000). Rothstein, R. Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. (p. 31-92). In, Kahlenberg, R. D. Ed., A Notion At Risk. N.Y.: Century Foundation Book (2000). Clune, W. H. "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy in School Finance."Educational Policy, 8(4), (1994)376-394. Reschovsky, A. & Imazeki, J. "The Development of School Finance Formulas to Guarantee the Provision of Adequate Education to Low Income Students." In, U.S. Department of Education, Developments in School Finance 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics (1998).
68. See, for example: Parrish, T., Matsumoto, C. S. & Fowler, W. Disparities in Public School District Spending, 1989-90. (NCES 95-300). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (February 1989). Allgood, W. & Rothstein, R. Adequate Education for At-Risk Youths. Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute. Mimeo (2000). Rothstein, R. Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. (p. 31-92). In, Kahlenberg, R. D. Ed., A Notion At Risk. N.Y.: Century Foundation Book (2000). Clune, W. H. "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy in School Finance."Educational Policy, 8(4), (1994)376-394. Reschovsky, A. & Imazeki, J. "The Development of School Finance Formulas to Guarantee the Provision of Adequate Education to Low Income Students." In, U.S. Department of Education, Developments in School Finance 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics (1998).
69. Figures were included to support specialized materials and equipment, until research cost estimates become available.
70. See for example, Achilles, "Let's Put Kids First Finally," Ibid.
71. Other teachers include, for example, art, music, physical education, technology and foreign language. Teachers were allotted a planning period each day and duty free lunch.
72. See ftnt. #27-28.
73. National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Author (2002). Data year, 1999-2000, Table 129.
74. U.S. Census Bureau. Public Education Finances. Table 6, "Current Spending of Public Elementary-Secondary School Systems by State: 1999-00." Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, Government Division, Data Tabulations (2002). Employee benefits in the tabulations include amounts paid by the school system for fringe benefits and payments made on behalf of the local education agency by the state. These amounts are not included in salaries and wages paid directly to employees. They include contributions on behalf of employees for retirement coverage, social security, group health and life insurance, tuition reimbursements, workmen's compensation and unemployment compensation. Mead, S. (Sept. 6, 2002). Personal communication. URL: http://www.censu s.gov/govs/www/school.html
75. U.S. Census Bureau. Public Education Finances. Table 6, "Current Spending of Public Elementary-Secondary School Systems by State: 1999-00." Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, Government Division, Data Tabulations (2002). Employee benefits in the tabulations include amounts paid by the school system for fringe benefits and payments made on behalf of the local education agency by the state. These amounts are not included in salaries and wages paid directly to employees. They include contributions on behalf of employees for retirement coverage, social security, group health and life insurance, tuition reimbursements, workmen's compensation and unemployment compensation. Mead, S. (Sept. 6, 2002). Personal communication. URL: http://www.censu s.gov/govs/www/school.html
76. Southern Regional Education Board. "Beyond Salaries: Employee Benefits for Teachers in the SREB States." SREB: Atlanta, GA (n.d.).
77. Legislative Research Commission. "Compensation and Benefits of Kentucky Public School Employees." Research Report 306. Frankfurt, KY (June 2002).
78. Southern Regional Education Board. "Beyond Salaries." Ibid. Data are reported from State Education Departments for 2000-01.
79. Data Source: Kentucky Department of Education. Annual Financial Report 2002 (AFR02). For subfunctions, district costs are rolled up to a higher level and not available. It is estimated that Home and Hospital expenditures add about $6-$8 per pupil; technology transfer funding (KETS) would add between $16-$22 per pupil.
80. Resource elements related to these funds are shown in Tables 4A, 4B, and 4C.
81. This is an average of weights used by Texas and Florida for LEP (2000).
82. NEA, Rankings and Estimates. 〈URL: www.nea.org.〉
83. This calculation is based on 200,000 eligible students; the number of students scoring novice on statewide tests is currently unavailable.
84. Data source: Kentucky Department of Education. Personal communication (2002).
85. For comparability to current spending, this figure includes the FY 2002 preschool grant ($46,300,000) and the Family and Youth Center grant ($51,800,000).
86. Panels recommended increasing the school year ten days for students and fifteen days for teachers.
87. Extending the school year 10 days, and increasing teacher salaries to account for the additional 10 days (at an average daily rate), would raise teacher salaries: above the SREB State average (101%), from 85% to 90% of the national average teacher salary and from 81% to 86% of the surrounding, competing seven-State average teacher salary.
88. The total $1.162 funding gap includes preschool expenditures under current law; current elementary school costs are 66.7% of the cost per preschool pupil based on FTE; total costs would vary depending on the projected participation rate.