Reversing the conventional leather processing sequence for cleaner leather production

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 1069-1075

  Saravanabhavan, Subramani ^a   Thanikaivelan, Palanisamy ^a   Rao, Jonnalagadda Raghava ^a   Nair, Balachandran Unni ^a   Ramasami, Thirumalachari ^a  

^a CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISCHARGE (FLUID MECHANICS); ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PH; PROBLEM SOLVING; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

BULK PROPERTY; LEATHER PROCESSING; MULTISTEP PROCESSES; PHYSICAL TESTING;

LEATHER;

ALKALI; BICARBONATE; CARBOXYLIC ACID; CHROMIUM; COLLAGEN; SULFURIC ACID; WATER;

DISCHARGE (FLUID MECHANICS); LEATHER; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PH; PROBLEM SOLVING; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CLEANING; CONTROLLED STUDY; GOAT; HARDNESS; LEATHER INDUSTRY; NONHUMAN; PERFORMANCE; PH; POLLUTANT; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SKIN; TEMPERATURE; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTION CONTROL;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; CHROMIUM; COST CONTROL; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; SKIN; TANNING; TECHNOLOGY; TEMPERATURE; WATER; WATER POLLUTION;

ANIMALIA; CAPRA HIRCUS;

EID: 32344453545     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es051385u     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Germann, H. P. The ecology of leather production - Present state and development trends; Proceedings of the XXV IULTCS Congress: Chennai, 1999.
2. Aloy, M.; Folachier, A.; Vulliermet, B. Tannery and Pollution; Centre Technique Du Cuir: Lyon, France, 1976.
3. Bienkiewicz, K. Physical Chemistry of Leather Making; Krieger Publishing: Malabar, FL, 1983.
4. Heidemann, E. Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture; Eduard Roether KG: Darmstadt, 1993.
5. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U. Development of a leather processing method in narrow pH profile. Part 1. Standardisation of unhairing process. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2000, 84, 276-284.
6. Simoncini, A.; Sammarco, U. The possibility of reducing the CODs deriving from the fatliquoring of the softy leathers in residual baths; Proceedings of the XXIII IULTCS Congress: Germany, 1995.
7. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 181-188.
8. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Recent trends in leather making: processes, problems, and pathways. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 35, 37-79.
9. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U. Development of a leather processing method in narrow pH profile. Part 2. Standardisation of tanning process. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2001, 85, 106-115.
10. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Stepping into third millennium: third generation leather processing - A three step tanning technique. J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 2003, 98, 173-184.
11. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Biointervention makes leather processing greener: An integrated cleansing and tanning system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2609-2617.
12. Ayyasamy, T.; Thanikaivelan, P.; Chandrasekaran, B.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U. Development of an integrated wet finishing process: Manufacture of garment leathers. J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 2004, 99, 367-375.
13. Ayyasamy, T.; Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U. The development of an integrated rechroming-neutralization-post tanning process: Manufacture of upper leathers from goatskins. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2005, 89, 71-79.
14. Thanikaivelan, P.; Saravanabhavan, S.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U. Integration of chrome tanning and wet finishing process for making garment leathers. J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 2005, 100, 225-232.
15. Saravanabhavan, S.; Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Transposed process for making leather. US Patent Application 20050138738, 2005.
16. Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J. R.; Nair, B. U.; Ramasami, T. Underlying principles in chrome tanning: Part 2. Underpinning mechanism in pickle-less tanning. J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. 2004, 99, 82-94.
17. Lokanadam, B.; Subramaniam, V.; Nayar, R. C.; Compressibility measurement and the objective assessment of softness of light leathers. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 1989, 73, 115-119.
18. IUP 2, Sampling. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2000, 84, 303-309.
19. IUP 6, Measurement of tensile strength and percentage elongation. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2000, 84, 317-321.
20. IUP 8, Measurement of tear load - Double edge tear. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2000, 84, 327-329.
21. SLP 9 (IUP 9), Measurement of distension and strength of grain by the ball burst test. In Official Methods of Analysis; The Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists: Northampton, 1996.
22. IUC 8, Determination of chromic oxide content. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 1998, 82, 200-208.
23. IUC 5, Determination of volatile matter. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2002, 86, 277-278.
24. McLaughlin, G. D.; Theis, E. R. The Chemistry of Leather Manufacture, Reinhold Publishing Corp.: New York, 1945.
25. O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy, W. T.; Lollar, R. M. The Chemistry and Technology of Leather; Krieger Publishing Company: Florida, 1977; Vol IV.
26. th ed.; Clesceri, L. S., Greenberg, A. E., Trussell, R. R., Eds.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, 1989.
27. Specification for glaze kid upper leather; IS 576. Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi, India, 1989.
28. International Water Management Institute, Projected Water Scarcity in 2025. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/home/wsmap.htm (accessed November 2005).