Whither Iraq? Beyond Saddam, sanctions and occupation

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 26, Issue 4-5 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 609-629

  Ismael, Tareq Y ^a   Ismael, Jacqueline S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL CONFLICT; SANCTION; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 32144462269     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590500128303     Document Type: Article

References (82)

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2. Jacqueline Ismael, Tareq Y Ismael & Raymond Baker, 'Iraq and human development: Culture, education and the globalization of hope', Arab Studies Quarterly, 26 (2), 2004, pp 55-56.
3. Faleh A Jabar, 'Al-Dawla, al-Mugtam'a al-Madani wa al-Tahawul al-Demokrati fi al Iraq', Markaz Ibn Khaldoun li al-dirasat al-Inma'iyya, Cairo, 1995, pp 52-53.
4. Henry CK Liu, 'Geopolitics in Iraq: An old game', Asia Times, 18 August 2004, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FH18Ak02.html.
5. Jabar, 'Al-Dawla', p 194.
6. Liu, 'Geopolitics in Iraq'.
7. Ibid.
8. Jabar, 'Al-Dawla', pp 54-59.
9. Ali Karim Said, Iraq 8 Shabat 1963 Min Hiwar al-Mafhim ila Hiwar aldm: Muraja'at fi Thakrat Talib Shabib, Beirut: Dar al-Kunuz al-Adabiyah, 1999, p 291 ft.
10. Abdul Wahab Hamid Rashid, al-Iraq al-Mu'asir, Damascus: Al-Mada, 2002, pp 164-166.
11. Faleh A Jabar, 'Post conflict Iraq: A race for stability, reconstruction, and legitimacy', US Institute for Peace - Special Report 120, May 2004, at http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr120.html.
12. Leon T Hadar, 'Letter from Washinton: Pax Americana's four pillars of folly', Journal of Palestine Studies, 26 (3) 1998, pp 49-59.
13. Tareq Y Ismael, Middle East Politics Today: Government and Civil Society, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2001, pp 216-217.
14. Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance, New York: Henry Holt, 2003, p 30.
15. Tareq Y Ismael & Jacqueline S Ismael, 'Cowboy warfare, biological diplomacy: Disarming metaphors as weapons of mass destruction', Politics and the Life Sciences, 18, (1), 1999, pp 70-78.
16. Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival, p 249.
17. T Ismael & J Ismael, The Iraqi Predicament: People in the Quagmire of Power Politics, London: Pluto Press, 2004, pp 126-165.
18. United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 1999-2000 Report, Iraq Country O.ce, at http://www.iq.undp.org.
19. Jabar, 'Al-Dawla', pp168-169.
20. Office of the Iraq Program, United Nations, 'Oil-for-Food, basic figures', 18 May 2002, at http://www.un.org/Depts/oip/background.
21. Ibid.
22. UNICEF, 1999 Iraq Child and Maternal Morbidity Surveys.
23. Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival, p 126.
24. Ismael & Ismael, The Iraqi Predicament, pp 9-38.
25. Keith Watenpaugh, Edouard Metenier, Jens Hansse & Hala Fattah, Opening the Doors: Intellectual Life and Academic Conditions in Post-War Baghdad, Iraqi Observatory, June 2002, at www.i.a.or/V14/admin/ iraq2107.pdf.
26. See also Hala Fatah, 'Iraqi universities and libraries: One year after the occupation', Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 38, (1) 2004, pp 24-27.
27. http://www.fafo.no/english/.
28. Les Roberts, Riyadh Lafta, Richard Garfield, Jamal Khudhairi & Gilbert Vurnham, 'Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: Cluster sample survey', Lancet, 29 October 2004, at http://image.thelancet.com/ extras.
29. Naomi Klein, 'Baghdad year zero: Pillaging Iraq in pursuit of neocon Utopia', Harpers, September 2004, p 44.
30. Carsten Matthäus, 'Zur Kolonie degradiert', Der Spiegel, 26 December 2003, at http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/0,1518,278961,00.html.
31. Klein, 'Baghdad year zero'.
32. Ibid, pp 44, 48.
33. Ibid, pp 48-49.
34. Ibid, p 48.
35. Peter W Galbraith, 'Iraq: The bungled transition', New York Review, LI (14), 2004, p 70.
36. Herbert Docena, 'Silent battalions of democracy', 3 September 2004, at http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=6159.
37. Quotation marks around 'legitimate' appear in the original contract.
38. Docena, 'Silent battalions'.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. In Iraq Allawi is jokingly referred to as 'the Mayor of Baghdad' as a result of his political impotence.
42. Docena, 'Silent battalions'.
43. Alix de la Grange, 'The liberation of Baghdad is not far away', Asia Times, 25 June 2004, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/ FF25Ak07.html.
44. Michael A Weinstein, 'The Iraqi National Conference: Legitimation failure', 24 August 2004, at http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=200.
45. Abbas Kadhim, 'Comment: Al-Sistani's triumph', Al-Ahram Weekly, at http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2004/706/re6.htm.
46. Naomi Klein, 'You asked for my evidence, Mr Ambassador. Here it is', Guardian, 13 November 2004, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/ 0,,1366278,00.html.
47. The size of the population varies from 250 000 to 350 000, depending upon the source; and the size of the population remaining in Fallujah when the ground assault was initiated also varies. The figure cited here is the most conservative estimate. According to an article by James Cogan, 11 November 2004, on the World Socialist Web Site (www.wsws.org/ articles/2004/nov2004), the US military estimated that between 100 000 and 150 000 civilians were still in Fallujah when the ground assault was initiated.
48. USA Today, 18 November 2004, at www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq.
49. See Mike Whitney, 'Firebombing Fallujah', ZNet, 1 December 2004, at http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6772;
50. and Joseph Kay, 'After Fallujah's destruction: US occupation force to reach 150 000', World Socialist Web Site, 3 December 2004, at www.wsws.org/articles.
51. Michael Schwartz, 'America's sinister plan for Fallujah', TomDispatch, as found on ZNet, 17 December 2004, at http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6877.
52. Borzou Daragahi, 'US bombing marks return of Fallujah's displaced people', Independent, 24 December 2004, at http://news.independent.co.uk/ world/middle_east/story.jsp?story=595866.
53. See Rory McCarthy & Osama Mansour, 'Seven killed in repeat suicide attack', Guardian, 15 December 2004, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/ Story/0,2763,1374018,00.html.
54. 'US army base hit in Mosul', Al Jazeera.Net, 22 December 2004, at http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ 7CFA91E9-FEFB-4724-AAD2-D6F764A21858.htm.
55. Syed Saleem Shahzad, 'Mosul attack "an inside job"', Asia Times, 25 December 2004, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FL25Ak01.html.
56. Eric Schmitt, 'Cargo flights added to cut risky land trips', New York Times, 15 December 2004.
57. For further details on nation-building theories, see Raymond Geuss, 'The state', in Geuss, History and Illusion in Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
58. Georg Sorensen, Changes in Statehood: The Transformation of International Relations, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp 19-20, 75-80;
59. and Jochen Hippler, 'Ethnicity, state, and nation-building',at http://www.jochen-hippler.de/Aufsatze/Nation-Building/ nation-building.html.
60. On state-building theory, see Clifford Geert (ed), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963;
61. and Francis Fukuyama, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004.
62. Faleh A Jabar, 'Formative forces in the development of the modern Iraqi state', US Institute for Peace, 15 April 2004, at http://www.usip.org/fellows/reports/2004/0415_jabar.html.
63. Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.
64. Ehsan Ahrari, 'Iyad Allawi: A premier for all reasons', Asia Times, 2 June 2004, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FF02Ak01.html.
65. Galbraith, 'The bungled transition', pp 70, 72.
66. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), 19 November 2004.
67. Azzaman (Baghdad), 30 November 2004.
68. Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 3 December 2004.
69. Hannah Allam, 'Iraq's Shiite leaders disagree on whether new government should be religious or secular', Knight Ridder, 27 December 2004, at http://www.kansas.com/mld/kansas/news/special_-packages/iraq/ 10508314.htm.
70. Karl Vick, 'Sunni Party pulls out of Iraq vote as doubts grow', Washington Post, 28 December 2004, p A01, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/ A28323-2004Dec27?language=printer.
71. BBC News, 16 September 2004, at www.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east.
72. AlJazeera.Net, 20 November 2004, at http://english.aljazeera.et/NR/ exeres;
73. and The Command Post, 17 November 2004, at www.command-post.org/ 2_archives.
74. Khaled Dawoud, 'Arab opinions', Al-Ahram Weekly, August 2004, at http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2004/701/in2.htm.
75. 'Iraqis respond to the election: Commentary from Imad Khadduri, Tahrir Swift, and Munir Chalabi', 1 February 2005, at http://www.occupationwatch.org/article.php?id=9106.
76. Rohan Pearce, 'Have the elections saved the occupation?', 9 February 2005, at http://www.zmag.org/content/ showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=7212.
77. Juan Cole, 'Informed comment', 13 February 2005, at http://www.juancole.com.
78. See also Al-Jazeera News, at http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ A44036F0-5090-4EF8-A8DC-DCA76418260A.htm.
79. Nermeen Al-Mufti, 'Iraq's ticking time-bombs', Al-Ahram Weekly, 10-16 February 2005, at http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/729/fr2.htm.
80. Juan Cole, 'Informed comment', 18 February 2005, at http://www.juancole.com.
81. www.alra.dayn.com/Story/News/N_29_08_04_l.html.
82. David R Francis, 'US bases in Iraq: Sticky politics, hard math', Christian Science Monitor, 30 September 2004.